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2
Content available The heat exchange character methods of analysis
88%
4
Content available The agricultural production in mathematical models
75%
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tom 11(26)
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nr 3
EN
The theoretical questions of mathematical modeling of agricultural production processes are described. Production of agricultural goods and foodstuffs is modeled except for the production of forage and involvement of equipment and techniques, buildings, infrastructure etc. The model is based on a division of economic and technological processes in agriculture into four stages specific for agribusiness. A mathematical description of four stages in used production functions is provided.
6
Content available The agricultural production in mathematical models
75%
EN
The theoretical questions of mathematical modeling of agricultural production processes are described. Production of agricultural goods and foodstuffs is modeled except for the production of forage and involvement of equipment and techniques, buildings, infrastructure etc. The model is based on a division of economic and technological processes in agriculture into four stages specific for agribusiness. A mathematical description of four stages in used production functions is provided.
EN
This study investigated the solid waste characterization of the city of Kocaeli. With this aim solid waste groups were analyzed for sub-municipalities of the city. Representative sampling points were determined in municipalities with populations over 5,000. Four different socio-economic groups (the downtown district plus low, intermediate, and high income levels) were investigated in the study. Characterization studies were performed for a 2-year period. In this context, 16 and 13 different solid waste species were categorized for winter and summer seasons, respectively. The results of the study showed that kitchen wastes constitute the highest proportion for all socio-economic groups despite dissimilarities in waste distribution of municipalities. It was followed by combustible wastes and plastic wastes. Reducing waste components into five groups as organic wastes, recycled wastes, hazardous wastes, combustible wastes and others, an increase was seen in amounts of recycled, hazardous, and combustible wastes in winter season, whereas the amount of organic wastes decreased. Investigating general waste distribution for different income levels without any seasonal distinction, it was observed that highest values of organic and recycled wastes were seen in the downtown district and high-income groups, whereas combustible, hazardous, and other wastes were higher in low-income groups. In general, as a result of the characterization study without any seasonal and/or economical distinctions, proportions of organic, recycled, combustible, hazardous wastes, and others were determined as 41.53%, 30.51%, 20.64%, 2.12%, and 5.20%, respectively.
EN
The study has determined the composition of dissolved organic matter in Luvisols, Fluvisols and Histosols using spectroscopic (FTIR) and chromatographic (HPLC and Py-GCMS) methods. It has been found that aliphatic hydrocarbons (linear) containing from 4 to 12 atoms of carbon constitute the dominant group of compounds included in the dissolved organic matter (DOC). The preparations isolated from Histosols and Luvisols demonstrated a higher proportion of hydrophobic fraction with a longer retention time probably containing more compounds with long-chain aliphatic and simple aromatic structure than the DOC of Fluvisols. The differences in infrared spectra are evident particularly in the wave number between 1650–1030 cm⁻¹. The DOC of Histosols is richer in aromatic compounds (range 1620 cm⁻¹) but the DOC of Luvisols and Fluvisols is richer in alkene chains and hydroxyl (OH) and methoxy (OCH₃) groups. The results showed differences in the composition of the DOM across the soils, caused their genesis.
PL
W pracy badano skład rozpuszczalnej materii organicznej (RMO) gleb (Luvisols, Fluvisols and Histosols) przy zastosowaniu metod spektroskopowych (FTIR) oraz chromatograficznych (HPLC i Py-GCMS). Stwierdzono, że dominującą grupą związków wchodzących w skład RMO są węglowodory alifatyczne (łańcuchowe) zawierające od 4 do 12 atomów węgla. Preparaty RMO wyizolowane z torfu i gleby płowej charakteryzujące się wyższym udziałem frakcji hydrofobowych o najdłuższym czasie retencji, zawierały najprawdopodobniej więcej związków o długich łańcuchach alifatycznych oraz proste struktury aromatyczne w porównaniu z RMO mady. Przebieg widm w podczerwieni wyraźnie wskazał różnicę w składzie badanych preparatów RMO, szczególnie w zakresie liczb falowych między 1650-1030 cm⁻¹. Preparaty RMO wyizolowane z torfu były bogatsze w związki aromatyczne (pasmo 1620 cm⁻¹) a frakcja RMO wyizolowana z gleby płowej i mady ciężkiej była bogatsza w łańcuchy alkenowe i grupy hydroksylowe (OH) i metoksylowe (OCH₃). Otrzymane wyniki badań wykazały różnice w składzie RMO pomiędzy glebami, wynikające z ich genezy.
