Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Outdoor education: perspective of Polish primary school teachers

100%

Michalak R. , Parczewska T.

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tom XIII(2 (39))

83-101

EN

The article presents the results of the research showing Polish teachers’ knowledge and experiences concerning organising outdoor education of children. The research searched for answers to the following questions: How do teachers define outdoor education? Where do they derive knowledge about it from? Do they take into account spaces and places other than the school building in the education process? What methods and forms of work with a child do they prefer? What factors facilitate and which make it difficult for them to practise outdoor education? The relationship between the selected aspects of outdoor education practised by teachers and the location of the school (city and village) was also examined. The research used the diagnostic survey method and the questionnaire technique. A proprietary questionnaire for elementary education teachers was developed. 276 respondents, in response to the questions, revealed their knowledge, their own views, and described their own activities related to the practice of outdoor education. Empirical data have shown that in Polish schools, outdoor education is practised extremely rarely, and its frequency is mainly related to the location of the facility. Incidentally conducted, it is characterised by a predominantly didaskalocentric attitude. Respondents indicate that only occasional education outside the school building results mainly from the lack of acceptance of this type of classes by the headmaster of schools and parents, and also from deficit of teachers’ competence in this area. The undertaken studies are important due to their unique nature in Poland. Moreover, they show directions of changes desired in teacher education curricula and the process of shaping parents’ awareness.

2

THE SUBJECTIVE VIEW OF SLOVAK TEACHERS ON DISCIPLINE IN CLASSROOM

100%

RUŽENA Č. , ALENA D.

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nr 1

57-63

EN

Disruptive behaviour and lack of (self)discipline can cause significant time losses during lessons. Through the questionnaire intended for Slovak teachers of primary education we have investigated the need and relevance to solve the issue of discipline from the teacher point of view. The research is carried out within the project “Discipline management in the classroom at the primary school”. The basic project objective is to create, apply and evaluate an optimal model of discipline management in primary classroom.

3

Nauczanie zdalne z perspektywy uczniów i nauczycieli. Przykład zastosowania modelu wirtualnego w nauczaniu zdalnym w klasach starszych w szkole podstawowej Cogito w Poznaniu

100%

Abramowicz D. , Banasiak Ż. , Kędra M. , Hoffman P. , Pilna D.

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nr 62

87-102

EN

Remote education is not a new issue discussed in the literature, but in the face of the restrictions introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic, this type of education has developed dynamically. In the conditions of technological progress, it seems that particularly interesting in remote education is the virtual model, applied in March-June 2020 at the level of primary education at the Cogito Public Primary School in Poznań. In order to identify and evaluate remote education in the virtual model from the perspective of students and teachers, surveys with the use of an on-line questionnaire were carried out.

4

Systematicity in Foreign Language Classroom Communication

100%

Bratož S. , Žefran M.

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2018

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tom 53

71-84

EN

The paper discusses the intrinsic potential offered by classroom interaction for language development. The first part examines several theoretical aspects and characteristics of classroom communication. The second part presents the results of a study which investigates different aspects of classroom interaction in foreign language teaching and the strategies used to encourage classroom communication in the target language. The study, which combines quantitative and qualitative research methods, is based on a survey of Slovene teachers teaching English in primary school. Results suggest that while the respondents are well aware of the benefits of using English in classroom communication, they generally use it in an arbitrary and unsystematic fashion. We would like to argue that we can contribute to the effectiveness of the teaching process by approaching classroom communication with a systematic and consistent format.

5

A Literature Review on Teaching Ethical Creativity in Primary Education

100%

Hagerman F. , Chang Rundgren S.-N.

