Microorganisms, represented by viruses, bacteria, fungi and algae (cyanophytes) are of critical importance to life and life processes on Earth. Microorganisms participate directly and indirectly in life processes of all higher organisms, and they occur everywhere: in soil, water and air. They are involved in biochemical processes of decomposition and mineralization of soil organic compounds, in mobilizing mineral nutrients, in cycling chemical elements, in fixing atmospheric nitrogen, in syntheses of biologically active substances, in plant nutrition etc. By their role in functions of all terrestrial systems the microorganisms participate in development, conservation and maintenance of the natural environment. The author discusses principles of the function of microorganisms in soil, gives account of their significance in affecting and protecting human health, in food processing and in conservation of the natural environment.
PL
Mikroorganizmy, reprezentowane w przyrodzie przez wirusy, bakterie, grzyby i glony (sinice) spełniają podstawową rolę w kształtowaniu procesów życiowych i życia na Ziemi. Uczestniczą pośrednio i bezpośrednio w procesach życiowych wszystkich organizmów wyższych i występują wszędzie — w glebie, wodzie i powietrzu. Biorą udział w procesach biochemicznych związanych z rozkładem i mineralizacją związków organicznych w glebie, uruchamianiem mineralnych składników pokarmowych i krążeniem pierwiastków, wiązaniem azotu atmosferycznego, syntezą substancji biologicznie czynnych, odżywianiem roślin itd. Mikroorganizmy odgrywając decydującą rolę w funkcjonowaniu wszystkich ekosystemów lądowych, spełniają ważną funkcję w kształtowaniu, ochronie i zachowaniu środowiska przyrodniczego. Autor omawia zasady funkcjonowania mikroorganizmów w glebie, ich znaczenie w kształtowaniu i ochronie zdrowia ludzkiego, zastosowanie w produkcji żywności i zachowaniu środowiska przyrodniczego.
Celem pracy było określenie wpływu sposobu przygotowania krwi na stan mikrobiologiczny kaszanki jęczmiennej. W składzie surowcowym zastosowano krew w 3 postaciach: krew surową oraz czerwone krwinki suszone niestabilizowane i stabilizowane. Badania mikrobiologiczne wykonywano w farszu oraz gotowym wyrobie: po 1, 4 i 7 dobach przechowywania w warunkach chłodniczych. Obejmowały one oznaczenie ogólnej liczby bakterii tlenowych mezofilnych, liczbę bakterii z rodz. Enterobacteriaceae oraz liczbę enterokoków. Wyniki uzyskane w pracy wykazały, że najlepszym stanem mikrobiologicznym charakteryzowała się kaszanka wyprodukowana z udziałem czerwonych krwinek suszonych stabilizowanych (najmniejsze zanieczyszczenie wszystkimi oznaczanymi drobnoustrojami).
EN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different preparation of the blood on the microbiological stability of black pudding type sausages. It was used 3 forms of the blood: raw, red cells stabilized and red cells non-stabilized. Microbiological examination determining the total number of aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae familia bacteria as well as enterococci. The number of bacteria was determined in sausage butter and in final product kept in cold store conditions after 1, 4 and 7 days. The results obtained in this work revealed the smallest microbiological contamination in black pudding type sausages, produced with using stabilized red cells.
The year 2010 marks the 100th anniversary of Robert Koch’s death. His name is well known as one of the founders of modern microbiology, the discoverer of the etiologic agents of anthrax, tuberculosis, cholera and wound infection. What is equally important, he developed the methodologies and concepts that made microbiology a scientific discipline. He is best known for having developed the rules, or postulates, that determine the specific agent of an infectious disease. Koch’s postulates were a landmark in medical microbiology because they could be used to prove beyond any doubt that specific bacteria were the cause of an infectious disease. However, significant limitations to the postulates were soon recognized and restricted their wider scientific application. Now, over a century later, a more rigorous method to test causability still has to be developed. Technological advances led to the discovery of viruses, prions and new classes of bacteria that cannot fulfill Koch’s postulates. Advances in molecular microbiology have demonstrated that virtually all microorganisms can be considered opportunistic. They constantly turn their virulence genes on and off in a context-dependent manner to acquire unique phenotypes. They have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense changes in the environment and respond accordingly when their survival is threatened. Local environmental cues are gathered by bacteria at the membrane level and transmitted do deeper circuits within their cytoplasm, where they are processed by another sensing system, known as the quorum sensing signaling system. As a result of the processing of environmental information, the bacteria shift their phenotype to adjust better to the local conditions, resulting in either pathogenic or non-pathogenic behavior. Infectious pathogenesis is dictated by the chemical crosstalk between the complex network of bacteria- -bacteria, host-bacteria, and host-host. The ability of bacteria to intercommunicate and process information about resource availability and the health status of the host has led to the concept of bacteria behaving like a social group. The study of social networks developed among bacteria in their natural habitats is called sociomicrobiology.
Biologiczne nawożenie to zjawisko, w którym substancje zawierające żywe mikroorganizmy, po wprowadzeniu do nasion, roślin lub gleby opanowują strefę korzeniową roślin, czyli ryzosferę lub wewnętrzne tkanki roślinne, promując ich wzrost.
EN
Biological fertilization is a phenomenon in which specimens containing living micro-organisms, after being inserted into seeds, plants or soil, take control of the root zone or inner plant cells, promoting their growth. Micro-organisms may stimulate plant growth by fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, phosphate dissolution, production of plant hormones and vitamins, as well as by stimulating the development of symbiosis of plants with fungi. The utilization of micro-organisms is of great significance for environmental protection and the protection of human health. It is also an alternative to chemical fertilization, but in this case it should be perceived as auxiliary.