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2011
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tom 11(26)
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nr 3
EN
Estimation of the technical efficiency which measures the ability of a company to obtain the maximum output from given inputs or to use the minimum input to achieve given outputs has been considered. Stochastic methods were chosen because of their wide application in research in the whole world. The Translog and Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontiers were fitted in order to estimate the efficiency of milling companies in Poland.
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tom 11(26)
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nr 3
EN
Estimation of the technical efficiency which measures the ability of a company to obtain the maximum output from given inputs or to use the minimum input to achieve given outputs has been considered. Stochastic methods were chosen because of their wide application in research in the whole world. The Translog and Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontiers were fitted in order to estimate the efficiency of milling companies in Poland.
EN
The main aim of the study was to determine which of the viability and germination capacity of pollen grains estimation methods are optimal and to test if the studied sections and species within the Rosa genus are differentiated in pollen viability andgermination capacity. We analysedandcomparedpollen grains of 14 wild Rosa species using 5 viability tests and13 various liquidandagar media. Viability of pollen grains in the majority of the examinedspecies was greater than their germination capacity. The most viable pollen grains were foundin R. gallica (section Gallicanae), where average of 5 viability tests is 90.69%, andin R. pendulina (section Rosa) – 86.85%. Species from section Caninae have a lower level of viability (from 60.59% in R. rubiginosa to 31.23% in R. inodora). Pollen of species from sections Gallicanae (R. gallica; to 63.4%) and Rosa (R. pendulina; to 47.21%) germinatedmuch better than the pollen of the majority of species from section Caninae (with the exception of R. zalana; to 47.22%). The examinedpollen grains germinatedmost numerously on agar medium with 1.5% agar+15% sucrose+50 ppm boric acidandliquidmed ium with 15% sucrose+ 50 ppm boric acid. Following deep-freeze storage (–25°C) for six months, the pollen grains of nine selected species (with the exception of R. rubiginosa) showed viability higher or similar to that before storage.
PL
W prezentowanej pracy przedstawia się model planetarnej automatycznej skrzyni biegów z wykorzystaniem grafów konturowych. Cel modelowania może być wszechstronny, a mianowicie: wyznaczenie przełożenia poszczególnych biegów na podstawie wygenerowanego układu równań oraz analiza prędkości i przyspieszeń poszczególnych elementów obrotowych. Analizowane są schematy funkcjonalne wybranych biegów przekładni, czyli wyznaczane ich modele grafowe i generowane układy równań wraz z ich rozwiązaniami. Zaletami tej metody są: podejście algorytmiczne oraz uogólnienie podejścia, gdyż poszczególne biegi są przypadkami ogólnego modelu grafowego. Ponadto metoda ta pozwala na dalsze analizy i syntezy, jak np. sprawdzanie izomorfizmu projektowanych rozwiazań.
EN
In the present paper, planetary automatic transmission is modeled by means of contour graphs. The goals of modeling could be versatile: ratio calculating via algorithmic equation generation, analysis of velocity and accelerations. The exemplary gears running are analyzed, several drives/gears are consecutively taken into account discussing functional schemes, assigned contour graphs and generated system of equations and their solutions. The advantages of the method are: algorithmic approach, general approach where particular drives are cases of the generally created model. Moreover, the method allows for further analyzes and synthesis tasks e.g. checking isomorphism of design solutions.
PL
Zmodyfikowano zawartą w Polskiej Normie metodę spektrofotometryczną oznaczania jodku potasowego w soli. Przeprowadzono walidacją metody określając jej precyzję, dokładność oraz liniowość.
EN
The studies reported were aimed at finding a simple analytical method enabling quantitative determination of iodide in table iodised salt and in therapeutic iodide-bromide salts. The analytical procedure proposed is a modification of spectrophotometric method recommended in the Polish Standards. The method based on the reaction of iodide oxidation by sodium nitrite was validated by determining its precision, accuracy and linearity. Statistical analysis has shown that the coefficient of variation varies between 2,73 and 4,82%, recovery is from 99,17 to 101,83% and falls within the confidence interval for the mean recovery at the assumed level of significance. The method can be used for controlling the technology of table salt iodisation.
EN
This paper deals with the principles for processing the analytical information obtained by speciation analytics. Main speciation analytics trends have been discussed, including integration of the analytical methods, sample preparation techniques, and hyphenated techniques. The importance of speciation analytics in deriving standards from the overall factors has been demonstrated.
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