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nr 2 (22)

235-250

EN

As the world emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic and continues to struggle with armed conflicts, creative and ethical solutions to the controversial issues of recent years are needed globally. While creativity is necessary, it must also be ethically sound. Today, discussing creativity in relation to its ethical dimensions has also been emphasized in the perspective of sustainable development, but research on the teaching and learning of ethical creativity remains limited. Therefore, the aim of this paper is twofold: 1) to describe how primary schools engage students on ethical creativity and 2) to suggest a didactic model for ethical creativity based on the teaching strategies found in a literature review. Internationally, creativity and ethics have been addressed in curricula and studied within the field of education. However, research on the ethical dimensions of creativity (ethical creativity) is limited. Based on a literature review, five teaching strategies for engaging primary school students on ethical creativity have been identified. The common features among the five teaching strategies relate to the use of 1) digital tools/media, 2) art and literature, 3) real problems and dilemmas, and 4) enquiry-based learning. A three-step teaching model is suggested for teaching ethical creativity. The implications of the paper relate to enhancing ethical creativity among our children, who are both future citizens and leaders in various professions in the global society.

6

The Use of a Bee-bot in Pre-primary and Primary Education

100%

Vargová M. , Círus L.

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2021

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tom 12

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nr 2(32)

45-50

EN

Modern teaching aids are part of the daily education process. Children, pupils use them to deepen the acquired knowledge. A teacher tries to alternate the teaching methods in an interesting way. The Bee-bot, a didactic toy, has been used in education for several years. The teacher decides at what intervals and in which subject he or she can use the Bee-bot. In this article we present one of a group of micro-outputs. Here we used a heuristic method, a method of discovery and observation. Also, we used the cooperation in the application of a robotic toy.

7

Twórczość a szkolne funkcjonowanie dziecka w klasach początkowych

88%

Kaszlińska K.

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2013

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nr 4(97)

53-69

EN

Creativeness of children in early school education as well as the means for its stimulation are important issues both for practitioners and theoreticians of early schooling. It can be observed in everyday conversations between teachers of young children, in curriculum requirements and syllabi for the integrated education as well as some academic and quasi-academic works. The reasons for that are, firstly, the growing awareness of the importance of this sphere of children’s development, and secondly, the fact that early school years are particularly important for the child. Ability to think creatively and solve problems determines success in a variety of situations. For this reason is considered to be a desirable feature, worth developing. The article concerns the relationship between creativity and functioning of children in early childhood education; especially between creative attitude and the educational achievement, as well as social relationship. It contains also an analysis of the cognitive components of the creative process and individual determinants of educational attainment and social development of the child. The author also presented the opportunity to develop creative attitudes of pupils in educational practice in classes 1 – 3. Arts, literary and mathematical education is treated here as a special additional tool to support and intensify this process.

8

Terminy metalingwistyczne w świadomości uczniów klas trzecich – na przykładzie nazw części mowy

88%

Kamper-Warejko J. , Kaproń-Charzyńska I.

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2017

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tom 17

EN

The aim of this paper is to introduce the results of a pilot study of the metalinguistic awareness of nine and ten-year old children in terms of the comprehension and use of the terms denoting parts of speech. The study was conducted among 73 children. The interpretation of study results includes the connection between defining and the development of the skill of defining. Moreover, the authors take into consideration the fact that the process of becoming independent of perceptive and semantic aspects and the development of the awareness of the linguistic formin children are extended in time. The study shows that children are able to combine a metalinguistic term with its definition to a larger extent if the definition comprises the semantic features of parts of speech. On the other hand, they display smaller awareness of the grammatical features of particular parts of speech. Their receptive and perceptive competence is relatively low, which indicates that many children do not understand the terms discussed in the scope provided in the core curriculum.

9

Space for Media and Digital Literacy in the Context of Primary Education

88%

Karasová M. , Uhrinová M.

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2021

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tom 12

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nr 2(32)

23-32

EN

The contribution focuses on current questions and issues in the area of mass media influence on the behaviour of pupils of a younger school age in Slovakia. It offers partial results of research that appeal not only to the importance of implementing media education into primary education, but also show the real status of teachers’ readiness in the area of digital and media literacy. Research was quantitative-qualitative and in addition to the questionnaire method was realised interviews with headteachers of schools and focus interviews with the pupils. The aim of our research probing was to find out the contemporary state of the implementation of the media education into the education process as well as preparation of the teachers in the educational practices in regard to the specific sphere. Research is currently continuing to diagnose the digital literacy of teachers and future teachers in Slovakia.

