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1

The effect of natural resources and foreign direct investment on economic growth

Mahfoudi Fouad, Riache Siham, Louail Bilal

Economics and Environment

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2024

|

no. 1

art. no. 731

EN

The proposed research aims to examine The Impact of Natural Resources and Foreign Direct Investment on Eco-nomic Growth in Algeria during the period 1970-2021 and compare it with the Saudi economy, which is considered the closest economy in terms of natural resources. Analyse the factors influencing economic diversification and innovation. The research seeks to understand the impact of natural resources, including oil and gas, on the Algerian economy and study the factors influencing sustainable development and economic diversification. This research employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The findings suggest that, in total, there is The Impact of Natural Resources and Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Algeria during the period 1970-2021. The positive correlation between resources and economic growth highlights resource extraction's role in Algeria's economic development. It underscores the need for diversification to reduce dependence on commodity markets. The research focuses solely on economic factors, neglecting social and political dynamics. Limited data availability may constrain the depth of analysis, potentially overlooking nuances in the relationship between natural resources, FDI, and economic growth. The findings offer insights for Algerian policymakers to develop strategies for sustainable economic growth, emphasising the need for diversification beyond natural resources. Recommendations may inform policy decisions aimed at fostering innovation, reducing dependency on volatile resource sectors, and promoting environmental sustainability.

2

Macroeconomic factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions in Bangladesh: an ARDL approach

Khan Musa

Polityka Energetyczna

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2023

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T. 26, z. 3

27--46

EN

This study investigates how macroeconomic variables in Bangladesh from 1991 to 2021 affected emissions, using data from the World Development Indicators. This study used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The study finds that Bangladesh’s GDP per person, energy use, and trade openness positively and significantly affect both short-term and long-term carbon dioxide emissions. However, statistics show that foreign direct investment does not affect from Bangladesh’s. This study says that policymakers should focus on making energy policies and other economic policies that help the economy grow and have little to no effect on emissions. Additionally, economic growth will not hurt the environment as much if policies are implemented to encourage the growth of both the public and private sectors and make it easier to make money by allocating and distributing resources well. Finally, this study suggests looking for additional variables to improve the model’s fit and using other estimating techniques to obtain more trustworthy findings.

PL

W niniejszym artykule zbadano, wykorzystując dane z World Development Indicators, w jaki sposób w jaki sposób zmienne makroekonomiczne w Bangladeszu w latach 1991–2021 wpłynęły na emisje. W tym badaniu wykorzystano model autoregresyjnego rozproszonego opóźnienia (ARDL). Badanie wykazało, że PKB Bangladeszu na osobę, zużycie energii i otwartość handlu pozytywnie i znacząco wpływają zarówno na krótko-, jak i długoterminowe emisje dwutlenku węgla. Statystyki pokazują jednak, że bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne nie wpływają na sytuację w Bangladeszu. To badanie mówi, że decydenci powinni skupić się na kształtowaniu polityki energetycznej i innych polityk gospodarczych, które pomagają gospodarce rozwijać się i mają znikomy wpływ na emisje. Ponadto wzrost gospodarczy nie będzie tak bardzo szkodził środowisku, jeśli wdrożona zostanie polityka zachęcająca do rozwoju zarówno sektora publicznego, jak i prywatnego, oraz ułatwiająca zarabianie pieniędzy poprzez dobrą alokację i dystrybucję zasobów. Wreszcie, to badanie sugeruje poszukiwanie dodatkowych zmiennych w celu poprawy dopasowania modelu i wykorzystanie innych technik szacowania w celu uzyskania bardziej wiarygodnych wyników.

3

Environmental management and the influence of foreign direct investment in Southeast Asia: policy implications

Trang Ngo Quynh, An Tran Van Nguyen, Nguyen Hong Thu

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2023

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Vol. 28, No. 2

367--383

EN

This study investigated the nexus between environmental pollution measured by carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (N2O) and net Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), along with some other variables, namely economic growth by gross domestic product per capita, trade openness, manufacturing, political stability, urbanization, and population growth, using annual data of 11 countries from Southeast Asia for the period from 1999 to 2019. After testing the suitability of the fixed effects and random effects model, this study used the former. The results show that FDI inflows cause CO2 levels to increase in Southeast Asia, supporting Pollution Heaven Theory. However, as for N2O level, the result is not significant, meaning that there is no relationship between FDI inflows and N2O level. Other variables, including GDP and trade openness, negatively affect the environment in Southeast Asia as well. Some recommendations for the Southeast Asia government are also provided to improve the environmental condition in this region.

