Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Analysis of variations in and correlations between selected physical parameters of common beech (Fagus silvatica L.) nuts

Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P., Anders A., Tylek P., Krzysiak Z., Wasielewski W.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2018

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nr 21(1)

49--63

EN

The basic dimensions and the mass of common beech nuts and seeds from five nut batches, harvested from tree stands in northern Poland, were determined. Environmental conditions had a greater influence on seed plumpness than the age of tree stands. The results of measurements were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. Despite differences in their plumpness, nuts were characterized by nearly identical cross-sections which resembled an equilateral triangle. The thickness of nuts and seeds was highly correlated with their mass, and this information can facilitate seed husking and separation into mass categories. Before and after husking, seeds should be separated with the use of a mesh screen with longitudinal openings. Medium-sized (most numerous) seeds were separated into the following plumpness categories using a screen separator with ≠6 mm and ≠7 mm openings: 84% of moderately plump seeds, 3% of seeds with reduced plumpness, and 13% of plump seeds.

2

Basic physical properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seeds

Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P., Anders A., Jadwisieńczak B., Rawa T., Szczechowicz D.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2016

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nr 19(2)

103--115

EN

The range of variations in a given separation parameter and its relationships with other attributes have to be determined for designing seed cleaning and sorting processes. In this study, those relationships were determined for five batches of Norway spruce seeds supplied by a seed extraction plant in Jedwabno. The seeds were harvested from seed stands in northern Poland. The terminal velocity, length, width, thickness and mass of every seed were determined. The results were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, aspect ratio, sphericity index and density of the evaluated seeds. Those parameters were compared by analysis of variance and linear correlation analysis. Similarities in the average values of all physical properties were noted only between seeds harvested in the same seed zone, from tree stands occupying the same habitat type. The analyzed seeds can be effectively separated into mass fractions with the use of traditional sorting devices such as pneumatic separators, mesh sieves with longitudinal or round openings, cylindrical graders, winnowing machines and pneumatic sieves, in order to achieve more uniform seedling emergence when each seed fraction is sown separately.

3

Polgár-Bosnyákdomb, a Late Neolithic tell-like settlement on Polgár Island (NE Hungary). Preliminary results of the investigations

Raczky P., Anders A.

Folia Quaternaria

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2016

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nr 84

99--122

EN

In this study, we summarise the preliminary results of thirty years of investigations at the Polgár-Bosnyákdomb site. The significance of the site located on the one-time bank of the Tisza River is that it lies no more than 5 km away from the well-known Polgár-Csőszhalom settlement complex. One of our goals was to investigate the relation between the settlements in the Polgár Island micro-region and to identify the similarities and differences between them. It is quite obvious that with its estimated 70 hectares large extent, Polgár-Csőszhalom was a dominant settlement complex in this landscape during the earlier fifth millennium, while the Bosnyákdomb settlement, represented an entirely different scale with its 8 hectares and had a different role during this period. The AMS dates provide convincing evidence that the two settlements had been occupied simultaneously during one period of their lives. Despite their spatial proximity and chronological contemporaneity, the two settlements had a differing structural layout. Although both had a prominent stratified settlement mound that was separated from the single-layer settlement part by a ditch, the system of the ditches, their structure and, presumably, their social use differed substantially. This would suggest that each community constructed its settlement and architectural structures according to different spatial rules in the different locations of Polgár Island. Despite the spatial differences, we could identify traces of similar community events on the settlement mounds at Bosnyákdomb and Csőszhalom such as the recurring practice of house burning. Despite the smaller excavated areas, we identified wholly different mortuary practices at Bosnyákdomb, diverging fundamentally from the funerary rites practiced at Csőszhalom. The bones of the deceased were secondarily deposited into the ditch of the central mound. The various cultural features discussed in the above indicate that the community responses of the groups settling and living in the Polgár area during the Late Neolithic to the environmental challenges of the land around them were embodied by a set of distinctive cultural behaviours. Nevertheless, certain elements in the colourful diversity of material features and their different levels outline the structure of a micro-regional network with Csőszhalom in its centre in the Upper Tisza region.

