Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Terms and Phenomena - Metalanguages Serving the Cross-Cultural Linguistics

100%

Jabłoński A.

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nr 2

43-50

EN

The purpose of the paper is to analyze metalanguages of cross-cultural linguistics. The main focus is placed on Wierzbicka's definitions of Japanese words and concepts.The definitions are critically examined with respect to their usefulness for final users, not necessarily experts on things Japanese. Finally, an alternative descriptive method is provided, based on comparative examples of Japanese and Polish communication phenomena.As a result of the analysis, considerable inaccuracies in Wierzbicka's approach are revealed, particularly in the interpretation of data gathered from informants, which is performed on too high a level of abstraction.In conclusion, it can be pointed out that general statements used in Wierzbicka's definitions significantly oversimplify the phenomena in question. In other words, definitions useful in applied cross-cultural studies should not go beyond their inevitable limitations. Instead, their main objective should be to provide the descriptions of homogeneous realities that do not obscure the source phenomena.

2

Nad kartami prac Profesora Witolda Mańczaka. Notatki z marginesów

80%

Chlebda W.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2017

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nr Numer Specjalny 2

7-17

EN

In the works written in the last period of his life, Professor Witold Mańczak often emphasized the need to formulate a criterion of truth in linguistics. He pursued it in textual reality (in “what is written and what is said”) and in statistical, frequentative and quantitative data which describe it. On the margin of this search, this author shares his own experiences in the field of ethnolinguistics, related to attempts to determine the actual (and, in this sense, true) ontological status of analyzed objects. He postulates that the diversification of the objects of analysis should be complemented by an adequate diversification of how their names are recorded in the narration, i.e. by a precise and consistent descriptive metalanguage.

3

Limitations of Formal (Logical) Semantics

60%

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nr 2

EN

According to the received view formal semantics applies to natural (ordinary) language to some extent only. It is so because natural language is inherently indefinite, in particular, its expressions are ambiguous, vague and admits departures from syntactic rule. Moreover, intensional contexts occur in ordinary language-it results in limitations of the principle of compositionality. The ordinary conversation appeals to various principles, for instance, Grice’s maxims which exceed logical formalism. Thus, ordinary language cannot be fully formalized. On the other hand, if L is a formal language, its metalanguage ML, must be partially informal-for instance, it contains, terms of ordinary mathematics, especially set theory. Even, if, for instance, due to the technique of aritmetization, ML can be represented in L, such a representation is only local. In fact, this view can be derived from some Tarski’s remarks on the role played by natural language. It is usually assumed that the universality of natural language, is the source of troubles associated with antinomies. It is so this circumstance requires a solution, for example by distinguishing levels of language. However, even if antinomies are excluded, what is informal is prior with respect to what is formal. It shows that formal semantics has limitations even with respect to formalized languages.

4

Является ли русский язык плюрицентрическим?

60%

Shaibakova D.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2016

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tom 2

257-268

EN

Discourses of Russian language qualification in new conditions of disintegration are offered in this article. It is stated that the terminology of a modem social Russistics is insufficient: the Soviet period terms are becoming less sufficient and satisfy new require- ments less, and definitions of Western science haven’t been fully accepted yet. The adequate designation searches result in lexical redundancy. However, semantic insufficiency leads to growth of the terminological system. In recent years the Russian language has increasingly frequently qualified as a pluricentric language because of an accumulation of differential features of three kinds of the Russian language: in the ancestral territory, in Post-Soviet countries, and in foreign countries. The situation of corresponding methods are applied to analyse each of of them. The term “pluricentric language” came from Western science and is not common in Russian-speaking discourse. But now such qualification is the most suitable.

5

Cunninghamovy série

60%

Gil J.