10

A case of covert school policy? High and low ability classrooms’ educational outcomes

75%

Sikora R.

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nr 2

139-154

PL

Polskie władze wdrożyły regulacje prawno-finansowe, aby zapewnić równe szanse dzieciom i młodzieży uczęszczającym do szkół publicznych. Pomimo tych przepisów tajna, nieoficjalna procedura zapisów praktykowana przez niektóre publiczne szkoły podstawowe może poważnie stać w sprzeczności z polityką równych szans. Dlatego też celem badania było porównanie wyników edukacyjnych oddziałów szkół, aby odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy procedury rekrutacyjne segregują uczniów do mniej lub bardziej korzystnych środowisk. Z przeprowadzonych w badaniu analiz wynika, że w oddziałach na tym samym poziomie kształcenia występują różne wyniki. Badanie jest adresowane w szczególności do praktyków i władz oświatowych.

EN

Legal and financial regulations were implemented by Polish authorities to provide equal opportunities for children and adolescents attending public schools. Despite these regulations covert unofficial enrolment procedure practiced by some public primary schools may seriously conflict with equal opportunity policy. Therefore the study aim was to compare school divisions’ educational outcomes as to answer the question if recruitment procedures segregated pupils into more / less beneficial settings. The analyses conducted in the study demonstrate that there are different outcomes in divisions at the same educational level. The study is specifically dedicated to practitioners and educational authorities.

11

Przygotowanie nauczycieli klas I–III szkoły podstawowej do prowadzenia zajęć z wykorzystaniem TI

75%

SZUMNA D.

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nr 4

11-17

PL

Od roku szkolnego 2009/2010 w klasach I–III szkoły podstawowej obligatoryjnie odbywają się zajęcia komputerowe. Uprawnienia do ich prowadzenia uzyskali zarówno nauczyciele edukacji wczesnoszkolnej, jak i nauczyciele informatyki uczący w klasach IV–VI. Powierzenie realizacji tych zajęć nauczycielom klas I–III zwiększa szanse na wykorzystanie technologii informacyjnokomunikacyjnych do wspomagania zajęć zintegrowanych. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika jednak, że zajęcia te rzadko są realizowane w taki sposób. Główną przyczyną wydają się tu być niewystarczające kompetencje nauczycieli edukacji wczesnoszkolnej.

EN

The computer classes have been treated as obligatory for the pupils from classes I–III of the primary school since the school year 2009/2010. Both the primary education teachers and the teachers of computer sciences have obtained the entitlement to conduct them. As a result of entrusting the primary education teachers with the computer classes an opportunity for taking advantage of informative and communicative technologies in the integrated classes are augmented. Nonetheless, the research which has been carried out revealed that these activities are rarely implemented in such a way. The analysis indicates inadequate competencies of the primary education teachers as the main cause.

12

Attitude, motivation and self-esteem in mathematics, science and technology researched by the SECURE project – Polish results against the background in Europe

75%

Sokołowska D. , de Meyere J. , Wojtaszek M. , Zawadzki W. , Brzezinka G.

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nr 1

27-38

EN

The SECURE project was founded under the 7th Framework Programme to provide research results of current mathema-tics, science and technology (MST) curricula for pupils aged 5, 8, 11 and 13 in ten EU member states, including Poland. The curricula have been examined throughout three different representations, as they are intended by the authorities (in legal documents), implemented by the teachers and perceived by the learners. The research framework at all three levels has been constructed upon the curriculum spider web (van den Akker, 2003) with addition of item “attitude”. The study involved altogether almost 9000 pupils, 1500 teachers and 600 schools in consortium member states. In this contribution a part of research concerning the average results on (1)learners’ attitude towards MST school subjects, (2) influence of topics, activities and teachers on liking the MST subjects by pupils, (3) learners’ self-esteem in MST subjects and (4) their opinion on the easiness of MST subjects are presented. In particular, we focus on Polish results (regions of Krakow City and Krakow County) and compare them with the European average. The study shows a substantial drop in all the variables measured, mostly evident between ages 8 and 11. In general the trends across ages and subjects in Poland are similar to those in Europe with a few exceptions indicated in the paper.