4

Selected physical parameters of common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) nuts

Kaliniewicz Z., Tylek P., Markowski P., Anders A., Rawa T., Liedtke M.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2015

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nr 18(4)

247--259

EN

Selected physical parameters of common hornbeam nuts were determined in five batches of nuts harvested from seed tree stands in northern Poland. The results were used to calculate the arithmetic and geometric mean diameters, aspect ratio, sphericity index, volume and density of each nut. The above parameters were compared by analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. Habitat conditions had a greater influence on nut plumpness than the age of the tree stand. Nut width was highly correlated with nut mass, and the above observation can be used in the process of separating nuts into mass categories. When two mesh screens with 5 mm and 6 mm openings are used, nuts will be separated into a fine-sized fraction containing 71.4% of nuts with reduced plumpness, 24.1% of moderately plump nuts and 1.8% of plump nuts, and a coarse-sized fraction containing 2.0% of nuts with reduced plumpness, 43.6% of moderately plump nuts and 54.4% of plump nuts.

5

Frictional properties of selected seeds

Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P., Anders A., Jadwisieńczak K.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2015

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nr 18(2)

85--101

EN

The thickness, width, length and weight of five seed species (buckwheat, vetch, pea, lupine and faba bean) and their external friction angle were determined on two types of surfaces - steel and rubber. The experiment was performed with the use of a an inclined plane with an adjustable angle of inclination that measures the angle of external friction and the time taken by seeds to travel a given distance, which supports the determination of the coefficient of kinetic friction. The measured parameters were used to calculate arithmetic and geometric mean diameter, aspect ratio and sphericity index. The dimensions, weight and the calculated indicators of the examined seeds did not significantly affect their coefficients of static and kinetic friction or their coefficients of rolling resistance and rolling friction. The studied parameters were largely influenced by the type of friction surface, and significantly lower average values were reported for steel than rubber. In the studied seed species, the static friction coefficient was determined in the range of 0.187 to 0.582, kinetic friction coefficient - 0.134 to 0.479, rolling resistance coefficient - 0.148 to 0.529 and rolling friction coefficient - 0.29 to 1.80 mm.

6

Correlations between basic physical parameters of nuts and the weight of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds

Kaliniewicz Z., Tylek P., Anders A., Markowski P., Rawa T., Andros K.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2015

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nr 18(1)

5--14

EN

Selected physical attributes of common beech nuts harvested from four tree stands in northern Poland were determined. Seeds were manually extracted from every nut. Seeds and nuts were weighed, and the results were used to determine the ratio of seed weight to nut weight, which described the degree of nut filling. Physical parameters and the calculated coefficients were compared by the t-test for independent samples, analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. The following ranges of variation were reported in the physical attributes of nuts and the coefficients of common beech seeds: critical transport velocity of nuts - from 6.33 to 11.28 m s-1, nut thickness - from 4.76 to 9.86 mm, nut width - from 6.46 to 13.54 mm, nut length - from 12.63 to 21.62 mm, angle of sliding friction of nuts - from 15.67 to 26.67o, nut weight - from 93.0 to 513.7 mg, coefficient of sliding friction of nuts - from 0.28 to 0.50, seed weight - from 11.0 to 374.8 mg, and ratio of seed weight to nut weight - from 0.08 to 0.88. The majority of nuts contained one seed (average weight of 195.36 mg), and only 2.3% of nuts contained two seeds (average weight of 103.11 mg). The attribute that was most highly correlated with the ratio of seed weight to nut weight was seed weight (0.685), followed by critical transport velocity (0.527) and weight of nuts (0.493). The results indicate that common beech seeds would be processed most effectively in vibration-pneumatic separators or, alternatively, in pneumatic separators where nut fractions obtained with the use of mesh screens can be sorted separately.