PL

W niniejszym badaniu zbadano związek między zanieczyszczeniem środowiska mierzonym dwutlenkiem węgla (CO2), dwutlenkiem azotu (N2O) i bezpośrednimi inwestycjami zagranicznymi netto (BIZ), wraz z kilkoma innymi zmiennymi, a mianowicie: wzrostem gospodarczym według produktu krajowego brutto na mieszkańca, otwartością handlową, produkcją, stabilnością polityczną, urbanizacją i wzrostem liczby ludności, wykorzystując roczne dane 11 krajów z Azji Południowo-Wschodniej za okres od 1999 do 2019 roku. Po przetestowaniu przydatności modelu efektów stałych i losowych, w niniejszym badaniu wykorzystano ten pierwszy. Wyniki pokazują, że napływ bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych powoduje wzrost poziomu CO2 w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, co potwierdza teorię nieba zanieczyszczeń. Jednak jeśli chodzi o poziom N2O, wynik nie jest znaczący, co oznacza, że nie ma związku między napływem BIZ a poziomem N2O. Inne zmienne, w tym PKB i otwartość handlowa, również negatywnie wpływają na środowisko w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej. Przedstawiono również pewne zalecenia dla rządu Azji Południowo-Wschodniej w celu poprawy stanu środowiska w tym regionie.

4

The impact of logistics performance index on port infrastructure quality: comparative study Tunisia Morocco

Ben Haj Ahmed Rahid, Bouzir Aida, Benhadj Mbarek Mohamed Heidi, Benammou Saloua

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 67, iss. 3

71--89

EN

This scientific article examines the relationship between logistics performance indices and port infrastructure quality in Tunisia and Morocco. The quality of port infrastructure (QPI) is an important component of the competitiveness port. It represents a driving force for the economic dynamics. This quality of port infrastructure is a complex subject on which a great deal of research has emerged in the last decade. The logistics performance index (LPI) serves as a crucial indicator to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of a country's logistics system. Accordingly, this paper aims to develop a model for assessing the quality of port infrastructure. The objective is to evaluate the development of port infrastructure to improve the competitiveness of port systems in two North African countries according to nine competitiveness criteria. The analysis involves statistical techniques such as regression modeling to establish relationships. The partial least squares (PLS) regression method is adopted to obtain a reliable estimate, using nine explanatory variables :(performance indicators) (overall, the frequency with which shipments reach their recipient within the set deadlines, The efficiency of customs clearance process, ease of arranging competitively priced shipments, Lead time to import, Lead time to export, competence and quality of logistics services, Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, Container port traffic) and quality of the port infrastructure (QPI) as dependent variable. The results of the analysis highlight the influence of logistics performance indices on port infrastructure quality in Tunisia and Morocco. The results of the test the model using the partial least squares, confirm a significant influence of the identified factors on the quality of port infrastructure. It found show that it is vital to improve logistics performance, which contributes to improving the quality of port infrastructure and increasing maritime trade; which promotes economic growth. Based on the results concerning the importance of port infrastructures, the quality of the latter is empirically examined. Our results show that Morocco tends to improve the quality of its infrastructure in order to improve its competitiveness. The originality of this research work consists in using the PLS (the partial least squares) regression method, which is contrary to previous studies, which have used other econometric methods in the same study field.

5

Sustainable and adaptable measures to address climate change in China: a strategic analysis in urban planning

Yang Xiaozhou

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 3

1449--1460

EN

Climate change is a global phenomenon impacting all countries. In order to mitigate against the impacts of climate change, it is necessary to take measures to minimise the impacts that will affect the human habitat especially the built environment in the future. In the light of the inequality of development over the world, including varying rates of economic growth, it will be difficult for developing countries to combat the effects of climate change due to the limited capital investment, varying levels of leadership and political commitment and technology levels. All the countries have to share responsibility for the historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases originating from both developed and undeveloped countries. This studies the built environment and adapts the impacts to be increased in the climate change and this analysis the constraints the opportunities for managing impacts for human sustainability.

