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PL
Opracowano procedurę analityczną oznaczania rtęci w produktach spożywczych, głównie pochodzenia roślinnego, na poziomie 5 µg/kg i niższym. Obejmuje ona mineralizację mikrofalową próbki i oznaczenie zawartości rtęci techniką CVAAS z zastosowaniem całkowicie zautomatyzowanego analizatora rtęci f-my LDC, USA.
EN
The studies on the analytical procedure for mercury determination in food of plant origin on the level of 5 µ/kg, were carried out. For this reason, microwave digestion with HNO3 and cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) with tin (II) chloride reduction, were used. Both digestion and determination conditions were experimentally optimized. The procedure was checked using two real food samples: apple juice and preserved carrot with peas both spiked on two levels with mercury. On these results basic statistic parameters that charcterized the method as standard deviation, relative standard deviation and recovery, were calculated. The precision was generally better than 10%, and recovery ranged from 96 to 100%. The detection limit of the entire procedure, defined as the mercury concentration corresponding to three times the standard deviation of ten consecutive determinations of blank measurement, was 0,012 µg/l. Taking into account the amount of a sample and the factor of dilution the detection limit corresponds to 0,3 µg/kg for 1,0 g, 1,0 µg/kg for 0,3 g, and 0,15 µg/l for 2 ml of a sample. Accuracy of the analytical procedure was tested by analysing five certified reference plant materials with the mercury contents ranged from 6 to 280 µg/kg. The obtained results were in a good agreement with their certified values. Both analyses of the spiked real samples and certified reference materials allow to suggest that this analytical procedure based on microwave digestion and cold vapour determination using Fully Automated Mercury System is suitable for mercury determination in food products of plant origin on the level of µg/kg or µg/І, with a good precision and accuracy.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia podstawowe zagadnienia związane z toksykologią żywności. Omówione zostały źródła i rodzaje toksycznych substancji mogących znaleźć się w pożywieniu, a także ich wpływ na zdrowie. Artykuł porusza również tematykę zapobiegania zanieczyszczeniom w produktach spożywczych.
EN
The following article presents an overview of concepts in food toxicology. It describes sources and types of toxic substances that may be present in food, as well as their effects on human health. The article also contains basic information on preventing the contamination of food products.
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nr 1
13-23
PL
Zarysowano problem występowania pozostałości syntetycznych związków cy- noorganicznych (ZCO) w żywności, a szczególnie zwrócono uwagę na migrację i nagromadzanie butylocyn w surowcach żywnościowych pozyskiwanych ze środowiska morskiego. Przedstawiono podstawowe dane o toksyczności butylocyn oraz szacunki wielkości dziennego spożycia tych związków zawartych w rybach z rejonu Zatoki Gdańskiej w świetle dawki uznawanej za bezpieczną.
EN
The paper briefly reviews and up-dates available data on some aspects of toxicity of oreanotins and especially of butyltins, their applications, legal aspects as well as aquatic environment seafood and food contamination. Spécial attention is paid on assessed rates of daily intake of butyltins with fish diet by some local groups of inhabitants with high consumption rates of fish originating from the region of the Gulf of Gdańsk.
PL
Dobrano warunki wydzielania i zagęszczania ołowiu na nośniku lantanowym w środowisku amoniakalnym. Wydzielony ołów po rozpuszczeniu w kwasie solnym oznaczano metodą ICP - AES oraz ditizonową. Opracowane metody oznaczania zastosowano do określenia zawartości ołowiu w wybranych próbkach żywności.
EN
The purpose of the study was utilization of emission atomic absorption spectrometry with excitation in induction-coupled plasma, and molecular spectrometry for determination of lead in milk and dairy products after condensation in ammonia atmosphere. Two methods were proposed for lead condensation on lanthanum carrier - in form of hydroxide or sulphide. By coprecipitation of lead on lanthanum in ammonia atmosphere lead was separated and selectively condensed. Other metals (Zn, Cd, Cu) coexistent in food products remained as aminocom- plexes in the solution. The sediment remaining after lead condensation was dissolved in 2 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid solution. The selected conditions of lead separation and condensation make possible determination of the metal in the concentrations from 0.01 mcg/ml to 0.2 mcg/ml by the ICP-ARS and dithisone methods. The method of condensation and determination was used for lead determination of the metal in the concentrations from 0.01 mcg/ml to 0.2 mcg/ml by the ICP-ARS and dithisone methods. The method of condensation and determination was used for lead determination in milk and dairy products in concentations below 1.5 x 10-5%. The studied food products were mineralized with concentrated HNO3, H2SO4 and perhydrol. This mineralization method makes it possible to determine in one mineralisate directly copper and zinc by ICP-ARS and dithisone methods, and lead after condensation. The obtained results were predse and reproducible.
