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1

Can in Shakespeare and Marlowe

100%

Skorasińska M.

|

nr 1

31-55

EN

This paper seeks to present the main meanings and the use of the modal verb can in the plays of two Early Modern English playwrights, William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. In particular, the study aims at presenting a comparative analysis and provides descriptive as well as quantitative data. The research is based on the analysis of the corpus consisting of the plays written by Shakespeare and Marlowe between 1593-1599. The choice of the works is not random but includes the plays which bear the strongest resemblance in terms of theme, structure, and most importantly, the language of both authors.

2

Remediating Global Media in Recent Shakespeare Productions on Romanian Stages

100%

Nicolaescu M.

|

nr 1

81-86

EN

The paper discusses recent Romanian Shakespeare productions of The Tempest and A Midsummer Night’s Dream in Bucharest. It argues that global mass culture, in the form of TV sitcoms and musicals, YouTube clips and computer games, is re-circulated on Romanian stages with the result of re-mediating the older forms of Romanian Shakespeare performances. The paper interrogates the popular character of the new type of productions, which are largely unpolitical and motivated by commercial reasons. The last part of the paper presents a radical deconstruction of Shakespeare’s text in the form of a computer game, which, however, re-introduces the political orientation of older, pre- 1989 performances.

3

Do postele s Kressidou

89%

Stehlíková E.

|

nr 1

73-87

EN

A side note on Malina’s stage setting for Rajmont’s Troilus and Cressida production (Činoherní studio – Drama Studio, 1979). Its success was based on a radical modification of the text through which Alex Koenigsmark crossed the confines of a mere adaptation and significantly contributed to the shaping of the production. Joining Teiresias and Pandar into one character, namely that of Kibitzer, suppressing the ancient origins of the play, move it into an absolute timelessness. Rajmont’s directing of this „grotesque about militant rubbish“, as the scenographer, labelled the production, did not only relate straightforwardly to current reality and to demythologization of all values but it accomplished to get at a more general message.

CS

Studie o Malinově scénografii pro inscenaci Troila a Kressidy v Rajmontově režii v Činoherním studiu v Ústí nad Labem 1979. Úspěch inscenace byl dán radikální úpravou textu, směřující k adaptaci, kterou Alex Koenigsmark přispěl k vyznění inscenace. Spojení Teiresia a Pandara do jedné postavy Kibice a potlačení antického plánu hry vyústilo do absolutního bezčasí. Rajmontova režie spolu s Malinovou scénografií pak dodala této „grotesce o militantní blbosti“ všeobecnou platnost.

4

Izraelski «Hamlet» Konrada Swinarskiego

89%

Kuźnicka D.

|

nr 1

133-153

EN

This article discusses the Israeli press reviews of Konrad Swinarski’s Hamlet, which premiered at the Cameri Theater in Tel Aviv in 1966. Based on material previously unknown in Poland, the analysis makes it possible not only to reconstruct some of the stage actions and effects, but also to follow the reasoning, competences and tastes of Israeli critics. Comparing this material with documents concerning the preparations for the Kraków staging of Hamlet eight years later, the author concludes that the general framework of Swinarski’s conceptualization of the play was already developed in 1966; the director managed to bring some of its aspects to the stage in Tel Aviv. Most importantly, he created a new vision of the characters of Hamlet and Horace, re-examined the image of Claudius, and outlined a historiosophical and political interpretation of Shakespeare’s tragedy. In Israel, the critics usually recognized the ideological message of Swinarski’s staging correctly; however, they questioned its point and denied its value.