6

The impact of external debt on Poland’s economic growth

Bilewicz Ewa

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 160

83--93

EN

Purpose: The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between external debt and economic growth in Poland for the period 2004-2021. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study uses quarterly, secondary data spanning from 2004 to 2021. The data gathered in the research were analysed using the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and backward stepwise regression model. Findings: The empirical results of research show that relationship between changes in ratio of external debt stock to GDP and economic growth is positive but not significant in period 20042021. This suggest that foreign borrowing minimally contributes to economic expansion of Poland. Furthermore, the results for the control variables indicate that trade openness and investment have a positive and significant effect on economic growth, whereas financial development and inflation negative. Practical Implications: Understanding variables that influence countries' economic growth is essential for designing appropriate economic policies, including debt management strategy. The research results can be used to formulate debt management strategy, which helps to minimalize risk connected with foreign borrowing. Poland should decrease dependence on external debt and increase reliance on domestic savings and other non-debt creating inflows. In addition, the results of study provide a reasonable basis for further research on the influence of the foreign debt’ composition on economic expansion of the country. Originality/Value: The nexus external debt-economic growth is widely debated by researchers, however until now, little research has been done about this relationship in Poland.

7

International Trade, Corruption and Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected Sub-Saharan Countries

Aderounmu Busayo, Ayoade Eniola, Oni Emmanuel

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2022

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Vol. 17, nr 2

161--165

EN

Sustainable development goal 17 emphasizes the importance of international trade in achieving inclusive growth. Likewise, countries with high level of corruption will experience limited growth. In order to examine the causality, this study considers the impact of international trade and corruption on the economic growth of selected sub-Saharan African countries (Angola, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa) from the period 2000-2019. The granger causality test and fixed effect method of estimation were adopted. The result of the granger causality tests shows that there is no causality between import and economic growth, there is unidirectional causality between export and economic growth and there is no causality between control of corruption and economic growth. Furthermore, it was discovered that export, import, and control of corruption have a positive impact, 25.4%, 32%, 45.5% respectively, on the economic growth of selected sub-Saharan African countries. Hence from these findings, policies towards export promotion should be encouraged as export is crucial for the economic growth of these countries and policies to curb corruption should be implemented in order to promote economic growth in the selected sub-Saharan African countries.

8

Impact of Entrepreneurship on Sustainable Development in Emerging Markets under the Conditions of COVID-19

Ivanović-Đukić Maja, Rađenović Tamara, Veselinović Nemanja

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2022

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Vol. 17, nr 2

47--58

EN

This paper investigates the contribution of entrepreneurship to sustainable development and economic growth in emerging markets in the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the importance of various measures implemented by entrepreneurs and governments as responses to the changing environment in the COVID-19 pandemic is examined. By employing the data for 20 emerging markets, the findings revealed that only high-growth-expectation entrepreneurship (HEA) had a significant contribution to economic growth before the pandemic, but this relationship became negative during the COVID-19 crisis. Furthermore, this research pointed out that sufficient responses to the COVID-19 pandemic could be a useful instrument to encourage the development of entrepreneurship and revive the economy in the post-COVID period in emerging markets.

9

Green Economy – Vector of Sustainable Development

Ospanova Anar, Popovychenko Iryna Popovychenko, Chuprina Elena

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2022

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Vol. 17, nr 1

171--181

EN

The article is devoted to the formation of theoretical, methodological foundations and the development of conceptual approaches to the practical provision of the green economy, considered as a vector of sustainable development. The study substantiates the need to create a new global economic school. The existence of two concepts of economic development of future generations is established. The author’s vision of economic growth in the conditions of sustainable development is formed, as well as its necessity is also proved. A component model of sustainable development is proposed, which allows reflecting the essence and content of the green economy. The positive experience of green integration is summarized. The negative aspects on the way to the practical implementation of the Millennium Development Goals are identified.

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest kształtowaniu podstaw teoretycznych, metodologicznych oraz rozwojowi koncepcyjnych podejść do praktycznego zapewnienia zielonej gospodarki, traktowanej jako wektor zrównoważonego rozwoju. Badanie uzasadnia potrzebę stworzenia nowej globalnej szkoły ekonomicznej. Ustala się istnienie dwóch koncepcji rozwoju gospodarczego przyszłych pokoleń. Kształtuje się autorska wizja wzrostu gospodarczego w warunkach zrównoważonego rozwoju, a także udowadnia jego konieczność. Proponowany jest składowy model zrównoważonego rozwoju, który pozwala odzwierciedlić istotę i treść zielonej gospodarki. Podsumowano pozytywne doświadczenia zielonej integracji. Zidentyfikowano negatywne aspekty na drodze do praktycznej realizacji Milenijnych Celów Rozwoju.