7

Variability in and correlations among selected physical properties of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) seeds

Kaliniewicz Z., Tylek P., Anders A., Markowski P., Rawa T.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2014

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nr 17(2)

123--134

EN

Selected physical attributes of European larch seeds harvested from 2 seed plantations and 2 commercial seed stands in north-eastern Poland were determined. The physical properties of seeds were measured, and the results were used to calculate indicators of seed weight and the frictional and geometric properties of seeds. Physical attributes and indicators were compared by Student’s t-test for independent samples, analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. The average values of physical properties and indicators were determined at: critical transport velocity - from 5.93 to 6.13 m • s-1, thickness - from 1.25 to 1.43 mm, width - from 2.29 to 2.71 mm, length - from 3.71 to 4.57 mm, angle of sliding friction - from 27.85 to 31.98o, weight - from 4.03 to 6.14 mg, coefficient of sliding friction - from 0.54 to 0.63, arithmetic mean diameter - from 2.42 to 2.90 mm, geometric mean diameter - from 2.20 to 2.60 mm, aspect ratio - from 59.60 to 62.38%, sphericity index - from 57.27 to 59.40%, specific weight - from 1.81 to 2.33 g • m-1, volume - from 4.60 to 7.59 mm3 and density - from 0.82 to 0.91 g • cm-3. The material harvested in seed plantations differed from seeds from commercial seed stands in all parameters, excluding critical transport velocity. Seed weight was most correlated with the remaining parameters. The highest value of the correlation coefficient and the equation with the highest value of the coefficient of determination were reported for the dependence between seed weight and seed length. Seed weight was also relatively highly correlated with seed width, therefore, the use of mesh screens with round openings and/or cylindrical grain graders is recommended in seed sorting processes.

8

Analysis of correlations between selected physical properties and color of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds

Kaliniewicz Z., Tylek P., Markowski P., Anders A., Rawa T., Głażewska E.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2014

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nr 17(3)

259--274

EN

Selected physical properties of Scots pine seeds harvested from five plantations in north-eastern Poland were determined. Seed color was determined in a sensory analysis, and seeds were classified into one of four color groups: black, brown, gray or other. The results of measurements were used to calculate indicators of seed weight and seeds’ frictional and geometric properties. Physical attributes and indicators were compared by one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. The average values of physical properties and indicators characterizing seeds from different color groups were determined at: critical transport velocity - from 7.0 to 7.1 m • s-1, thickness - from 1.48 to 1.50 mm, width - from 2.51 to 2.54 mm, length - from 4.32 to 4.46 mm, angle of sliding friction - from 29.1 to 29.8o, weight - from 6.4 to 6.7 mg, coefficient of sliding friction - from 0.56 to 0.58, arithmetic mean diameter - from 2.77 to 2.82 mm, geometric mean diameter - from 2.52 to 2.55 mm, aspect ratio - from 56.91 to 58.64%, sphericity index - from 57.44 to 58.69%, specific weight - from 2.51 to 2.60 g • m-1, volume - from 7.90 to 8.24 mm3 and density - from 0.80 to 0.82 g • cm-3. Selected color groups differed only in length, aspect ratio and sphericity index. Seed weight was most highly correlated with the remaining attributes, and the highest value of the correlation coefficient and the equation with the highest value of the coefficient of determination were reported for the correlation between seed weight and thickness.

9

Impact of working parameters of the pin sowing unit and sowing parameters on the regularity of dosing oats seeds

Markowski P., Rawa T., Anders A., Bagiński P.