PL

Analiza nieznanych dotąd w Polsce recenzji, które ukazały się w izraelskiej prasie po premierze Hamleta w reżyserii Konrada Swinarskiego w Teatrze Cameri w Tel Awiwie w 1966 roku, pozwala nie tylko odtworzyć niektóre działania i efekty sceniczne, ale także prześledzić tok rozumowania krytyków, ich kompetencje i upodobania. Porównanie tych materiałów z dokumentami dotyczącymi przygotowań do inscenizacji Hamleta w Krakowie osiem lat później daje podstawę do stwierdzenia, że w 1966 artysta miał już ukształtowaną w zasadniczych rysach koncepcję Szekspirowskiej tragedii i niektóre jej aspekty udało się zrealizować w Tel Awiwie. Przede wszystkim wykreował nowy obraz postaci księcia i Horacego, poddał rewizji wizerunek króla Klaudiusza i zarysował historiozoficzno-polityczną interpretację tragedii. W Izraelu przekaz ideowy inscenizacji odczytywany był przez krytykę najczęściej właściwie, podważano jednak jego sens i negowano wartość.

5

Planeta klaunów w konstelacji Słońca

89%

Hasiuk M.

|

nr 1/2

83-98

EN

The article analyses the varied functions and ways of application of the clown and circus motifs in the more than 54-year-long history of the Théâtre du Soleil. Clowns have passed into the theatre of Ariane Mnouchkine from the “sources” of her theatre inspiration: from Oriental forms, commedia dell’arte, and fair spectacles, from the pedagogic practice of Jacques Lecoq as well as from the space of the abandoned Montmartre (former Médano) circus, where the Thèâtre du Soleil, homeless back then, set the action of A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1968). In later productions, clowns reappeared as constitutive elements of the world represented on stage in two guises: as jesters in glimpses of the revolutionary cabaret in Mephisto (1979) and as a kind of buffer introducing new qualities of experience in the instalments of the Shakespearean cycle. In each instance, the personages of clowns in performances of the Théâtre du Soleil broaden the dimensions of the world represented on stage; revealing its complexity and opacity, they become signs of pure theatricality and expose to view numerous paradoxes that can be seen at the individual, social, and transcendent level.

PL

Tekst stanowi analizę różnorodnych funkcji i sposobów zastosowania motywów klauna i cyrku w ponad pięćdziesięcioczteroletniej historii Théâtre du Soleil. Klauni przenikali do teatru Ariane Mnouchkine zarówno ze „źródłowych” dla jej sztuki inspiracji teatralnych: form orientalnych, komedii dell'arte i jarmarku, z praktyki pedagogicznej Jacques’a Lecoqa, jak i z przestrzeni – opuszczonego cyrku Montmartre (dawnym Médrano), w którym bezdomny wówczas Théâtre du Soleil umieścił akcję Snu nocy letniej (1968). W kolejnych spektaklach klauni jako elementy konstytutywne świata przedstawionego powracali w dwóch formach: klauna politycznego – w obrazach kabaretu rewolucyjnego w Mefisto (1979) oraz jako swoisty bufor – wprowadzający nowe jakości doświadczeń w poszczególnych ogniwach cyklu szekspirowskiego. Za każdym razem postaci klaunów w spektaklach Théâtre du Soleil w znacznym stopniu poszerzają wymiary świata przedstawionego, ujawniają jego złożoność i nieprzeniknioność, stają się znakiem czystej teatralności i pozwalają wydobyć rozliczne paradoksy dostrzegalne zarówno w perspektywie indywidualnej, społecznej, jak i transcendentnej.

6

Shakespeare in Digital Games and Virtual Worlds

88%

Timplalexi E.

|

nr 33

129-144

EN

Shakespeare’s plays have long flirted with using various artistic and medial forms other than theatre, such as cinema, music, visual arts, television, comics, animation and, lately, digital games and virtual worlds. Especially in the 20th and 21st century, a fascination with Shakespeare both as a historical and theatrical figure and as a playwright has become evident in screen based media (cinema, television and video), ranging from “faithful,” almost documented performances of his plays to free style adaptations or vague film references. Digital games and virtual worlds carry on this tradition of the transmedial journey of Shakespeare’s plays to screen based media but top it up with new forms of interaction and performativity. For the first time in the history of mankind everyone can enjoy firsthand from his armchair and for free the experience of taking part in a play by the Bard by entering a virtual world as if it was a stage and by assuming roles through avatars. The article attempts first to introduce the reader to the deeper needs that gave rise to animation, a fundamental aspect of digital gaming and virtual worlds. It then tries to illuminate the various facets of digital performance and gaming, especially in relation to Shakespeare-themed and inspired digital games and virtual worlds, by putting forward some axes of classification. Finally, it both suggests some ideas that may be of use in rendering the Shakespeare gaming experience more “complete” and “theatrical” and ends by acknowledging the immense potential for the exploration of theatricality and performativity in digital games and virtual worlds.