10

The philosopher's stone of entrepreneurship: achieving economic growth in Europe

Lopes João M., Gomes Sofia

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2022

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Vol. 26, No. 1

157--171

EN

This study aims to assess the impact of perceived opportunities and entrepreneurship as a good career choice on the economic growth of European countries. A quantitative methodology was used. A data panel composed of measures of economic growth and business activity for 21 European countries from 2001 to 2019 and macroeconomic control variables was used. Multiple linear regression was estimated using the Generalised Panel Methods of Moments. High levels of perceived opportunity were found to impact economic growth positively. Entrepreneurship as a good career choice has positive impacts on economic growth. These results indicate that although entrepreneurship as a good career choice and perceived opportunity are antecedents of entrepreneurial activity, they may be considered drivers of economic growth in European countries and, as such, should be stimulated and supported. This article is original because it is a longitudinal study, and there are few studies on this topic.

PL

Niniejsze badanie ma na celu ocenę wpływu postrzeganych możliwości i przedsiębiorczości jako dobrego wyboru kariery na wzrost gospodarczy krajów europejskich. Zastosowano metodologię ilościową. Wykorzystano panel danych złożony z miar wzrostu gospodarczego i aktywności biznesowej dla 21 krajów europejskich w latach 2001-2019 oraz makroekonomicznych zmiennych kontrolnych. Wielokrotna regresja liniowa została oszacowana przy użyciu uogólnionej panelowej metody momentów. Stwierdzono, że wysoki poziom postrzeganych możliwości pozytywnie wpływa na wzrost gospodarczy. Przedsiębiorczość jako dobry wybór kariery ma pozytywny wpływ na wzrost gospodarczy. Wyniki te wskazują, że chociaż przedsiębiorczość jako dobry wybór kariery i postrzegane możliwości są antecedentami działalności przedsiębiorczej, można je uznać za motory wzrostu gospodarczego w krajach europejskich i jako takie powinny być stymulowane i wspierane. Ten artykuł jest oryginalny, ponieważ jest to badanie podłużne i istnieje niewiele badań na ten temat.

11

Determinants of entrepreneurial intention: a comparative analysis

Ragmoun Wided

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2022

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Vol. 25, No. 1

361--377

EN

The current research aims to investigate the relationship among economic growth, Environmental Efficiency (EE) and Entrepreneurial Intention (EI). To achieve this, the author has adopted a circular interactive system among environmental efficiency, economic growth and entrepreneurial intention for 49 developing and developed nations through panel causality analysis based on both cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity by country. The data used in this study ranged between 2001 and 2019 and was extracted from databases on the World Bank Indicators (WDIs) in addition to the Global Entrepreneurs Monitor database (GEM dataset). Based on the quantitative approach, the obtained data were analyzed using STATA. Results emphasize that a bidirectional causal association exists between economic growth and entrepreneurial intention. Findings related to environmental efficiency seem to be more restrictive. It can be concluded that an indirect and positive effect of environment efficiency on EI is significant only in high-income level countries. This paper provides new insights into the paradoxical effects and interrelations between economic growth and environmental efficiency on EI. Research confirms that entrepreneurship is a reflexive process defined through a specific mindset, and policymakers have to invest in environmental efficiency and strengthen policies to protect the environment and favor an entrepreneurial “feeling good” as a stimulator for EI. This study could also assist and guide researchers for future research to operationalize the results of the following study.

PL

Obecne badania mają na celu zbadanie związku między wzrostem gospodarczym, efektywnością środowiskową (EE) a intencjami przedsiębiorczymi (EI). Aby to osiągnąć, autor przyjął okrągły, interaktywny system między efektywnością środowiskową, wzrostem gospodarczym i intencją przedsiębiorczości dla 49 rozwijających się i rozwiniętych narodów poprzez panelową analizę przyczynowości opartą zarówno na przekrojowej zależności, jak i heterogeniczności w poszczególnych krajach. Dane wykorzystane w tym badaniu pochodziły z lat 2001-2019 i zostały pozyskane z baz danych dotyczących wskaźników Banku Światowego (WDI) oraz bazy danych Global Entrepreneurs Monitor (zestaw danych GEM). Opierając się na podejściu ilościowym, uzyskane dane przeanalizowano za pomocą programu STATA. Wyniki podkreślają, że istnieje dwukierunkowy związek przyczynowy między wzrostem gospodarczym a zamiarem przedsiębiorczości. Ustalenia związane z efektywnością środowiskową wydają się być bardziej restrykcyjne. Można stwierdzić, że pośredni i pozytywny wpływ efektywności środowiskowej na EI jest istotny tylko w krajach o wysokim poziomie dochodów. Artykuł ten dostarcza nowych informacji na temat paradoksalnych skutków i wzajemnych relacji między wzrostem gospodarczym a efektywnością środowiskową na EI. Badania potwierdzają, że przedsiębiorczość jest procesem refleksyjnym zdefiniowanym przez określony sposób myślenia, a decydenci muszą inwestować w efektywność środowiskową i wzmacniać polityki mające na celu ochronę środowiska i faworyzować przedsiębiorcze „dobre samopoczucie” jako stymulator EI. Badanie to może również pomóc i ukierunkować badaczy w przyszłych badaniach w celu zoperacjonalizowania wyników kolejnego badania.