Agricultural Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 18, No. 2

113--123

EN

The paper presents the research results concerning the impact of rotational speed of a sowing shaft (4-34 rot·min-1), width of a sowing opening (1-5 mm) in a pin sowing unit and width of interrows (7-15 cm) and sowing speed (4-12 km·h-1) on the regularity of dosing Flämingsprof oat seeds at the fixed amount of sowing 156 kg·ha-1, which results from the accepted, recommended stock density of 400 seeds·m-2. Tests were carried out on the laboratory stand in two stages. In the first one, measurements related to determination of the performance characteristic of the tested sowing unit was carried out, in the second one, measurements related to determination of the longitudinal irregularity index of seeds sowing was performed. It was proved that from among the investigated factors, regularity of dosing seeds has significant impact (α=0.05) on the width of interrows, rotational speed of the sowing shaft and the width of the sowing opening. From analysis of regression of many variables with stepwise procedure of elimination of non-significant variables, a second degree equation was obtained, which included independent variables - the width of interrows and the width of the sowing opening. The value of irregularity index of seeds sowing at the change of interrows width from 7 to 15 cm decreased by approx. 35% – from value 0.72 to 0.46.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące wpływu prędkości obrotowej wałka wysiewającego (4-34 obr·min-1), szerokości szczeliny wysiewającej (1-5 mm) w kołeczkowym zespole wysiewającym oraz szerokości międzyrzędzi (7-15 cm) i prędkości siewu (4-12 km·h-1) na równomierność dozowania nasion owsa odmiany Flämingsprof przy stałej ilości wysiewu 156 kg·ha-1, wynikającej z przyjętej, zalecanej obsady 400 nasion·m-2. Badania przeprowadzono na stanowisku laboratoryjnym w dwóch etapach. W pierwszym wykonano pomiary związane z wyznaczeniem charakterystyki wydajnościowej badanego zespołu wysiewającego, w drugim przeprowadzono pomiary związane z wyznaczeniem wskaźnika nierównomierności podłużnej wysiewu nasion. Wykazano, że spośród badanych czynników istotny wpływ (α=0,05) na równomierność dozowania nasion, ma szerokość międzyrzędzi, prędkość obrotowa wałka wysiewającego oraz szerokość szczeliny wysiewającej. Z analizy regresji wielu zmiennych z krokową procedurą eliminacji zmiennych nieistotnych otrzymano równanie stopnia drugiego, zawierające dwie zmienne niezależne – szerokość międzyrzędzi i szerokość szczeliny wysiewającej. Wartość wskaźnika nierównomierności wysiewu nasion przy zmianie szerokości międzyrzędzi z 7 na 15 cm zmniejszyła się o ok. 35% – z wartości 0,72 do 0,46.

10

The effect of the age of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands on the physical properties of seeds and the operating parameters of cleaning machines

Kaliniewicz Z., Rawa T., Tylek P., Markowski P., Anders A., Fura S.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2013

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nr 16(1)

63--72

EN

Critical transport velocity, the thickness, width, length, the angle of sliding friction and weight of Scots pine seeds harvested from conservation seed stands were measured. Correlations were determined between the age of parent stands (124 to 180 years old) and the above parameters of Scots pine seeds. Significant correlations were found between the age of parents stands and the weight, dimensions and the angle of sliding friction of seeds. Such a correlation was not observed for critical transport velocity. The noted correlations were presented as first-order equations which show that among the studied seed properties, average seed weight changed to the highest degree – it decreased by ca. 15% as Scots pine trees grew older.

11

Próba określenia wpływu śladu kół ciągnika na równomierność siewu nasion żyta

Markowski P., Anders A., Kaliniewicz Z., Choszcz D., Kolankowska E., Zarajczyk J.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2013

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R. 17, nr 3, t. 1

223--231

PL

Badano wpływ położenia redlic na belce redlicznej siewnika względem śladu kół napędowych ciągnika, przy stosowanej w badaniach różnej prędkości roboczej agregatu siewnego (od 4 do 12 km·h-1) i zmienianej ilości wysiewu nasion (w zakresie od 130 do 170 kg·ha-1), na nierównomierność podłużną wysiewu nasion żyta odmiany Bojko mechanicznymi siewnikami rzędowymi z redlicami stopkowymi. W badaniach polowych stosowano siewnik SZK 1,5H-151 Kaszub i siewnik Amazone D7. Średnia nierównomierność wysiewu nasion żyta siewnikiem SZK 1,5H-151 Kaszub była nieznacznie większa od wartości dopuszczalnej, podanej w PN-84/R-55050, i wyniosła 0,47. W przypadku drugiego siewnika Amazone D7 wartość wskaźnika nierównomierności wysiewu była wyższa i wyniosła 0,52. Z analizy wariancji wynika, że z dwóch zastosowanych agregatów siewnych tylko w jednym, siewniku Amazone D7, wykazano słaby, aczkolwiek istotny wpływ (α=0,05) położenia redlic względem śladu kół ciągnika na nierównomierność podłużną wysiewu nasion żyta.