7

The Problem of Kingship in Shakespeare’S History Plays

88%

Dumitrašković T.

|

nr 1

78-85

EN

Elizabethan England was a state of repression and Shakespeare could not write his plays freely and he could not oppose Elizabeth and her government openly. So he had to use allegory and every one of his plays is an act of rebellion. This paper deals with Shakespeare’s history plays which are symbols of resistance to the rule of force and war politics, and that message is implicit in the way of presenting kings.

8

Izraelski «Hamlet» Konrada Swinarskiego

88%

Kuźnicka D.

|

nr 1(277)

133-153

EN

This article discusses the Israeli press reviews of Konrad Swinarski’s Hamlet, which premiered at the Cameri Theater in Tel Aviv in 1966. Based on material previously unknown in Poland, the analysis makes it possible not only to reconstruct some of the stage actions and effects, but also to follow the reasoning, competences and tastes of Israeli critics. Comparing this material with documents concerning the preparations for the Kraków staging of Hamlet eight years later, the author concludes that the general framework of Swinarski’s conceptualization of the play was already developed in 1966; the director managed to bring some of its aspects to the stage in Tel Aviv. Most importantly, he created a new vision of the characters of Hamlet and Horace, re-examined the image of Claudius, and outlined a historiosophical and political interpretation of Shakespeare’s tragedy. In Israel, the critics usually recognized the ideological message of Swinarski’s staging correctly; however, they questioned its point and denied its value.

9

Wilt Thou Be Lord of all the World? Modals and Persuasion in Shakespeare

88%

Nakayasu M.

|

nr 1

5-30

EN

Persuasion is defined as human communication designed to influence the judgements and actions of others (Simons & Jones 2011). The purpose of this research is to analyse the discourse of persuasion in Shakespeare from the perspective of historical pragmatics (Jucker & Taavitsainen 2010), with particular attention to modals employed as part of the strategies. The modals under investigation are proximal and distal central modals, SHALL/SHOULD, WILL/WOULD, CAN/COULD, MAY/MIGHT, MUST, and the contracted form ’LL. The data for the present study is drawn from The Riverside Shakespeare (Evans 1997) and the concordance by Spevack (1968-1980). The corpus includes both cases where the persuasion attempt is successful and unsuccessful. After defining persuasion in comparison to speech acts, quantitative analysis reveals how frequently the persuader and the persuadee employ a modal regarding each type of modality and speech act. Further analysis shows in what manner the persuader and the persuadee interact with each other in discourse resorting to the following strategies: modality, proximal and distal meanings of the modal, speech act of each utterance including a modal, and use of the same modal or switching modals in interaction. This research thus clarifies how effectively speakers attempted to persuade others in interactions, shedding light on communication mechanisms in the past.

10

Some Remarks on Shall’s and a Hypothesis of its Origin

88%

Tomaszewska M.

|

nr 25/3

147-162

EN

The present study focuses on the origin of the idiom shall’s ‘shall we’ in two corpora: the online database The Collected Works of Shakespeare and a corpus of Ben Jonson works compiled on the basis of online html texts linked to the webpage Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature. The Works of Ben Jonson. The paper discusses available accounts of the issue oﬀered by late nineteenth and early twentieth century linguists and juxtaposes them with new ﬁndings and observations. The author analyzes data concerning shall’s, shall us, shall we, let’s and let us to suggest a new hypothesis on the potential rise of shall’s, i.e. that the idiom resulted from a blending of shall we and let’s.