12

The agricultural sector marketing policy in Tanzania: the value added to economic growth

Bamwenda Emilia

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2021

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z. 151

9--30

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to analyze the existing marketing policies of the agricultural sector and their impact on economic growth. The author will attempt to answer the following questions: What marketing strategies have been used in the Tanzanian agricultural sector? Can effective marketing strategies create greater added value for agricultural products? And are the developed marketing strategies for trade in agricultural products able to accelerate economic growth? Design/methodology/approach: The author bases this article on the institutional and legal method. Analysis of selected government documents and existing studies will allow to obtain answers to the research questions and to describe descriptively the initiatives taken by the government. The above method is complemented by direct and indirect observations in the public sector and non-governmental centers in the regions of Bukoba, Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Mwanza, Dar es Salaam and Iringa, which the author conducted during two study trips in 2016 and 2017. The analysis of literature in this paper reveals that Tanzania has an extensive set of policies, strategies and programs designed to support agricultural marketing. Findings: Public policy aimed at strengthening agricultural marketing can have a positive impact on farmers' activities by creating opportunities to develop a system for efficient sourcing of inputs, high yielding production, harvesting and warehousing and trade of agricultural products, or developing "instructions" for the marketing process. The study shows that political declarations and goals contained in national development frameworks are compatible with each other. The problem arises during the implementation of developed policies and resourcing the implementation process, which in its assumptions are aimed at improving society's quality of life and wellbeing of people in rural areas. Practical implications: There is also a potential risk that the developed policy may have a negative impact and create impediments to the functioning of trade in agricultural products shaping various types of restrictions for farmers in the sphere of freedom to sell their goods in the form that customers expect from them (e.g. stunting of local food crops market activities, flexibility of a farmer where to sell his goods).

13

Assessing the impact of transport and logistics on economic growth in emerging economies: a case study for the conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Raimbekov Zhanarys, Syzdykbayeva Bakyt

Transport Problems

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2021

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T. 16, z. 2

199--211

EN

This article examines the link between logistics indicators and economic growth in Kazakhstan in the period 1995-2019. Factors and the causal relationship between the indicators of transport development and economic growth, using the models of total production, demand and vector error correction, are studied. The analysis established specifics of the relationship between indicators of various types of transport and economic growth and their mutual influence, both in terms of directions and the nature of the relationship. A bi-directional cause-and-effect relationship between railway transport infrastructure and economic growth has been identified according to the Granger test. It was found that in a small economy, road and sea transport in the long term will lead to a higher rate of economic growth, and vice versa, economic growth encourages the development of pipeline transport and this in turn, in a one-way direction, stimulates the development of all other types of transport. It was revealed that economic growth in Kazakhstan leads to an increase in demand for transport and logistics services and their infrastructure to a lesser extent than in countries with large economies. To improve the effectiveness of the economy, a differentiated approach to transport policy is recommended depending on the highlighted long-term relationship between the studied parameters. Our research indicates that conditions for road and sea transport in Kazakhstan should be improved to stimulate economic growth. The results of the study can be used as recommendations for developing a long-term transport policy.