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tom 70

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nr 1

175-191

EN

An essay by the contemporary Portuguese philosopher José Gil addresses the prominent American choreographer and dancer Merce Cunningham’s conception of dance. Gil emphasizes that Cunningham approaches dance in a way that is fundamentally different from the traditional mimetic and expressive paradigm. With the help of Giles Deleuze’s observations, Gil proves that even in the case of dance shorn of the faculty to represent and express emotional contents, we can talk about units of dance, about their meaning and unity, and thus about the language of dance. Gil spells out this idea by showing a parallel between dance, in Cunningham’s conception of it, and modern painting.

CS

Esej současného portugalského filosofa Josého Gila se zabývá pojetím tance u významného amerického choreografa a tanečníka Merce Cunninghama. Gil zdůrazňuje, že Cunningham pojímá tanec způsobem, který se zásadně odlišuje od tradičního mimetického a expresivního paradigmatu. Za pomoci úvah Gilese Deleuze Gil dokazuje, že i v případě tance zbaveného schopnosti reprezentovat a vyjadřovat emocionální obsahy můžeme hovořit o jednotkách tance, o jejich významu a jednotě, tedy o jazyku tance. Tuto myšlenku Gil upřesňuje pomocí paralely mezi tancem v Cunninghamově pojetí a moderním malířstvím.

6

Syntax, Semantics and Tarski’s Truth Definition

60%

Woleński J.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2023

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nr 1

65-76

EN

Until Tarski’s semantic truth definition, the concept of truth was used informally in metalogic (metamathematics) or even proposed to be eliminated in favour of syntactic concepts, as in Rudolf Carnap’s early programme of philosophy via logical syntax. Tarski demonstrated that the concept of truth can be defined using precise mathematical devices. If L is a language for which the truth definition is given, it must be done in the metalanguage ML. According to this construction, semantics for L must be performed in ML. The most important example concerns the arithmetic of natural numbers. According to Tarski’s theorem of undefinability, the set of truths of this theory cannot be defined in it – such a definition can be formulated in the metatheory. This fact illuminates the relation between syntax and semantics. If Th is a rich theory and presented as a syntactic theory (a calculus), its semantics is not reducible to its syntax. According to Tarski’s view, related to his work in the simple theory of types, semantics for L can be always constructed in the morphology of ML, provided that L is of the finite order. Two problems arise: what does the word “morphology” mean and how to formulate these ideas, when the framework is based on the distinction between first‑order logic and higher‑order logic. As far as the issue concerns morphology, it is possible to consider it as an extended syntax, i.e. vocabulary which does not refer to semantic concepts or defines such notions by not‑semantic, e.g. set‑theoretical, categories. If the hierarchy of logical types is replaced by the distinction of logics of various orders, in particular between first‑order and higher‑order (it is sufficient to use second‑order), it is possible to show that semantics of first‑order rich theories cannot be defined inside them.

7

Współkonstruowanie znaczenia w dyskursie metajęzykowym na lekcji języka obcego

57%

Szymankiewicz K.

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nr 38/2

183-200

EN

Metalinguistic discourse is the most common type of foreign language class-room discourse. It is commonly used by teachers in order to give explana-tions on language use, forms and meanings. While teachers dominate in this kind of discourse, students seem to remain passive. How can we promote students’ communicative and cognitive activity? This article focuses on teach-ers’ and learners’ strategies for negotiation of meaning in the case of written input. An analysis of four lessons of French as a foreign language recorded in a secondary bilingual school in Warsaw was carried out in order to reveal the metalinguistic strategies that enhance the discursive co-operation between the participants and, in this way, co-construction of meaning.

8

Skrypty nauk ścisłych w kontekście badań nad metajęzykiem

51%

Skubis I.

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tom 5

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nr 2

221-242

EN

Ability to write Natural Science textbooks in a clear and interesting manner is a very demanding task, but the use of numerous metatextemes can help the authors to achieve it. With the application of metatextemes they can create a recipient-friendly article. These constructions have various functions, but the scientists often forget about them and concentrate mostly on showing the results of their analysis. Metatextemes help the authors e.g. to organise and present their line of thoughts, and to inform the recipient about the steps undertaken by the author and their attitude to the information they present. With the use of these metaoperators the researchers can highlight the most important information in the text and refer to research of other scientists and most of all, they help to establish a relationship with the reader. These measures have many different functions, and in this article we present their role in academic books on Natural Sciences with their characteristics and examples. The authors of scientific texts should pay more attention to the language and constructions they use in their texts, because in this way they influence the reader and their impressions and also their attitude towards data presented in the text and to their author.