11

Women And Visual Representations Of Space In Two Chinese Film Adaptations OfHamlet

88%

CHEANG W. F.

|

nr 1

1-21

EN

This paper studies two Chinese film adaptations of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Xiaogang Feng’s The Banquet (2006) and Sherwood Hu’s Prince of the Himalayas (2006), by focusing on their visual representations of spaces allotted to women. Its thesis is that even though on the original Shakespearean stage details of various spaces might not be as vividly represented as in modern film productions, spaces are still crucial dramatic elements imbued with powerful significations. By analyzing the two Chinese film adaptations alongside the original Hamlet text, the paper attempts to reinterpret their different representations of spaces in relation to their different historical-cultural gender notions.

12

Teaching Jessica: race, religion, and gender inThe Merchant of Venice

88%

Sicher E.

|

nr 3

268-287

EN

The Jew’s “fair daughter” in Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice converts and marries a Christian, Lorenzo. Recent attention, however, to changing ideas of race and identity in the early modern period has brought into question the divisions of Christian/Jew/Moor. Can Jessica convert and no longer be considered the Jew’s daughter? As “gentle” and “fair” is she to be considered gentile and in no way dark (spiritually or racially)? Jessica’s conversion has apparently little religious meaning, but rather she is saved from the Jew her father by marriage to Lorenzo, who becomes Shylock’s heir. Is Jessica’s conversion to be considered a matter of convenience that might, as Launcelot quips, raise the price of hogs, or is it also to be counted as an ideological and racial conversion that reveals underlying anxieties about gender, sexuality, and religious identity? This essay attempts to argue against the grain of the performance history of The Merchant History, which often downplays the role of Jessica or revises the text of the play, and returns to the text in order to contextualize the conversion of Jessica in contemporary discourses of gender, race, and religion in England’s expansionist colonialism and proto-capitalist commerce. The conversion of Jessica can be seen in that context as an exchange of monetary and ethical value, in which women’s sexuality also had a price-tag. These questions have implications for the teaching of the play and for the understanding of its concerns with unstable sexual, religious, and national identities.

13

William Szekspir w postpamięciowym dyskursie o Zagładzie

88%

Dąbrowska A.

|

nr 4(35)

213-225

EN

The aim of the paper is to discuss the role of literary output of William Shakespeare in post‑memorial discourse about Holocaust. It analyzes various culture texts (film and theater adaptations, memoirs, essays and short stories) devoted to Holocaust, which refer to the dramatic heritage of English playwright. It discusses the phenomena of post‑Holocaust Shakespearean theatre treated as a medium for commemoration of the past. It focuses on Shakespeare’s motifs in post‑Holocaust literature and film.

14

„... in jeder Zeile von Shakespeare handeln“ – Zur Problematik des fiktionalisierten ‚Genies‘. Ein Vergleich zwischen Johann Gottfried Herders Shakespeare-Aufsatz (1773) und Egon Friedells Shakespeare-Essay (1911)

87%

Porath M.

|

nr 28

83-100

EN

The term ‘genius’ induces to fictionalize the special person, who is considered to be a ‘genius’. As a consequence, it is often difficult to distinguish between fiction and truth. Therefore ‘genius’ is often used as a tool to convince somebody of a specific idea in literature. This thought pattern of ‘genius’ is formative since the 1700s until today. In these premises the English poet William Shakespeare is an incisive example: he is fictionalized as a ‘genius’ for the purpose of idealization and stylization or to analyze contemporary issues in Herder’s (1773) and Friedell’s (1911) essays about Shakespeare. Herder utilizes Shakespeare for his poetological scheme to underscore a new and progressive type of poet in the epoch of Sturm und Drang. Friedell tries to exemplify by reference to Shakespeare an entire era in contradistinction to his present age at the beginning of the 20th century.