14

The Contributions of Demographic Factors to Economic Growth

Pasichnyi Mykola, Nepytaliuk Anton

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2021

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Vol. 16, nr 1

219--229

EN

In this paper, an updated approach to evaluate the contribution of demographic factors to economic development is proposed. The forecasted shifts in public production were considered with respect to the institutional framework. The relationship between the main demographic variables and the economic growth for the sample of 45 advanced and emerging market economies from 1990 to 2017 was examined, applying the unbalanced panel data method. Over the period, in the sample, an essential increase in life expectancy adversely affected the real GDP per capita growth rate. The empirical investigation pointed out that the above demographic variable was strongly linked to nominal GDP per capita. In advanced economies, the examined demographic indicator was considerably higher than in emerging ones. We found out that an increase in the working-aged stratum substantially reduced the real GDP dynamics, but that interconnection was not robust. In the long-run, the institutional framework should be taken into account to achieve favorable public performance. Demographic variables should be forecasted and calibrated, regarding the endogenous economic triggers. Both public and private investments matter.

PL

W artykule zaproponowano zaktualizowane podejście do oceny wkładu czynników demograficznych w rozwój gospodarczy. Prognozowane zmiany w produkcji publicznej rozpatrzono w kontekście ram instytucjonalnych. Zbadano zależność między głównymi zmiennymi demograficznymi a wzrostem gospodarczym dla próby 45 rozwiniętych i wschodzących gospodarek rynkowych w latach 1990-2017, stosując metodę niezrównoważonych danych panelowych. W badanym okresie istotny wzrost średniej długości życia niekorzystnie wpłynął na dynamikę realnego PKB na mieszkańca. Badanie empiryczne wykazało, że powyższa zmienna demograficzna była silnie powiązana z nominalnym PKB na mieszkańca. W gospodarkach rozwiniętych badany wskaźnik demograficzny był znacznie wyższy niż w gospodarkach wschodzących. Okazało się, że wzrost liczby osób w wieku produkcyjnym znacznie zmniejszył dynamikę realnego PKB, ale połączenie to nie było silne. W perspektywie długoterminowej należy wziąć pod uwagę ramy instytucjonalne, aby osiągnąć korzystne wyniki publiczne. Należy prognozować i kalibrować zmienne demograficzne z uwzględnieniem endogenicznych czynników ekonomicznych. Liczą się zarówno inwestycje publiczne, jak i prywatne.

15

Macroeconomic coordination: as an approach for poverty reduction

Amaliah Ima, Aspiranti Tasya, Nurhayati Nunung, Mafruhat Ade Yunita, Numan A. Harits, Shaharuddin Amir

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2021

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Vol. 23, No. 2

42--56

EN

This study aims to analyze macroeconomic policies simultaneously to minimize the tradeoff impact of economic growth and inflation to reduce poverty. The analysis used is theoretical and simultaneously tests the model in Indonesia using annual data for the period 1990-2020 to show that poverty reduction is correlated with the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. This study finds that poverty is simultaneously affected by economic growth, money supply and inflation, while Foreign Direct Investment has no statistically significant effect on poverty. Therefore, policymakers should implement a macro-fundamental policy mix that focuses on price stability, followed by policy adjustments for all sectors to support the targets set by the Central Bank.

PL

Niniejsze badanie ma na celu jednoczesną analizę polityk makroekonomicznych w celu zminimalizowania kompromisowego wpływu wzrostu gospodarczego i inflacji na zmniejszenie ubóstwa. Wykorzystana analiza ma charakter teoretyczny i jednocześnie testuje model w Indonezji z wykorzystaniem danych rocznych za okres 1990-2020, aby pokazać, że redukcja ubóstwa jest skorelowana z koordynacją polityki monetarnej i fiskalnej. Badanie to stwierdza, że na ubóstwo wpływa jednocześnie wzrost gospodarczy, podaż pieniądza i inflacja, podczas gdy bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne nie mają statystycznie istotnego wpływu na ubóstwo. Dlatego decydenci powinni wdrożyć makrofundamentalną kombinację polityki, która koncentruje się na stabilności cen, a następnie dostosowaniu polityki dla wszystkich sektorów, aby wspierać cele wyznaczone przez Bank Centralny.