PL

Zdolność pisania skryptów nauk ścisłych w przejrzysty i ciekawy sposób jest bardzo wymagającym zadaniem, ale w osiągnięciu tego celu autorowi może pomóc stosowanie licznych metatekstemów. Z ich pomocą mogą stworzyć artykuł przyjazny odbiorcy. Te konstrukcje mają różne zastosowania, o których naukowcy często zapominają, skupiając się przede wszystkim na przedstawieniu wyników swoich badań. Metatekstemy pomagają autorowi m.in. w poukładaniu i przedstawieniu ich toku myślenia, w informowaniu odbiorcy o podjętych przez autora krokach i jego opinii co do wprowadzanych informacji. Za pomocą środków metajęzykowych naukowcy mogą podkreślić najważniejsze informacje w tekście i powoływać się na badania innych autorów, a co najważniejsze, pomagają one nawiązać relację z czytelnikiem. Środki te mają wiele różnorodnych funkcji i w niniejszym artykule prezentujemy ich rolę w skryptach nauk ścisłych wraz z ich charakterystyką i przykładami. Autorzy tekstów naukowych powinni zwracać więcej uwagi na język i konstrukcje, których używają w swoich tekstach, ponieważ w ten sposób wpływają na czytelnika i jego wrażenia, a także jego stosunek odnośnie do zaprezentowanych w tekście danych i nas jako autora.

9

An exploration of the historical meaning of systemics in western thought.

51%

Francois C.

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tom Vol. 5, No. 1-2

3-14

EN

Cybernetics and Systemics as new scientific tools for the study of complex issues and systems appeared and evolved during the 2nd half of the 20th. Century. This marks probably the beginning of a new phase in human mind's struggle to understand and if possible manage the world as it has been transformed by mankind itself during the 2nd Millenium. To discover the deeper meaning of the mental, psychical and social mutation in course, it seems important to reflect on the former evolution of western thought and its practical consequences. The historical period hereafter considered sketchily covers three main phases from the 11th to the 20th Century.

10

Jednostki metajęzykowe w poezji Wisławy Szymborskiej oraz ich udział w tworzeniu i sygnalizowaniu ironii: Zarys problematyki

41%

Starodvorskaia E.

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tom 24

97-113

EN

The aim of this paper is to outline the research strategy that intends to analyze the metalinguistic units in Szymborska’s poetry with particular emphasis on cases involving an ironic intention. Not only such units perform a function of signalling irony, but also serve as an essential element of ironic deconstruction mechanism. It is shown by particular examples that the analysis of ironic metalinguistic units exploited in a lyric poem that rely on the traditional methods developed mainly by linguistic semantics and pragmatics could be useful as a mean of verification of the findings reported by scholars in literary studies and as a tool of refinement of the conclusions made by them.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zarys perspektywy badawczej polegającej na analizie jednostek metajęzykowych / metatekstowych w wierszach Wisławy Szymborskiej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych przypadków, w których jednostki takie są wykładnikami intencji ironicznej. Pełnią one funkcję sygnału ironii, ale równocześnie występują jako współczynnik mechanizmu ironicznego dekonstruowania sensu. W artykule na konkretnych przykładach pokazano, że analiza ironicznych jednostek metajęzykowych w utworze lirycznym z wykorzystaniem tradycyjnych metod językoznawczych wypracowanych głównie w ramach semantyki i pragmatyki lingwistycznej umożliwia zweryfikowanie tez postawionych przez badaczy literatury oraz wzbogacenie wniosków interpretacyjnych.

11

Rhetorical Styles in Knowledge Communication

41%

Załęska M.