DE

Der Begriff ‚Genie‘ verleitet zur Fiktionalisierung derjenigen Person, die für ein ‚Genie‘ gehalten wird. Dadurch kann häufig nicht mehr zwischen ‚Dichtung und Wahrheit‘ unterschieden werden. ‚Genie‘ fungiert daher besonders in der Literatur als Instrument, jemanden von einer bestimmten Idee zu überzeugen. Dieses Denkmuster von ‚Genie‘ ist seit dem 18. Jahrhundert bis in die Gegenwart prägend. Ein prägnantes Beispiel dafür ist der englische Dichter William Shakespeare, der sowohl in Herders (1773) als auch in Friedells (1911) Shakespeare-Essay im Sinne einer Idealisierung und Stilisierung oder Zeitkritik als ‚Genie‘ fiktionalisiert wird. Herder benutzt Shakespeare für sein poetologisches Programm im Sturm und Drang zur Herausstellung eines neuen, progressiven Dichtertypus. Friedell versucht, anhand von Shakespeare ein ganzes Zeitalter im Kontrast zu seiner Gegenwart zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts zu exemplifizieren.

PL

Pojęcie ‘geniusza’ zachęca do fikcjonalizowania osób uważanych za ‘geniuszy’, wskutek czego trudno często odgraniczać między ‘zmyśleniem i prawdą’. ‘Geniusz’ funkcjonuje zatem szczególnie w literaturze jako instrument służący do przekonywania innych do określonych idei. Ten wzorzec myślowy dotyczący ‘geniusza’ dominuje od XVIII wieku do dzisiaj, czego najbardziej wyrazistym przykładem jest angielski twórca William Shakespeare, który zarówno w eseju Herdera (1773), jak i Friedella (1911) fikcjonalizowany jest w sensie idealizowania go bądź stylizacji na ‘geniusza’. Herder wykorzystuje Szekspira dla ukonstytuowania swojego programu literackiego w epoce ‘burzy i naporu’ do ukazania nowego, postępowego poety. Friedell próbuje poprzez postać Szekspira egzemplifikować nową epokę w kontraście do współczesnych mu czasów początku XX wieku.

15

Cross-Cultural Casting in Britain: The Path to Inclusion, 1972-2012

75%

Rogers J.

|

tom 19

|

nr 34

55-70

EN

This essay uses three productions to chart the progress of the integration of performers of African and Afro-Caribbean descent in professional British Shakespearean theatre. It argues that the three productions―from 1972, 1988 and 2012―each use cross-cultural casting in ways that illuminate the phases of inclusion for British performers of colour. Peter Coe’s 1972 The Black Macbeth was staged at a time when an implicit colour bar in Shakespeare was in place, but black performers were included in the production in ways that reinforced dominant racial stereotypes. Temba’s 1988 Romeo and Juliet used its Cuban setting to challenge stereotypes by presenting black actors in an environment that was meant to show them as “real human beings”. The RSC’s 2012 Julius Caesar was a black British staging of Shakespeare that allowed black actors to use their cultural heritages to claim Shakespeare, signalling the performers’ greater inclusion into British Shakespearean theatre.

16

Finding Refuge in King Lear: From Brexit to Shakespeare’s European Value

75%

O’Neill S.

|

tom 19

|

nr 34

119-138

EN

This article considers how Shakespeare’s King Lear has become a Brexit play across a range of discourses and media, from theatre productions and journalism to social media. With its themes of division and disbursement, of cliff edges and tragic self-immolation, Lear is the Shakespearean play that has been turned to as metaphor and analogy for the UK’s decision following the 23 June 2016 referendum to leave the European Union. Reading this presentist application of Shakespeare, the article attends to Shakespeare as itself a discourse through which cultural ideas, both real and imaginary, about Brexit and the EU are negotiated. It asks how can we might remap Lear in this present context―what other meanings and histories are to be derived from the play, especially in Lear’s exile and search for refuge, or in Cordelia’s departure for and return from France? Moving from a consideration of a Brexit Lear to an archipelagic and even European Lear, this article argues that Shakespeare is simultaneously a site of supranational connections and of a desire for values of empathy and refuge that reverberate with debates about migration in Europe.