16

Some Generalized Estimating Equations Models Based on Causality Tests for Investigation of the Economic Growth of the Country Groups

Yonar Harun, İyit Neslihan

Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences

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2021

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Vol. 46, No. 3

297--315

EN

In this study, investigation of the economic growth of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and the countries in different income groups in the World Data Bank is conducted by using causality analyses and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEEs) which is an extension of Generalized Linear Models (GLMs). Eight different macro-economic, energy and environmental variables such as the gross domestic product (GDP) (current US$), CO2 emission (metric tons per capita), electric power consumption (kWh per capita), energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita), imports of goods and services (% of GDP), exports of goods and services (% of GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI) and population growth rate (annual %) have been used. These countries have been categorized according to their OECD memberships and income groups. The causes of the economic growth of these countries belonging to their OECD memberships and income groups have been determined by using the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. Furthermore, various GEE models have been established for the economic growth of these countries belonging to their OECD membership and income groups in the aspect of the above variables. These various GEE models for the investigation of the economic growth of these countries have been compared to examine the contribution of the causality analyses to the statistical model establishment. As a result of this study, the highlight is found as the use of causally-related variables in the causality-based GEE models is much more appropriate than in the non-causality based GEE models for determining the economic growth profiles of these countries.

17

Dependence of CO2 emissions on energy consumption and economic growth in the European Union: a panel threshold model

Petruška Igor, Chovancová Jana, Litavcová Eva

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2021

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nr 3

73--89

EN

This work aims to analyse the dependence of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on primary energy consumption at different Gross Domestic Product (GDP) levels in 28 European countries. Data for the years 1995-2019 were used to develop the models. Random Effects, Fixed Effects, a nonlinear panel threshold model and a continuous kink model were used in the panel data analysis. The work shows that the dependence of CO2 emissions on energy consumption varies at different levels of GDP. The model with two threshold values, which determine three modes of behaviour, proves to be the most suitable. As GDP levels increase, the regression coefficient of the dependence of CO2 emissions on energy consumption decreases. Understanding the relationship between these variables is essen-tial for informed and evidence-based decision-making and adopting new or revision of existing energy and climate policies and strategies at the EU and national levels.

PL

Niniejsza praca ma na celu analizę zależności emisji dwutlenku węgla (CO2) od zużycia energii pierwotnej przy różnych poziomach produktu krajowego brutto (PKB) w 28 krajach europejskich. Do opracowania modeli wykorzystano dane z lat 1995-2019. W analizie danych panelowych zastosowano efekty losowe, efekty stałe, nieliniowy model progu panelu i model ciągłego załamania. Praca pokazuje, że zależność emisji CO2 od zużycia energii jest różna na różnych poziomach PKB. Najbardziej odpowiedni okazuje się model z dwiema wartościami progowymi, które określają trzy sposoby zachowania. Wraz ze wzrostem poziomu PKB maleje współczynnik regresji zależności emisji CO2 od zużycia energii. Zrozumienie związku między tymi zmiennymi ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla świadomego i opartego na dowodach podejmowania decyzji oraz przyjmowania nowych lub rewizji istniejących polityk i strategii w zakresie energii i klimatu na szczeblu UE i krajowym.

18

Rynek energetyczny w czasie pandemii

Niestępska Małgorzata

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2021

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T. 52, nr 7-8

3--8

PL

Lata 2019-2021 to okres trwania pandemii Covid-19 o zasięgu światowym. Pandemia sparaliżowała wiele sektorów gospodarki wszystkich państw świata. Aby chronić życie i zdrowie populacji wprowadzono wiele ograniczeń w różnych sferach działalności gospodarczej. Ograniczenia te, w szczególności dotykające przemysłu, handlu miały swoje odbicie w sferze makroekonomicznych wskaźników wzrostu gospodarki tj. PKB, deficyt finansów publicznych, jak i ściśle z nimi skorelowanego sektora energetycznego. Jednak rok 2021 to nagły, dynamiczny wzrost notowań giełdowych surowców energetycznych, energii oraz kosztu uprawnień do emisji CO2. Pomimo, że nie odwołano jeszcze stanu pandemii, większość populacji świata nie jest jeszcze zaszczepiona, a pojawiają się nowe, niebezpieczne mutacje wirusa. Jakie są więc przyczyny szoku cenowego na rynku paliw i energii, który obecnie obserwujemy. Jak zmieniał się rynek energii w dobie pandemii spróbuję odpowiedzieć analizując dostępne dane statystyczne

EN

The years 2019-2021 are the time of the Covid-19 pandemic with a global scope. The pandemic paralyzed many sectors of the economy of all countries in the world. In order to protect the life and health of the population, many restrictions have been introduced in various spheres of economic activity. These restrictions, in particular affecting industry and trade, were reflected in the sphere of macroeconomic indicators of economic growth (GDP), public finance deficit and the closely correlated energy sector. But today in 2021 we are watching a sudden, dynamic increase in the price of fuels, energy and CO2 emission allowances. Although the state of the pandemic has not yet been canceled, a large percentage of the world’s population is not yet vaccinated and dangerous new mutations are emerging. So what are the reasons for the price shock on the fuel and energy market that we are currently observing? How has the energy market changed during the pandemic, I will try to answer by analyzing the available statistical data.