EN

Impact of coulters location on a coulter beam of a seeder towards the track of drive wheels of a tractor at the varied working speed of a sowing aggregate applied in the research (from 4 to 12 km·h-1) and variable amount of seeding (within the range 130 to 170 kg·ha-1) on the longitudinal irregularity of rye seeds of Bojko cultivar sowing with mechanical seed drills equipped with hoe coulters. SZK 1.5 H-151 Kaszub and Amozone D7 seeder were used in the field research. Average irregularity of rye seeds sowing with seeder SZK 1.5H-151 Kaszub was slightly higher than the limit value set forth in PN-84/R-55050 and was 0.47. In case of the second seeder Amazone D7 value of the irregularity index of sowing was higher and amounted to 0.52. According to the analysis of variance, out of two applied sowing aggregates only in one, Amazone D7 seeder, a weak, but significant impact (α=0.05) of coulters location towards the track of tractor wheels, on longitudinal irregularity of rye seeds sowing was reported.

12

Analiza porównawcza nierównomierności podłużnej siewu nasion pszenicy siewnikiem uniwersalnym i agregatem uprawowo-siewnym

Markowski P., Rawa T., Akielewicz A., Golder M., Lipiński A., Anders A.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2013

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R. 17, nr 3, t. 1

233--241

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące wpływu prędkości siewu, zmienianej co 2 km·h-1 w zakresie od 6 do 14 km·h-1, na równomierność podłużną wysiewu nasion pszenicy ozimej odmiany Fregata przy wariantowym zastosowaniu dwóch zasadniczych elementów agregatu uprawowo-siewnego (siewnik uniwersalny SO43/3C-1 „Poznaniak 6” i agregat uprawowy AS30 firmy AGRO-MASZ: wariant I – wysiew nasion po uprzednim przygotowaniu pola, wariant II – wysiew nasion z jednoczesnym przygotowaniem pola). Z przeprowadzonej analizy statystycznej wynika, że łączne, jak i oddzielne zastosowanie zespołu uprawowego i zespołu siewnego z agregatu (siewnik uniwersalny SO43/3C-1 „Poznaniak 6” i agregat uprawowy AS30 firmy AGRO-MASZ) nie wykazuje istotnych różnic we wskaźniku nierównomierności podłużnej wysiewu nasion pszenicy. Uzyskana w obydwu wariantach eksperymentu wartość wskaźnika nierównomierności podłużnej wysiewu wynosi ok. 0,46 i nie odbiega od wartości podawanych w literaturze dla podobnych sytuacji badawczych.

EN

The paper presents the research results concerning the impact of sowing speed, changed every 2 km·h-1 within the scope from 6 to 14 km·h-1 on the longitudinal regularity of Fregatawinter wheat seeding at the variant use of two basic elements of cultivation-sowing aggregate (universal seeder SO43/3C - 1 "Poznaniak 6" and cultivation aggregate AS30 of AGRO-MASZ company: I variant - seeding after previous field preparation, II variant - seeding with simultaneous field preparation. Statistical analysis which was carried out proves that the total as well as the separate use of the cultivation and sowing unit from the aggregate (universal seeder SO43/3C-1 "Poznaniak 6" and cultivation aggregate AS30 of AGRO-MASZ company does not show any significant differences in the longitudinal irregularity of wheat seeding. Value of the longitudinal irregularity of the sowing index obtained in both variants of the experiment amounts to approx. 0.46 and does not differ from values presented in the literature for similar research circumstances.