PL
Przedstawiono ocenę przydatności testu immunoenzymatycznego Ridascreen® Af- latoxin B, do oznaczania zawartości aflatoksyny B, w paszach. Wartość testu oceniono przeprowadzając równolegle analizy porównawcze badanych pasz zalecaną metodą chromatografii cieczowej. Przeprowadzona ocena statystyczna uzyskanych wyników świadczy o istotnej zgodności między obu metodami.
EN
An enzyme immunoassay method for the determination of aflatoxin B, (AFB,) in animal feeding stuffs was assayed. The ELISA analysis was performed according to the instructions of RIDASCRE- EN® Aflatoxin B, test. Statistically evaluated data show that the ELISA method gives reproducible results and allows measuring AFB, at concentrations above 1,0 µg/kg. The RIDASCREEN® Aflatoxin B, test was evaluated by comparing it with the official Polish Standard HPLC method. The two analytical procedures were compared and statistically evaluated using the linear regression method. The ELISA test is less time- and labour-intensive than the HPLC method. The ELISA test can be used as a screening test in animal feeding stuff evaluations.
PL
Metodą zimnych par absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej (CV-AAS) oznaczono stężenie rtęci w kapeluszach, trzonach i całych owocnikach grzybów oraz w glebie spod grzybów z terenu Gdańska i okolic. Próbki do badań zebrano w latach 1989-1993. Grzyby i glebę roztwarzano na gorąco ze stężonym HNO3.
EN
Mercury concentration was determined in the fruiting bodies of some wild-grown mushrooms of the Agaricaceae, Stropharicaceae, Tricholomataceae, Amanitaceae, Boletacaceae, Russuaceae, Cop- rinaceae, Lycoperdaceae, Centharellaceae, Paxillaceae and Strophariaceae families, and the underlying soil, collected from potentially polluted and nom-polluted sites in the city of Gdańsk and the adjacent area in 1989-93. In total, 381 samples (323 of caps and stalks and 58 of soil) were analysed. Mushroom (caps and stalks) - and soil samples were wet-digested in a whole glass apparatus consisting of round-bottom flask, partial condenser, and a water cooler. The final determination was by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) using a full - automated mercury analysis system (Mercury Monitor 3200, Thermo Separation Products Co., USA). The ranges of mean mercury concentration in the mushrooms examined were between 18 and 2400 µg/kg dry weight in caps (total range 10 - 50000 µg/kg) and between 41 and 14000 µg/kg dry weight in stalks (total range 8,9-31 000 µg/kg). Mercury concentration in the examined soil was between 25 ± 36 (11-29) and 800 ± 880 (130-2700) µg/kg dry weight. The BCF values of mercury in the examined mushrooms were between 0,28 and 290 in caps, and between 0,057 and 280 in stalks.
PL
Oznaczono stężenie rtęci całkowitej w kapeluszach i trzonach 16 gatunków grzybów oraz glebie spod grzybów zebranych w strefie przygranicznej koło Gubina na jesieni 1994 r. Rtęć oznaczono techniką zimnych par bezpłomieniowej spektrometrii absorpcji atomowej (CVAAS) po roztworzeniu próbek metodą mokrą w kwasie azotowym. Zbadano współzależności pomiędzy stężeniem rtęci w owocnikach i podłożu, na którym wyrosły grzyby.
EN
The total mercury concentration was determined in caps and stalks of 16 species of higher mushrooms and in fall 1994 at the forested area near viilage of Polanowice on the western border of Poland in county of Gubin, District of Zielona Góra. The method of measurment was cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry after wet digestion of the samples with concentated nitric acid in whole glass apparatus concsiting of round bottom flask, partial condenser and a water cooler. Totally 254 fruiting bodies and subsequent soil samples were collected (caps and stalks were analysed separetly). The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of total mercury were highes for Macrolepiota procera, Orestades marasimus and Boletus edulis , and ranged between 140-160 in caps, and between 70-100 stalks, on a average. These three mushroom species also showed highest concentration of mercury, and the mean values ranged from 3000 to 5300 µg/kg dry wt in caps, and from 1500 to 3200 µg/kg in stalks. Paxillus involutus excluded mercury and the BCF values for the metal in caps and stalks of this species were belowl. The BCF values of mercury for the other species invesgated were between 3,7 and 34 in caps, and 2,0 and 17 in stalks. Only Amanita muscaria (caps and stalks) and Russula rosea (stalks) showed a slight, however stastistically not signficant, bioindicating potency for increasing mercury concentration in soil. Cortinarius praestans showed ststistically significant negative logarithmic correlationship between mercury concentration in caps (r= - 0.49; p< 0,05) as well as in stalks (r= - 0.57; p< o,01), and underlying soil.
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nr 2
121-125
PL
Przeprowadzono analizą zawartości 16 wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) w mięsnych i drobiowych artykułach spożywczych. W części próbek stwierdzono poziom BaP powyżej 1 µg/kg, tj. maksymalnej zawartości przyjętej przez EU dla żywności wędzonej.
