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EN
The aim of this article is to conduct a contrastive semantic analysis of a group of English and Polish verbs and verbal expressions that belong to the lexical field of MOVEMENT and prove that they can reflect the mental processes and emotions of the agent. The focus of the study is on the sub-field of verbs and verbal expressions that denote various ways of running (VWOR). The analysis consists of two steps. Firstly, the lexical items in question undergo componential analysis, whose results are displayed in a specially designed grid. Several kinds of specialised semantic components are applied for the sake of the analysis, in order to consider not only the physical aspect of movement, but also intentions and emotions that accompany movement on the side of the agent. Breaking down the meanings of lexical items in question into components results in a differentiation of several sub-fields within the field of VWOR. Those sub-fields are duly discussed in the course of the article. The next stage of the analysis consists in identifying prepositions and adverbs of direction and location that can modify meaning of lexical items analysed. The final conclusion of the article is that a considerable number of verbs and verbal expression gathered in the field of VWOR in both English and Polish are capable of reflecting various mental processes and emotions of the agent.
EN
The spreading paths of Analgesoidea are outlined. The exchange of Acarina among host species takes mostly place in the hatching period (passage from parents to feathering nestlings), and in birds leading a colonial system of life. The spreading rate is largely affected by the degree of Acarina specialization, their size and a ctivity. Having passed to new hosts Acarina take a constant localization characteristic of individual species. This distribution in biotopes may be disturbed by abiotic factors (cooling down, changes in humidity and light intensity) and biotic ones (associated with the host biology e. g, hatching period, change in plumage, migrations). Under the influence of these factors, the localization and population structure of the same Acarina species are liable to vary depending on the host.
PL
Badano wpływ zatrucia karbarylem i propoksurem na poziom adrenaliny i noradrenaliny w nadnerczach szczura. Stwierdzono zmiany poziomu tych amin katecholowych. Zakres ilościowy i kierunek zmian był współzależny od czasu działania oraz sposobu i wysokości dawkowania insektycydów.
EN
The influence of acute (50% LD50), subacute (10% and 20% LD50) and 12-weeks (5% LD50 intoxication with carbaryl and propoxur on the adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) level in the rat adrenal glands was investigated. The level of A and NA was decreased to very low values after acute intoxication with carbaryl. Probably this effect reu sit from increase of release of accumulated acetylcholine during poisoning. With lower dosages of carbaryl and propoxur (10% and 20% LD50) different biochemical effect in adrenal glands has been observed. There was a significant decrease in the level of A and simultaneously increase in the NA level. Intoxication with 20% LD50 dose of propoxur has caused smaller alterations than the same dose of carbaryl. Carbaryl when given in a dose of 5% LD50 (12 weeks) produced within first six weeks similar changes to that which can be observed during subacute poisoning. Such character of changes (increase of NA level and decrease of A level) indicate that probably N-methylcarbamate insecticides inhibited the last step of biosynthesis of adrenaline. It can be due to inhibition of N-methyltransferase noradrenaline activity.
RU
Исследовали полиморфизм трансферрина у 103 силезских племенных кобыл. Обнаружено 5 кондоминантов трансферрина, автосомные аллили и 9 генотипов трансферрина. Высокосущественная разница в отношении плодовитости была установлена между кобылами генотипа TfF/ TfF (самая низкая плодовитость) и кобылами генотипов TfD/TfF и TfF / TfR. Случаи мертворожденных жеребят (16,6%) были установлены только в группе кобыл генотипа TfF/TfF. Не установлено зависимости между типом трансферрина и биометрическими промерами (высота в холке, обхват груди, обхват пясти). Дочери характеризовались высшей гомозиготностью в трансферриновых аллелях, чем их матери.
EN
Transferrin polymorphisme studies were carried on 103 Silesian breeding mares. There were 5 transferrin codominant, autosomal alleles and 9 transferrin genotypes. Highly significant difference in fertility was stated between mares with genotype TfF/TfF (the lowest fertility) and mares with genotypes: TfD/TfR and TfE/TfR. Stillborn foals (16,6%) occurred only in the group of mares with genotype TfF/TfF. There was no relationship between transferrin type and biometric measurements (height in withers, chest girth, girth of cannon). Daughters were more homozygous in transferrin alleles than their dams.
RU
Цель исследований состояла в определении системы трансферина, альбумина, амилазы и церулоплазмина у шлёаских кобыл, а также в обнаружении возможной связи между типом белка и плодо- внитостью кобылы. Отмечено, что система трансферина детерминируется 5 аллелями, системы же альбумина и церулоплазмина — 2 аллелями. Система амилазы полиморфизма не показала. Обнаружено существенно низшую плодовитость в группе кобыл с фенотипом трансферина ГР. Не открыто связи между типами альбумина и церулоплазмина а плодовитостью кобыл.
EN
The aim of the studies was to determine systems of transferrin, albumin, amyilaise and ceruloplasmin in Silesian mares and to establish eventual relationships between the type of protein and fertility of mares. It was found that transferrin system is determined by 5 alleles, however, albumin and ceruloplasmin systems are determined by 2 alleles. Amylase system is not polymorphic. It was also found that lower fertility reveal mares of a transferrin phenotype PF. Any relationships between the type of albumin or ceruloplasmin and fertility of mares have not been found.
EN
INTRODUCTION: Reinforcement learning causes an action that produced a satisfying effect in a particular situation to become more likely to occur again in that situation. The process is essential in adaptive behavior; however, actual choices often appear to diverge from what could be inferred from simple reinforcement learning. AIM(S): Here we investigate how the time intervals between actions affect the choices made. METHOD(S): Groups of C57BL6/J mice were housed in IntelliCages with access to water and chow ad libitum and were able to access bottles with a reward in the form of a saccharin solution (0.1% w/v), alcohol (4% w/v), or a mixture of the two. The probability of receiving a reward in two of the cage corners changed to 0.9 or 0.3 every 48 h over a period of ~33 days. RESULTS: We observed that, in most animals, the odds of repeating the choice of a corner were increased if that choice was previously rewarded. Interestingly, the time elapsed from the previous choice also increased the probability of repeating the choice, irrespective of the previous outcome. Behavioral data were fitted with a series of reinforcement learning models based on Q‑learning. We found that introducing an interval‑dependent adjustment allowed for better description of the observed behavior, and the size of the time effect differed depending on the type of reward offered. CONCLUSIONS: We find that, at longer time intervals, repeating the previous choice becomes more probable, irrespective of the previous outcome. Thus, at least in this specific case, time may make a past mistake more likely to be repeated.
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