13

Determination of Shape Factors and Volume Coefficients of Seeds from Selected Coniferous Trees

Kaliniewicz Z., Tylek P., Markowski P., Anders A., Rawa T., Zadrożny M.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2012

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nr 15(2)

217-228

EN

The thickness, width and length of seeds from selected coniferous trees was measured. The obtained data was used to determine six shape factors (as proposed by Grochowicz, Mohsenin, Donev and Wróbel). The seeds were assigned nine simple geometric shapes, and the total volume of seeds from a given tree species was compared using a pycnometer. Based on the results, a geometric model of seed volume was selected for every analyzed species. It was concluded that the shape of seeds from coniferous trees can be described with the application of shape factors proposed by Mohsenin, Donev and Wróbel, used interchangeably or collectively. The volume of seeds from coniferous trees can be modeled with the use of an ellipsoid for Scots pine, European black pine, Norway spruce and English yew seeds, and a double right quadrangular pyramid for silver fir and Douglas-fir seeds.

14

Correlations between the Germination Capacity and Selected Attributes of European Larch Seeds (Larix Decidua Mill.)

Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P., Anders A., Rawa T., Liszewski A., Fura S.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2012

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nr 15(2)

229-242

EN

The critical transport velocity, basic dimensions (thickness, width and length), the angle of sliding friction and weight of European larch seeds from three batches were determined. The values of shape factors, cross-sectional area, volume and density were calculated for all seeds. The seeds were germinated, and germination time was determined. The investigated attributes were compared by single classification analysis of variance and correlation analysis. The germination capacity of seeds from the same stand varied between harvest years, and germination time was most highly correlated with critical transport velocity and density. The lightest seeds should be separated from the batch to improve germination capacity, and seeds of the heaviest fractions should be used to promote even germination.

15

Zastosowanie skanera 3D do pomiarów cech geometrycznych produktów spożywczych na przykładzie pieczywa typu "kajzerka" i "minikajzerka"

Anders A., Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P.

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2012

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nr 2

20-24

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów cech geometrycznych i fizycznych pieczywa typu "kajzerka" i "minikajzerka". Pomiary geometryczne wykonano laserowym skanerem 3D. Uzyskane modele cyfrowe z dużą dokładnością odwzorowują kształt i powierzchnię bułek. Obliczone średnie pole powierzchni bułek na podstawie modelu oraz obliczone na podstawie wzorów zaproponowanych przez Grochowicza nie różniło się znacząco przy założonym poziomie istotności a = 0,05. Istotne różnice obliczonej średniej objętości bułek można zauważyć, gdy objętość bułek była obliczana na podstawie modelu oraz na podstawie wzoru zaproponowanego przez Niewczasa i współautorów. Różnica ta wynosiła około 5%. Obliczono również współczynniki kształtu zaproponowane przez Grochowicza Km i Kw, Mohseina Sn i Doneva .

EN

This paper presents measurements of geometric and physical characteristics of two bread types called "kajzerka" and "minikajzerka". Geometric measurements were made using a 3D laser scanner. The obtained digital models reproduce both the shape and surface of the studied bread rolls with a high level of accuracy. The calculated average surface area of the bread rolls based on their digital models, and calculated using the formula proposed by Grochowicz did not differ significantly at the level of significance a = 0.05. Statistically significant differences in the calculated average volume of bread rolls could be noticed when the volume was calculated on the basis of a digital model and the formula proposed by Niewczas et. al. This difference was approximately 5%. Aspect ratios proposed by Grochowicz's Km and Kw, Mohsein's Sn and Donev's a were calculated.

16

Zastosowanie skanera 3D do monitorowania kształtu produktów spożywczych na przykładzie pieczywa

Anders A., Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2012

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R. 16, nr 3

7-14

PL

Zastosowanie laserowego skanera 3D pozwala na bezdotykowy pomiar i odwzorowanie powierzchni a następnie obliczenie współczynników charakteryzujących właściwości geometryczne. Dodatkową korzyścią z zastosowania bezdotykowego pomiaru geometrii za pomocą skanera 3D jest możliwość pomiaru produktów o delikatnej strukturze zewnętrznej i wrażliwych na uszkodzenia mechaniczne. Celem pracy było określenie podstawowych cech geometrycznych pieczywa typu "bułka ziarnista", wykonanie pomiarów pola powierzchni, objętości oraz określenie podstawowych jego właściwości fizycznych - masy i gęstości. Średnie pole powierzchni obliczone na podstawie modelu cyfrowego w przypadku gdy skanowany model bułki posiadał na swojej powierzchni otwory oraz gdy otwory w modelu zostały wypełnione nie różniły się istotnie. Istotne różnice wystąpiły gdy pole powierzchni i objętość bułek była obliczana ze wzorów. Obliczono również współczynniki kształtu dla badanej serii bułek.

