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1
Content available remote Defense against own arms: staphylococcal cysteine proteases and their inhibitors.
100%
EN
Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen causing a wide range of diseases. Most staphylococcal infections, unlike those caused by other bacteria are not toxigenic and very little is known about their pathogenesis. It has been proposed that a core of secreted proteins common to many infectious strains is responsible for colonization and infection. Among those proteins several proteases are present and over the years many different functions in the infection process have been attributed to them. However, little direct, in vivo data has been presented. Two cysteine proteases, staphopain A (ScpA) and staphopain B (SspB) are important members of this group of enzymes. Recently, two cysteine protease inhibitors, staphostatin A and staphostatin B (ScpB and SspC, respectively) were described in S. aureus shedding new light on the complexity of the processes involving the two proteases. The scope of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the network of staphylococcal cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in view of their possible role as virulence factors.
2
Content available remote New generation of peptide antibiotics
84%
EN
The increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria calls for the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Possible approaches include the development of novel, broad-spectrum antibiotics as well as specific targeting of individual bacterial virulence factors. It is impossible to decide currently which strategy will prove more successful in the future since they both promise different advantages, but also introduce diverse problems. Considering both approaches, our laboratory's research focuses on the evaluation of hemocidins, broad-spectrum antibacterial peptides derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin, and staphostatins, specific inhibitors of staphopains - Staphylococcus aureus secreted proteases that are virulence factors regarded as possible targets for therapy. The article summarizes recent advances in both fields of study and presents perspectives for further development and possible applications.
EN
The structure of native α1-antitrypsin, the most abundant protease inhibitor in human plasma, is characterised primarily by a reactive loop containing the centre of proteinase inhibition, and aβ-sheet composed of five strands. Mobility of the reactive loop is confined as a result of electrostatic interactions between side chains of Glu342 and Lys290, both lo­cated at the junction of the reactive loop and the β structure. The most common mutation in the protein, resulting in its inactivation, is Glu342->Lys, named the Z mutation. The main goal of this work was to investigate the influence of the Z mutation on the structure of α1-antitrypsin. Commonly used molecular modelling methods have been ap­plied in a comparative study of two protein models: the wild type and the Z mutant. The results indicate that the Z mutation introduces local instabilities in the region of the reactive loop. Moreover, even parts of the protein located far apart from the mutation re­gion are affected. The Z mutation causes a relative change in the total energy of about 3%. Relatively small root mean square differences between the optimised structures of the wild type and the Z mutant, together with detailed analysis of 'conformational searching' process, lead to the hypothesis that the Z mutation principally induces a change in the dy­namics of α1-antitrypsin.
PL
Nasiona niektórych roślin spożywanych przez człowieka zawierają inhibitory pepsyny, a wszystkie gatunki roślin zawierają inhibitory trypsyny i chymotrypsyny. Ogrzewanie obniża aktywność tych inhibitorów.
EN
Pepsin inhibitors occur in extracts of the seeds of pumpkin, peanut, common walnut, oat, wheat, sunflower, lentil, soya and rye. Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors arc contained in the extracts of the seeds of broad bean, pumpkin, bean, pea, buckwheat, barley, corn, poppy, almond, peanut, hazel nut, common walnut, oat, millet, wheat, rice, sunflower, lentil, soya, and rye. Heating the examined extracts at 100°C for 1 hour decreases the activity of these inhibitors in the degree dependent on the species and a given inhibitor specificity.
PL
W łupinach i liścieniach nasion różnych gatunków i odmian wyki występują inhibitory pepsyny, trypsyny i chymotrypsyny.
EN
Seed skins and cotyledons of various species and varieties of vetch contain pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin inhibitors. The highest activity of pepsin inhibitor occurs in the skin of winter vetch, common vetch, bush vetch and in the cotyledon of winter vetch. Fine leaved vetch and large yellow vetch show the highest antitrypsin activity. Chymotrypsin activity is inhibited mostly by skin inhibitors of bush vetch and common vetch.
EN
Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen causing a wide range of diseases. Most staphylococcal infections, unlike those caused by other bacteria are not toxigenic and very little is known about their pathogenesis. It has been proposed that a core of se­creted proteins common to many infectious strains is responsible for colonization and infection. Among those proteins several proteases are present and over the years many different functions in the infection process have been attributed to them. How­ever, little direct, in vivo data has been presented. Two cysteine proteases, staphopain A (ScpA) and staphopain B (SspB) are important members of this group of enzymes. Recently, two cysteine protease inhibitors, staphostatin A and staphostatin B (ScpB and SspC, respectively) were described in S. aureus shedding new light on the com­plexity of the processes involving the two proteases. The scope of this review is to sum­marize current knowledge on the network of staphylococcal cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in view of their possible role as virulence factors.