13

Including students with Down’s syndrome: Barriers’ analysis and strategies to overcome them arising from the literature

75%

Arroyo R. , Amor A. M. , Verdugo M. Á. , Calvo M. I.

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tom 55(1)

3-31

EN

Inclusive education (IE) is based on equity and social justice, and implies guaranteeing access, participation, learning and development of students to their fullest potential within general education contexts. Studies have shown that students with intellectual and developmental disabilities have not benefited from IE on a same basis than other students due to contextual barriers, being students with Down’s syndrome (DS) one of the groups of students who have strongly advocated for their right to be included. The purpose of this literature review is to identify the barriers that attempt against the inclusion of students with DS and account for strategies mentioned to overcome these obstacles for the stage of primary education (6–12 years old). A search for the period 2006–2020 was conducted using the search engine EBSCOHost (i.e., including databases ERIC, PsycINFO, Psicodoc, Academic Search Complete, and Psycarticles), and the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Results revealed the presence of attitudinal, didactic, collaborative, communicative, organizational, and teachers’ training barriers towards the inclusion of students with DS, which systematically hinders the possibilities of the effective inclusion of students with DS affecting the four goals of IE. Strategies found in the studies included to overcome these barriers are also reported. Implications for research and practice, and future lines of research are discussed.

14

The Fulfilment Level of Social Skills of 4th and 5th Grade Students at Primary School According to Multiple Intelligence Types

75%

Ocak G. , Dermez H. G.

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tom 16

157-173

EN

In this study, research on whether there is a significant relationship between the dominant types of multiple intelligence and the level of social skills of 4th and 5th year students of primary education has been done. In this work, the survey method has been used. A “Multiple Intelligence Monitoring Form” was prepared for each student, and they were asked to do a “Social Skills Survey”. In order to determine the sub-groups and the system validity, a factor analysis and a reliability analysis were applied to the data obtained at the development stage of scale. In the study, for the assessment of the data, frequency and average values; t-test, anova; and Tukey test were used. As regards the seven factors in the social skills survey, significant differences between the dominant multiple intelligence types of students have been detected. The results of this research have shown that the social skills of some students with a certain type of intelligence need to be improved.

15

Basic Curriculum Changes in Technical Education at Elementary Schools in the Slovak Republic

63%

Kožuchova M.

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nr 3(37)

105-114

EN

Significant curricular reform took place in the Slovak republic in September 2008, resulting in a new two-level curriculum. However, not all of the standards established have proved helpful to teachers, schools, parents or students, either in relation to the achievement of positive educational goals or when it comes to providing support for the evaluation of students. Therefore, the National Institute for Education has created a new committee of experts for areas in education, whose task has been to review the existing educational standards and propose new ones. Technical studies are a part of our culture and have even become the driving force of our times, so schools should allow all of their pupils to undergo proper acculturation in this area. Technical education is, moreover, considered an important part of the process of educating young people. It may count as preparation for a future career, and, in many cases, has real applications in the labour market. The author of this paper was responsible for creating new educational standards for technical education at primary schools. The concept of technical education employed here is based on general cultural literacy, with scientific and technical literacy viewed as a fixed element within this. In the current paper, the author wants to introduce the principles that define the new conception of technical education at primary-school level in Slovakia, both in terms of its contents and in terms of its character as a process. Within the process of learning, a great deal of attention is paid to the personality of the pupil. The article states the main principles of learning, acquired from personal teaching experience. This new conception of technical education will be in force from September 2015 at all schools in the Slovak Republic.