17

Transversal Connections: The Cervantes Quatercentenary in Spain and its Comparison with “Shakespeare Lives”

75%

Gregor K.

|

tom 19

|

nr 34

91-105

EN

Taking as its cue the 2016 quatercentenaries of the deaths of both Shakespeare and Cervantes, the essay offers some insights into the “transversal connections” between both events as celebrated in Spain and the UK. The questions it raises and attempts to resolve are fourfold: (1) What are the reasons and also the benefits of yoking together two such apparently disparate authors, whose strongest link is, arguably, the fact they both passed away in 1616? (2) What work is being done to restore these writers to life, especially in schools where, for a variety of reasons, literature has lost its core-curricular status, and in general society where the classics seem to have less and less import? (3) What might Shakespeare or Cervantes be said to stand for in their respective cultures, both in terms of the genres they wrote in (it is often forgotten, for instance, that Cervantes was also a poet and a dramatist) and the extra-literary values they are said to transmit? (4) What is the role of the State in the safeguarding and promotion of the nation’s cultural heritage?

18

Shakespeare’s representations of rape

75%

Kujawińska Courtney K.

Acta Philologica

|

2016

|

nr 49

91-98

EN

The essay surveys representations of rape in selected Shakespeare’s works. The subject fascinated Shakespeare throughout his career. It appeared for the first time in his early narrative poem “The rape of Lucrece” and in one of his first tragedies “Titus Andronicus”. Though his later works, unlike these two, do not represent sexual assaults upon women graphically, rape is present in almost all his Roman and history plays (e.g. “Coriolanus”, “Henry V”, “Henry VI”), comedies (e.g. “A midsummer night’s dream”, “Measure for measure”) and romances (e.g. “Cymbeline”, “Pericles”, “The tempest”). Since in Shakespeare’s England the social structure prioritized male power, women were treated as men’s property. Any accomplished or attempted sexual violation of women polarized male legal and emotional bonding, and it also disrupted and/or empowered homosocial solidarity. A preliminary study of the presence and dramatic use of rape shows a distinctive evolution in Shakespeare’s attitude to this omnipresent subject. One reason for this change might be a shift in the legal classification of rape in Elizabethan England: from a crime against (male) property to a crime against an individual.

19

Translation as Rewriting: Cultural Theoretical Appraisal of Shakespeare’s "Macbeth" in the Ewe language of West Africa

75%

Agbozo G. E.

|

nr 33

43-56

EN

The cultural turn in translation theory brought attention to the idea that translation is not a purely linguistic phenomenon but one that is also constrained by culture. The cultural turn considers translation as a rewriting of an original text. In this paper, I attempt to find reflections of the cultural turn in a translation into an African language. As such, the paper reads William Shakespeare’s Macbeth in the Ewe language of West Africa, Shakespeare ʄe Makbet, as rewriting. Walter Blege is the translator and the Bureau of Ghana Languages is the publisher of the target text meant for Ewe language audience in Ghana. The target text is for learning and acquiring the Ewe language especially in the area of developing reading comprehension skills. Following Andre Lefevere and Jeremy Munday, this paper suggests that Shakespeare ʄe Makbet is a rewritten text as it follows some cultural constraints in its translation. The study provides insight into the motivations for some of the translator/rewriter’s choices. Given the less attention paid to the Ewe language and many other African languages, the paper proposes translation as a socio-psychological tool for revitalizing interest in the learning and acquisition of African and other lesser-known languages.

20

Hamlet Underground: Revisiting Shakespeare and Dostoevsky

75%

Thurman C.

|

nr 33

79-92

EN

This is the first of a pair of articles that consider the relationship between Dostoevsky’s novella Notes from the Underground and Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Acknowledging Shakespeare’s well-known influence on Dostoevsky and paying close attention to similarities between the two texts, the author frames the comparison by reflecting on his own initial encounter with Dostoevsky in David Magarshack’s 1968 English translation. A discussion of previous Anglophone scholarly attempts to explore the resonance between the texts leads to a reading of textual echoes (using Magarshack’s translation). The wider phenomenon of Hamletism in the nineteenth century is introduced, complicating Dostoevsky’s national and generational context, and laying the groundwork for the second article-which questions the ‘universalist’ assumptions informing the English translator-reader contract.