EN
The increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria calls for the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Possible approaches include the development of novel, broad-spectrum antibiotics as well as specific targeting of individual bacterial virulence factors. It is impossible to decide currently which strategy will prove more successful in the future since they both promise different advantages, but also introduce diverse problems. Considering both approaches, our laboratory's research focuses on the evaluation of hemocidins, broad-spectrum antibacterial peptides derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin, and staphostatins, specific inhibitors of staphopains - Staphylococcus aureus secreted proteases that are virulence factors regarded as possible targets for therapy. The article summarizes recent advances in both fields of study and presents perspectives for further development and possible applications.
PL
Łupiny i liścienie różnych gatunków i odmian wyki zawierają inhibitory katepsyny A, katepsyny В i katepsyny D.
EN
Skins and cotyledons of various species and varieties of vetch seeds contain inhibitors of catepsin A, catepsin B, and catepsin D. The highest activity of catepsin D inhibitor occurs in the skin of spring vetch. The skins of large yellow vetch show the highest activity of catepsin В inhibitor while catepsin A is inhibited by bush vetch skins.
PL
Na podstawie danych literaturowych omówiono potencjalne prozdrowotne działanie biologicznie aktywnych nieodżywczych składników diet (BANS), zaliczanych do grupy „phytochemicals”, m. in., polifenoli, fitynianów, sulfidów, glukozynolanów i inhibitorów proteaz. Scharakteryzowano ponadto szacunkową wielkość spożycia tych związków w przeciętnej diecie w Polsce. Wyniki licznych doświadczeń in vitro oraz mniej licznych doświadczeń in vivo wskazują, że BANS mogą odgrywać ważna rolę w zmniejszeniu ryzyka chorób cywilizacyjnych, w tym choroby niedokrwiennej serca i nowotworów. Stwierdzono, że dotychczasowe informacje o wielkości przeciętnego spożycia i prewencyjnym działaniu poszczególnych BANS są fragmentaryczne, wymagające pilnych badań.
EN
On the basis of literature data, potential wholesome activity of biologically active non-nutritive compounds of diets (BANS), belonging to the group of phytochemicals, e.g. polyphenols, phytates, sulphates, glucosinolates and protease inhibitors, was discussed. Moreover, the intake of those compounds in a common Polish diet was characterized. The results of numerous studies in vitro and less numerous ones carried out in vivo indicate that BANS can play an important role in decreasing the risk of civilization diseases, including ischaemic heart disease and neoplasm. It was stated that hitherto data on the intake and preventive action of average amounts of BANS consumed are scant and urgently need further studies.
EN
The review focuses on the role of two groups of proteins (anti-nutritive and toxic) in plant defence against insect herbivores.
PL
Nasiona niektórych roślin spożywanych przez człowieka hamują aktywność proteolityczną preparatu Kreon, Neo-Pancreatinum i Panzytrat.
EN
Extracts from the seeds of broad bean, pumpkin, bean, pea, buckwheat, barley, corn, poppy, almond, peanut, hazel nut, common walnut, oat, millet, wheat, rice, sunflower, soya and rye contain proteolytic activity inhibitors for of Kreon, Nco-Pancreatinum, and Panzytrat preparations.
PL
W artykule dokonano przeglądu występowania, w surowcach roślinnych, zawartości w żywności oraz biologicznych właściwości wtórnych metabolitów roślin, głównie fitynianów, inhibitorów proteaz, glukozynolanów i związków fenolowych. Ze względu na stosunkowo niewielkie spożycie tych związków, w dietach konwencjonalnych mało prawdopodobne jest ujawnienie ich przeciwodżywczego działania. W sumującym się korzystnym wpływie wtórnych metabolitów roślin należy natomiast upatrywać prozdrowotnego efektu zwiększonego spożycia warzyw i owoców, powodującego zmniejszenie ryzyka chorób układu krążenia i nowotworów.
EN
The paper gives an overview of occurrence in plant materials, the content in food and biological properties of secondary plant products, mainly phytates, protease inhibitors, glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. Due to a quite low intake of these compounds in conventional diets, there are small chances for revealing their antinutritional activity. Accumulated beneficial effect of secondary plant products seems to result from the wholesome effect of increased consumption of vegetables and fruit, that - in turn - decreases the risk of neoplasms and coronary diseases.
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