PL

Dla Republiki Słowackiej istotne znaczenie miała przeprowadzona we wrześniu 2008 roku reforma programowa, która wyodrębniła nowe dwupoziomowe programy nauczania. Wobec braku ich akceptacji ze strony nauczycieli, rodziców i uczniów Narodowy Instytut Edukacji utworzył nowy komitet ekspertów dla obszarów edukacji, którego zadaniem była ocena istniejących standardów edukacyjnych i zaproponowanie nowych. Nauki techniczne, o których mowa w niniejszym artykule, stanowią część naszej kultury i dlatego też szkoły powinny umożliwić wszystkim uczniom przejście odpowiedniej akulturacji w tej dziedzinie. Edukację techniczną uważa się za bardzo ważny obszar w procesie edukacyjnym. Autorka tego artykułu był odpowiedzialna za stworzenie nowych norm edukacyjnych dla edukacji technicznej w słowackich szkołach podstawowych. Zastosowana koncepcja edukacji technicznej oparta została na ogólnej znajomości kultury, gdzie nauka i technika postrzegane są jako jej stałe elementy. Autorka przedstawiła zasady funkcjonowania nowej koncepcji edukacji technicznej na poziomie szkoły podstawowej w Słowacji pod względem jej struktury, charakteru oraz sposobów realizacji. W procesie edukacyjnym dużo uwagi poświęca się kształtowaniu wszechstronnej osobowości ucznia. Artykuł wyznacza główne zasady uczenia się wypracowane poprzez własne doświadczenia w nauczaniu tego obszaru. Prezentowana nowa koncepcja nauczania technicznego zostanie wprowadzona w życie we wrześniu 2015 roku we wszystkich szkołach na terenie Słowacji.

16

ГОТОВНІСТЬ СТУДЕНТІВ ДО САМОСТІЙНОЇ НАВЧАЛЬНО-ПІЗНАВАЛЬНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

63%

Васько О. , Кругова А.

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nr 4(58)

207-213

EN

The input of the European credit-transfer system in higher educational establishments changes whole education process, methods and forms of cooperation of students and teachers. A gradual transition originates from an information transfer to guidance by educational-cognitive activity of students and forming in them skills of independent work. The article is directed at the research of readiness of the students of specialty “Primary education” to the realization of independent educational-cognitive activity as one of the methods of studies and self-education in the methodological mathematical training. For realization of the set aim the theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, systematization of theoretical and experience data) and empiric (supervision, conversations, questionnaires, independent work) methods of research were used. With the purpose of the research of the ability to carry out independent educational-cognitive activity, the students of specialty “Primary education” were offered an independent work. The selection of tasks was carried out in accordance with the levels of independent productive activity (copying actions, reproductive activity, productive activity, independent activity) set in psychological pedagogical literature. Independent work included different types of tasks: reproductive, reconstructive-variant, heuristic and creative. The results of the executed tasks of reproductive character show that in most students (about 70 %) independent productive activity is formed at initial level (levels of copying actions). The analysis of implementation of reconstructive-variant tasks specifies that most students (over 70 %) have a low level of formed skills of reproductive activity, only about 30 % students can generalize receptions and methods of educational-cognitive activity related to the recreation of information about different properties of educational object. Implementation of tasks of heuristic and creative character demonstrates that ability to carry out productive and independent activity is not formed in most students (over 70 %). Research results specify on the necessity of search of the effective methods of students’ educational-cognitive activity organization in the conditions of the credit-transfer system of teaching, as only 30 % of students are apt at productive independent educational-cognitive activity and ready to the change of forms and methods of studies.

17

Building a conceptual model for pedagogy of partnership in the New Ukrainian School

63%

Byhar H. , Pits I. , Oliinyk O.