EN

3D laser scanner application allows non-contact measurement and mapping of surfaces and calculation of the factors characterizing geometric features. An additional benefit of using noncontact measurement of geometry using the 3D scanner is the ability to measure the products of fine texture and sensitive to external mechanical damage. The aim of this paper was to determine the basic geometric features of grain bread rolls, the measurements of surface area and volume and determine its basic physical properties - mass and density. The average surface area calculated on the basis of a digital model in case when the scanned model of a bread roll had holes in its surface, and in case when the holes were filled in the model, did not differ significantly. Significant differences occurred when the surface area and volume of bread rolls was calculated from the formulas. The aspect ratios for the series of bread rolls were estimated.

17

Wpływ wybranych czynników na głębokość siewu nasion żyta siewnikami rzędowymi

Markowski P., Zawojek Ł., Rawa T., Kaliniewicz Z., Anders A.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2012

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R. 16, nr 3

127-137

PL

Badano wpływ prędkości roboczej agregatu siewnego (w zakresie od 4 do 12 km*h-1) i położenia redlic względem śladu kół napędowych ciągnika na nierównomierność głębokości siewu nasion żyta odmiany Bojko mechanicznymi siewnikami rzędowymi z redlicami stopkowymi. W badaniach polowych stosowano siewnik SZK 1,5H-151 Kaszub i siewnik Amazone D7. Z analizy wariancji wynika, że istotny wpływ (α=0,05) na głębokość siewu nasion żyta obydwoma siewnikami mają zarówno prędkość robocza agregatu, jak i położenie redlic względem kół napędowych ciągnika. Średnia głębokość siewu nasion żyta siewnikiem Amazone D7 ze sprężynową regulacją nacisku redlic na glebę była nieznacznie mniejsza od wartości nastawionej (30 mm) i wyniosła 28,4 mm, w przypadku drugiego siewnika SZK 1,5H-151 Kaszub z regulacją wartości nacisku redlic za pomocą obciążników średnia głębokość siewu wyniosła 38,7 mm. Uzyskane wyniki świadczą o małej przydatności regulacji głębokości siewu w siewnikach rzędowych za pomocą obciążników zawieszanych na dźwigniach redlicznych.

EN

Influence of the operational speed of the seed aggregate (within 4 to 12 km*h-1) and location of coulters towards the track of drive wheels of a tractor on irregularity of the depth of sowing rye seeds of Bojko variety with mechanical seed drills with hoe coulters. SZK 1.5 H-151 Kaszub and Amozone D7 seeder were used in the field research. The analysis of variance proves that both the operational speed of the aggregate as well as the location of coulters towards drive wheels of a tractor significantly influence the depth of sowing of rye seeds with both seeders. Average depth of sowing rye seeds with Amazone D7 seeder with spring regulation of coulters pressure on soil was slightly lower than the set value (30mm) and was 28.4 mm, in case of the second seeder SZK 1.5H-151 Kaszub with regulation of coulters pressure with sinkers, the average depth of sowing was 38.7 mm. The obtained results prove a little usefulness of the regulation of the sowing depth in seed drills with sinkers placed on coulter levels.