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nr 3

67-80

PL

W artykule zastosowano retoryczną koncepcję trzech stylów, aby objaśnić pewne praktyki komunikacyjne w dyskursie akademickim. Wykorzystując zasoby perswazyjne stylu niskiego, autorzy skupiają się na retorycznym celu docere/probare, tj. nauczać/dowodzić. Ascetyczna rzeczowość stylu niskiego sugeruje czytelnikom, jakoby stylu w ogóle nie było, przekonując ich, że treść odzwierciedla rzeczywistość bez jakiegokolwiek retorycznego zapośredniczenia. Wybierając perswazyjne środki stylu średniego, badacze łączą cele epistemiczne i estetyczne, starając się osiągnąć retoryczny cel delectare, tj. zachwycać. Zajmujący styl pomaga wciągnąć czytelników w złożoną intelektualnie problematykę. Styl wysoki ułatwia osiągnięcie retorycznego celu movere, tj. poruszać, skłaniać do działania. Służy on do przedstawienia treści naukowych jako informacji użytecznych w podejmowaniu decyzji w życiu konkretnego czytelnika, zatem bywa wykorzystywany przez zaangażowanych naukowców i intelektualistów.

EN

The author of the article applied the rhetorical framework of three styles (genera dicendi) to highlight some of the communicative practices employed in academic discourse. By utilising the persuasive resources of the plain style, authors focus on the rhetorical purpose of docere/probare, i.e. to teach/to prove. The sober matter-of-factness of the plain style suggests to readers that there is no style at all, convincing them that the content reflects reality without any rhetorical mediation. In choosing the persuasive means of the middle style, researchers combine epistemic and aesthetic goals, trying to reach the rhetoric purpose of delectare, i.e. to delight. An engaging style helps them draw readers into intellectually complex issues. The grand style facilitates the reaching of the rhetorical purpose of movere, i.e. to move or induce action. It serves to present science as a helpful resource for readers to make decisions in their lives, hence it is likely to be used by engaged scholars and public intellectuals.

12

Conceptual metaphors in linguistic metalanguage – Polish case names

41%

Sokołowska O.

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nr 13

125-137

EN

Polish linguistic metalanguage comprises some terms of figurative character, apparently determined by metaphorical thinking, i.e. by construing one, abstract notion in terms of another, more concrete, accessible to sensory perception. Some of these terms are calques from Latin and preserve the mappings involved therein, but otherwise more refined and independent inspirations behind the names of linguistic categories can be recognized, especially in regard to the terms for the seven Polish cases.

FR

Dans le dictionnaire de la terminologie linguistique utilisée en polonais, on peut remarquer des mots à caractère figuratif dont la signification semble s’appuyer sur le procédé métaphorique, c’est-à-dire sur la construction de la conception d’un phénomène abstrait avec une conception d’un phénomène plus concret, perceptible par les sens. Certains de ces termes ont été calqués du latin avec leurs valeurs métaphoriques de départ, d’autres ont été créés, paraît-il, à partir des associations métaphoriques originales qui n’avaient pas été copiées ou qui avaient été développées de manière novatrice. Cela concerne surtout les noms des sept cas polonais.

PL

W słowniku terminologii lingwistycznej używanej w języku polskim rozpoznać można wyrazy o charakterze figuratywnym, których znaczenie wydaje się być oparte na myśleniu metaforycznym, tj. na budowaniu koncepcji zjawiska abstrakcyjnego w oparciu o inną koncepcję, zainspirowaną zjawiskiem bardziej konkretnym, poznawalnym za pośrednictwem zmysłów. Niektóre z takich terminów zostały przekalkowane z łaciny z zachowaniem oryginalnych odwzorowań metaforycznych, jednak są też takie, które, jak się wydaje, zostały utworzone na podstawie oryginalnych, nieskopiowanych lub nowatorsko rozwiniętych skojarzeń metaforycznych. Dotyczy to szczególnie nazw większości z siedmiu polskich przypadków.