19

Forecasting the number of housing units delivered in Poland in the years 2010-2017 in the context of social security

Kozicki Bartosz, Koszarek Artur

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2020

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R. 5, Nr 9

79--91

EN

The article addresses the problem of forecasting the number of housing units delivered in Poland in 2010-2017 on the basis of primary data obtained from the Central Statistical Office in the context of social security. First, an analysis and evaluation of the time series in question was made. Subsequently, the analysed time series was divided into two segments. On the basis of the evaluation, forecasting was performed with various methods for the first part of the time series of the number of housing units completed in Poland, which consisted of 84 elements, and then the best forecasting method was selected. On the basis of that method, forecasting of the primary time series (consisting of 96 elements) of the number of housing units completed in Poland in 2010- 2017 was performed retrospectively for 2018.

20

The relationships between entrepreneurial factors and economic growth and development: the case of selected European countries

Meyer Daniel Francois, Meyer Natanya

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2020

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Vol. 21, No. 2

268--283

EN

Globally, entrepreneurship and its link to economic growth, development and prosperity has been a topic of continued discussion. Entrepreneurship provides various direct and indirect positive results within developed and developing economies. Research suggests that the entrepreneurship development may have a positive effect on several economic variables. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to identify the relationships between three entrepreneurial variables (entrepreneurial intention - EI, Early-stage entrepreneurial activity - TEA and established business ownership - EBO) and, firstly, economic development using GDP per capita and, secondly, economic growth (GDP) using an econometric analysis method. The study followed a quantitative empirical approach using secondary data from 2001 to 2019 for selected European countries (Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia). Countries were selected based on their homogeneous traits and availability of data. Long and short-run relationships between the mentioned variables were tested using a pooled panel analysis. Results indicated a long-run relationship between the variables by using the Fisher-Johansen cointegration analysis. Further results of the analysis indicated that both TEA and EBO are significant predictors at 5% significant levels respectively of economic development (GDP per capita) and economic growth (GDP). In conclusion, the study proved that links between the mentioned variables do exist and that entrepreneurial activity should be stimulated and supported as it has a significant impact on economic growth and development at various degrees of impact.

PL

Na całym świecie przedsiębiorczość i jej związek ze wzrostem gospodarczym, rozwojem i dobrobytem były przedmiotem ciągłych dyskusji. Przedsiębiorczość zapewnia różne bezpośrednie i pośrednie pozytywne wyniki w gospodarkach rozwiniętych i rozwijających się. Badania sugerują, że rozwój przedsiębiorczości może mieć pozytywny wpływ na kilka zmiennych ekonomicznych. Celem tego badania było zatem zidentyfikowanie związków między trzema zmiennymi przedsiębiorczymi (intencja przedsiębiorcza - EI, działalność przedsiębiorcza na wczesnym etapie - TEA i ustalona własność biznesowa - EBO), a po pierwsze rozwój gospodarczy z wykorzystaniem PKB na mieszkańca, a po drugie , wzrost gospodarczy (PKB) przy użyciu metody analizy ekonometrycznej. W badaniu zastosowano ilościowe podejście empiryczne z wykorzystaniem danych wtórnych z lat 2001–2019 dla wybranych krajów europejskich (Austrii, Chorwacji, Węgier, Polski i Słowenii). Kraje wybrano na podstawie ich jednorodnych cech i dostępności danych. Długoterminowe i krótkookresowe relacje między wspomnianymi zmiennymi zostały przetestowane przy użyciu analizy panelu zbiorczego. Wyniki wskazały na długoterminowy związek między zmiennymi za pomocą analizy kointegracji Fishera-Johansena. Dalsze wyniki analizy wykazały, że zarówno TEA, jak i EBO są istotnymi predyktorami przy odpowiednio 5% znaczących poziomach rozwoju gospodarczego (PKB na mieszkańca) i wzrostu gospodarczego (PKB). Podsumowując, badanie wykazało, że istnieją powiązania między wymienionymi zmiennymi oraz że należy stymulować i wspierać działalność przedsiębiorczą, ponieważ ma ona znaczący wpływ na wzrost gospodarczy i rozwój o różnym stopniu oddziaływania.