18

Próba wyrównania strugi nasiennej w siewniku rzędowym z grawitacyjnym transportem nasion

Markowski P., Letki Ł., Rawa T., Kaliniewicz Z., Anders A., Zarajczyk J.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2012

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R. 16, nr 3

119-126

PL

Badano dwa rozwiązania funkcjonalne zespołu wysiewającego siewnika: I - zespół wysiewający wraz z teleskopowym przewodem nasiennym, i II - kołeczkowy zespół wysiewający z teleskopowym przewodem nasiennym z dodatkowym wałkiem wyrównującym strugę nasion systemu Reguline oraz prędkość siewu i ilość wysiewu nasion pszenicy ozimej odmiany Tonacja. Stwierdzono, że wałek wyrównujący strugę nasion istotnie wpływa na poprawę wskaźnika nierównomierności wysiewu nasion, mając dodatkowo tę zaletę, że na wartość tego wskaźnika nie wpływa prędkość robocza agregatu i ilość wysiewu nasion w przyjętym w badaniach zakresie. Wartość wskaźnika nierównomierności wysiewu nasion po zastosowaniu wałka wyrównującego strugę nasion zmniejszyła się o 8% - z 0,48 do 0,44.

EN

Two functional solutions of the sowing unit of a seeder were investigated: I - a sowing unit along with a telescopic delivery tube and II - a pin sowing unit with a telescopic delivery tube with additional levelling shaft of the seed stream of Reguline system and the sowing speed and the amount of sowing wheat seeds of Tonacja variety. It was found that the levelling shaft of the seed stream significantly influences the improvement of the unevenness index of sowing seeds and additionally is advantageous because the value of this index is not affected by the operational speed of the aggregate and the amount of sowing in the scope accepted in the research. The value of the unevenness index of sowing after using the levelling shaft of the seed stream decreased of 8% - from the value of 0.48 to the value of 0.44.

19

Technologiczne aspekty otrzymywania oleju rzepakowego na potrzeby produkcji biopaliwa

Wroniak M., Krygier K., Anders A., Rusinek R.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2011

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R. 12, nr 10

453-458

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę metod pozyskiwania oleju rzepakowego pod kątem wykorzystania go do produkcji biopaliwa. Opisano wady i zalety tłoczenia na zimno i na gorąco w prasie ślimakowej oraz ekstrakcji tłuszczu z wytłoku za pomocą rozpuszczalnika organicznego. Omówiono rafinację oleju surowego. Stwierdzono, że optymalną metodą otrzymywania oleju rzepakowego do produkcji ekologicznego biopaliwa wydaje się samo tłoczenie, zaś przy większej skali tłoczenie podwójne: pierwsze na zimno, drugie na gorąco.

EN

The paper presents information about the various methods obtaining of rapeseed oil for use in the production of biofuels. The advantages and disadvantages cold and hot pressing and screw expeller extraction with an organic solvent are described. Refining of crude rapeseed oil are discussed. It was found that the optimal method for the preparation of rapeseed oil to produce clean biofuels seems to be the same pressing, and embossing on a larger scale double: first, the cold, the other hot presssing.

20

Przechowywanie nasion rzepaku : zagrożenia

Rusinek R., Tys J., Wroniak M., Anders A.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2011

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R. 12, nr 10

369-374

PL

Pozyskiwanie oleju z roślin oleistych na cele biopaliwowe w głównej mierze opiera się na nasionach rzepaku. W większości przypadków dotyczy to małych tłoczni farmerskich produkujących olej na potrzeby kilku lub kilkunastu odbiorców. Tłoczenie oleju zazwyczaj odbywa się metodą tradycyjną w tłoczniach ślimakowych, których wydajność wynosi na ogół kilkadziesiąt litrów na godzinę pracy tłoczni. Zatem rzepak przed procesem tłoczenia musi być przechowywany. W trakcie procesu przechowywania nasiona narażone są na utratę jakości, czy to na skutek działania zewnętrznych czynników atmosferycznych, czy też błędów popełnionych w trakcie realizacji procesu. Niniejsze opracowanie zawiera opis głównych zagrożeń związanych z przechowywaniem nasion rzepaku.

EN

An expression of oil from oilseeds is generally based on rapeseed. In most cases this applies to small mills producing oil for a few or several recipients. Expression of oil is usually held in a traditional screw press, whose performance is low. Therefore rapeseed before the process of expression must be storage. In the process of storing of seeds are vulnerable to loss of quality, whether as a result of external weathering or mistakes made during the implementation of process. This paper describes the main risks associated with the storage of rapeseed.