EN
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants released during pyrolysis of organic matter. PAHs may be formed during food processing, including smoking, grilling or roasting. Many PAHs have been shown to be carcinogenic in animals and they are thought to be significant contributors to cancer development in humans. The presence of PAHs in food is a matter of concern and requires continuous monitoring. To determine food content of 16 basic PAHs, 80 food samples were analysed. The following samples were analysed: beef, pork, chicken, and their products, obtained from retail shops in Szczecin. The samples were subjected to alkaline digestion, extracted with hexane, cleaned up in a florisil cartridge and finally analysed by GC-MS. BaP, the most potent of the 16 carcinogens, was detected in 100% analysed samples. The levels of BaP ranged from 0.012 µg/kg (chicken meat) to 2.86 pg/kg (myśliwska sausage). The highest level of total 16 PAHs was found in pork products (103.4 µg/kg).
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań pozostałości pestycydów chloroorganicznych i polichlorowanych bifenyli (PCB) w mleku krowim z terenu całego kraju. Oznaczone stężenia porównano z wynikami prac wcześniejszych.
EN
In 1994 samples of bovine milk were taken in 98 sampling points (2 in each of 49 districts of Poland). Levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were determined by capillary gas chromatography. In almost all milk samples DDT and PCB residues were found. Mean concentration of ƩDDT in milk fat was 0.065 mg/kg (from 0.011 mg/kg to 0.382 mg/kg) and PCB 0.017 mg/kg (from 0.007 mg/kg). Other organochlorine pesticides (mainly HCH isomers and HCB) were found in low levels and only in some samples - HCB and y-HCB in about 60%, α-HCH in 30% of all tested samples. Results of our 20-year study indicate that organochlorine pesticide levels in milk has decreased ten fold during that time.
PL
Mobilność i kumulacja rtęci w różnych elementach składowych środowiska oraz toksyczność determinowane są formami chemicznymi tego pierwiastka, a MeHg jest tą najistotniejszą z punktu widzenia toksyczności żywności i analityki.
EN
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, DDE, DDD, and gamma-HCH) residues level in fat and meat of carp (Cyprinus carpio) breeded in nursery ponds supplied with water from a sewage-treatment plant (domestic sewage and food industry wastes), was studied by gas chromatography. Results obtained (in particular those relative to gamma-HCH and DDT residues) indicate higher fish contamination with chlorinated hydrocarbons when compared with the controls. With respect to food hygienic evaluation, it may evidence the limited application possibility of the described technology in fish breeding.
PL
Metodą chromatografii gazowej badano poziom pozostałości chlorowanych węglowodorów DDT, DDE, DDD oraz y-HCH w tłuszczu i mięsie karpi ( Cyprinus carpio), wyhodowanych do wielkości konsumpcyjnej w stawach zasilanych oczyszczonymi ściekami bytowo-gospodarczymi i z przemysłu spożywczego.
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nr 4
297-300
PL
Oznaczono zawartość rtęci ogółem w takich gatunkach grzybów jak: podgrzybek zajączek, koźlarz babka, maślak zwyczajny, maślak żółty, gąska ziemista, czubajka kania, pieczarka polowa, lejkówka wonna, twardzioszek przydrożny i gołąbek gryszpanowy, zebranych w okolicy Pajęczna (woj. częstochowskie) w latach 1995-96. Przedstawiono dostępne dane z piśmiennictwa o zawartości rtęci w koźlarzu babce, maślaku zwyczajnym, maślaku żółtym, maślaku pstrym, maślaku sitarzu i czubajce kani z terenu kraju.
EN
Mercury concentration was determined in the caps and stalks of nine species of edible mushrooms collected at the area of Wieluńska Upland in district of Częstochowa in 1995-96. The mushroom species examined were such as: yellow-cracking boJete Xerocomus subtomentosus, brown birch scaber stalk Leccinum scabrum, slippery Jack Suillus luteus, latch bolete Suillus grevillei, gray knight-cap Tricholoma terre um, parasol mushroom Macrolepiota procera, horse mushroom Agaricus arvensis, fennel funnel cap Clitocybe odora, fairy-ring mushroom Marasmius oreades and tacky green brittle gills Russula aereuginea. The method of mercury measurement was cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS) after wet digestion of the samples with concentrated nitric acid in a whole glass system. The parasol mushroom and horse mushroom showed a higest mercury concentrations and contained, respectively, 4500±1700 and 4400±2400 ng/g dry wt in caps, and 2800±1300 and 2800±2100 ng/g dry wt in stalks. In the case of fennel funnel cap and fairy-ring mushroom the mean total mercury concentrations in caps was above 500 ng/g dry wt, and for other species were between 150±50 and 500±230 ng/g dry wt. The stalks of the mushroom species examined in all cases showed lower contamination with mercury than caps. The mean total mercury concentrations noted in caps and stalks of mushrooms examined were usually higher than was reported till now in the same species elsewhere in Poland, while a maximum values found in an individual fruiting bodies are within the range of the concentrations noted in specimens collected from an unpolluted areas.
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