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2018

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tom XV

307-320

EN

The professionalism and competence of quality teaching practice in higher education institutions is becoming more significant since they try to respond to an increasingly diverse and perceptive student commu-nity’s issues concerning standards and quality in the global context. In the past several decades there are growing appeals for innovative re-search-based pedagogy that designs relationship-centred education as well as provides cutting edge professional development of the 21st cen-tury educators. The aim of our research is to further extend current knowledge of “student engagement” as a core aim of the NUS paradigm for the future of Ukraine’s higher education. The research has provided evidence for embedded sustainable partnership in the NUS that will sus-tain a strong sense of community among teachers and students. The key to achieving the development of such partnership learning communities are traced in NUS formula and its nine key elements are seen to encour-age their development. In order to identify and build a conceptual model for PoP in the NUS, the author of the given research attempted to map the territory of the primary school. The paper has led us to conclude the PoP, in our opinion, provides an opportunity to provide conditions for the development of the student’s creative personality, the implementa-tion of the tasks of the concept of the NUS, the creation of positive moti-vation of students for educational and cognitive activities, the need for self-knowledge, self-realization and self-improvement, the introduction of a modern approach to constructing a lesson, creating optimal condi-tions for developing the student’s creative abilities at lessons, developing social and civic competencies of the student.

18

Sakrament chrztu w katechezie szkolnej

62%

Rydian D.

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nr 1(17)

145-168

EN

The objective of this paper, Sacrament of Baptism in School Catechesis, was to research the extent to which this subject is present in the catechesis classes at primary and secondary schools. It opens with an analysis of the guidelines of the Polish Episcopate, regarding teaching of religion in schools, Podstawa programowa katechezy Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce (Curriculum Guidelines for Basic Catechesis of the Catholic Church in Poland) (first part). Next, it discusses Program nauczania religii rzymskokatolickiej w przedszkolach i szkołach (Curriculum Guidelines for Teaching of the Roman Catholic Religion in Kindergatens and Schools), issued by the Commission for Catholic Education of the Polish Episcopate, containing all regulations for teaching religion at each stage of school education. Careful examination of these documents reveals that the meaning and importance of the sacrament of baptism is addressed at every level of education, with due allowance for the age of the listeners. The main task of catechesis during the first three years of primary education is to introduce pupils to the sacraments of penance and Eucharist, as well as provide them with a better understanding of the sacrament of baptism. During their subsequent years of primary school, catechesis classes assist them in developing their awareness of the importance of faith in human life and strengthening their sense of belonging to the Church and their co-responsibility for her. Secondary school catechesis aims at helping pupils to discover that faith ought to inform all their life. The third part of the article analyses presentation of the sacrament of baptism in selected catechetical handbooks and teachers’ manuals. The research allows to conclude that the guidelines of the Polish Church in this regard are met.

PL

Zasadniczym celem artykułu: Sakrament chrztu w katechezie szkolnej było przebadanie, na ile tematyka dotycząca sakramentu chrztu jest obecna w katechezie, w szkole podstawowej i gimnazjum. Stąd pod tym kątem przeanalizowano najpierw dokument regulujący kształt katechezy szkolnej, a mianowicie Podstawę programową katechezy Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce, wydaną przez Konferencję Episkopatu Polski (pierwsza część publikacji). Oprócz Podstawy na kształt katechezy szkolnej swój zasadniczy wpływ mają także programy nauczania religii, które stanowią jej rozwinięcie i muszą z nią być zgodne. Dlatego w drugiej część artykułu przebadano wzorcowy tego typu dokument, czyli Program nauczania religii rzymskokatolickiej w przedszkolach i szkołach, wydany przez Komisję Wychowania Katolickiego Konferencji Episkopatu Polski, stanowiący zbiór programów nauczania dla poszczególnych etapów edukacyjnych. Analiza tych pozycji pokazała, że na każdym z prezentowanych poziomów, choć w innym kontekście, to jednak tematyka chrzcielna ma swoje konkretne miejsce i znaczenie. W klasach I – III szkoły podstawowej, gdzie zasadniczym zadaniem katechezy jest wprowadzenie ucznia w sakrament pokuty i Eucharystii, ma on również okazję zgłębić podstawowe wiadomości dotyczące chrztu. Z kolei w kolejnych klasach tej szkoły poznaje nie tylko głębiej ten sakrament, ale przekonuje się o znaczeniu wiary w życiu człowieka oraz umacnia poczucie przynależności i odpowiedzialności za Kościół. Natomiast w gimnazjum odkrywa, że wiara jest rzeczywistością, która ma wpływać na całe życie człowieka. W trzeciej części publikacji przeanalizowano, na ile i w jaki sposób wskazane kwestie chrzcielne przez w/w dokumenty, prezentowane są w wybranych podręcznikach do religii i poradnikach metodycznych, adresowanych do katechetów. Pozwoliło to upewnić się, że ich autorzy wszystkie te kwestie w pełni uwypuklają.

19

Edukacja wczesnoszkolna wokół problemów i nowych rozwiązań

51%

Tatara A.

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nr 3(37)

11-28

PL

Koncepcja kształcenia zintegrowanego ma bogate tradycje w historii myśli pedagogicznej, szczególnie w koncepcji szkół alternatywnych z początku XX wieku (O. Decroly, C. Freinet, M. Montessori). W Polsce koncepcja ta została wdrożona do klas I–III zgodnie z reformą szkolnictwa w 1999 roku. W poszukiwaniu najlepszych rozwiązań metodycznych, organizacyjnych trwa dyskusja nad modelem systemu kształcenia dzieci. Obecnie metodyczne aspekty pracy z dziećmi ujmowane są w oparciu o ideę konstruktywistycznie zorientowanej dydaktyki, która kładzie duży nacisk na to, aby na warunki w jakich zachodzi proces uczenia się w większym stopniu wpływ miały osoby bezpośrednio zaangażowane, czyli uczniowie, nauczyciele i rodzice. Konstruktywiści, postrzegający naukę jako indywidualny proces budowania własnej wiedzy, wskazują na rolę uczącej się jednostki. W artykule podkreślone zostało znaczenie neurodydaktyki, czyli koncepcji nauczania i uczenia się przyjaznego mózgowi. Szkolne nauczanie wciąż jeszcze jest postrzegane jako pas transmisyjny, gdzie jedna strona jest aktywnym nadawcą, a druga pasywnym odbiorcą. W polskim systemie szkolnym obok szkół o pełnej strukturze organizacyjnej, w których proces kształcenia realizowany jest w klasach jednorodnych wiekowo, funkcjonują szkoły o niepełnej strukturze organizacyjnej, gdzie zajęcia dydaktyczno-wychowawcze są realizowane w systemie łączenia klas. Ostatnia część artykułu dotyczy kształcenia nauczycieli. Dobór nauczycieli do pracy z dziećmi stanowi fundament, od którego zależy dalsze funkcjonowanie dziecka w szkole.

EN

The idea of an integrated education has a rich tradition in the history of educational thought, especially in the form of the conception of alternative schools dating from the early 20th century (O. Decroly, C. Freinet, M. Montessori). In Poland, it has been implemented for Classes I to III in line with the educational reforms of 1999. The search for the best solutions with regard to both choice of method and organizational issues has engendered a discussion about the right model for the educational system as it pertains to children. Currently, methodological aspects of working with children reflect an orientation towards constructivist ideas about teaching, with great emphasis placed on the fact that the conditions under which learning occurs are to a large extent influenced by the people directly involved: namely students, teachers and parents. Constructivists, who view learning as a process of individually building one’s own knowledge, point to the role of the individual learner. This article stresses a conception found in current neuro-didactics: that of teaching and learning in ways suited to how the brain itself works. School teaching is still currently seen as a conveyor belt, where one side is the active sender and the other a passive recipient. In the Polish school system, alongside schools with a full organizational structure, in which the educational process is being implemented in classes that are homogeneous with respect to age, we find schools that are functioning with an incomplete organizational structure, where teaching that aims to meet the demands of the educational system has to be realized through combining classes. The last part of the article concerns the training of teachers. The selection of teachers to work with children is, after all, the primary foundation on which the further functioning of the child in school depends.