Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników

Znaleziono wyników: 18

Liczba wyników na stronie
first rewind previous Strona / 1 next fast forward last
Wyniki wyszukiwania
help Sortuj według:

help Ogranicz wyniki do:
first rewind previous Strona / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using slowrelease fertilizers under intensive vegetable cultivation. To achieve the set research objective, a field experiment was set up in 2017, where slow-release fertilizer (NPK (%) 20-10-10+4MgO) was applied. The experiment comprised three levels of fertilization with the use of slow-release fertilizers, the control without fertilization, and the control fertilized with conventional fertilizers. The slow-release fertilizer was applied directly under each plant and in rows – approximately 8 cm below the root level. The designed systems were evaluated based on the size of commercial yield, productivity index, agronomic efficiency index, removal efficiency index, and physiological efficiency index. The results obtained in the field experiment indicate that the highest plant yield (54.22 Mg of commercial yield·ha-1 ) was obtained at the highest dose of slow-release fertilizers (600 kg·ha-1 applied in rows approximately 8 cm below the root level). In the case of direct fertilization, in the treatment with the highest dose of slowrelease fertilizer, a reduction in yield was observed. The best results, in terms of equalizing the mass of individual roots, were obtained under conventional fertilization. The most favorable value of the productivity index was obtained in the variant where 400 kg·ha-1 slowrelease fertilizer was applied directly, while in the case of row application the best results were obtained at the dose of 600 kg·ha-1 . Celeriac fertilization with slow-release fertilizers under root may result in producing a yield of bigger differences in root mass, compared to conventional fertilization system.
PL
Celem pracy była ocena możliwości wykorzystania nawozów wolnodziałających w warunkach intensywnej uprawy warzyw. W ramach realizacji założonego celu badawczego, w 2017r. założono doświadczenie polowe, w którym zastosowano nawozy o spowolnionym uwalnianiu składników, o składzie NPK (%) 20-10-10+4MgO. Doświadczenie obejmowało 3 poziomy nawożenia z wykorzystaniem nawozów wolnodziałających, obiekt kontrolny bez nawożenia oraz obiekt kontrolny nawożony nawozami tradycyjnymi. Nawóz wolnodziałający był aplikowany punktowo pod każdą roślinę oraz rzędowo, na głębokości około 8 cm poniżej poziomu korzeni. Ocenę zaprojektowanych systemów dokonano w oparciu o wielkość plonu handlowego, wskaźnik produktywności, wskaźnik efektywności agronomicznej, wskaźnik efektywności usunięcia oraz wskaźnik efektywności fizjologicznej. Wyniki uzyskane w warunkach doświadczenia polowego wskazują, że największy plon roślin, na poziomie 54,22 Mg plonu handlowego·ha-1 , uzyskano w warunkach największej dawki nawozów wolnodziałających, na poziomie 600 kg·ha-1 aplikowanego rzędowo około 8 cm poniżej poziomu korzeni. W przypadku stosowania nawozów wolnodziałających punktowo pod korzeń, najwyższa dawka nawozu spowodowała zmniejszenie plonowania w porównaniu do obiektów z mniejszą dawką nawozów. Najlepsze efekty, z punktu widzenia wyrównania masy poszczególnych korzeni uzyskano w warunkach nawożenia konwencjonalnego. Najbardziej korzystną wartość współczynnika produktywności uzyskano w wariancie przy zastosowaniu nawozu wolnodziałającego na poziomie 400 kg·ha-1 aplikowanego punktowo, natomiast w przypadku aplikacji rzędowej, najbardziej korzystne efekty uzyskano przy dawce 600 kg·ha-1 . Nawożenie selera nawozami wolno-działającymi pod korzeń może skutkować wytworzeniem plonu o większych różnicach masy jednostkowej korzeni w porównaniu z nawożeniem konwencjonalnym.
EN
For many years there has been intensified human pressure in the region of Sevastopol, arising out of its strategic role as the main city in the region as well as a port where the Russian or Soviet Black Sea fleet was stationed. The industry in Sevastopol, municipal sewage as well as agriculture are important sources of pollutants that enter the Black Sea in the region of this city. In terms of shaping the environmental protection policy (not only in the research region but in the whole basin), it is important to conduct monitoring research connected with the pollution of the Black Sea in regions with different levels of human pressure. The aim of this study was to assess the content of zinc and lead in water and in algae from selected Black Sea bays near Sevastopol. The samples of water and algae were collected in August 2012 from eight bays of Sevastopol (Galubaja, Kozacha, Kamyshova, Kruhla, Striletska, Pishchana, Pivdenna and the Sevastopol Bays) as well as one sample from the open sea near Fiolent. Cystoseira barbata and Ulva rigida algae were taken from the same places. The collected water samples were conserved in situ and after being brought to the laboratory their zinc and lead contents were determined. The collected algae were rinsed in distilled water, dried, and then homogenized and mineralized. The lead content was determined in mineralisates by AAS method with electrothermal atomization, and the zinc content was determined using the ICP-OES method. The zinc content in water ranged from 36.43 to 233.3 µg Zn·dm–3, and the lead content was between 1.32 and 38.32 µg Pb·dm–3. Considerable differences in contents of the studied elements in water of individual bays were found. Variability of zinc and lead concentration in the studied water samples was 69 and 112%, respectively. The highest zinc contents were found in water from the Striletska, Kozacha, and Sevastopol Bays, and the highest lead contents from the Kozacha and Kruhla Bays. Their lowest concentration was found in the water collected in the open sea. Moreover, the lower zinc concentration was in water from Pivdenna and Pishchana Bays, and the lowest lead concentration was found in the Galubaja and Pishchana Bays. The zinc content in the algae ranged between 6.517 and 30.21 mg·kg–1. The Cystoseira barbata algae contained over twice more zinc than the Ulva rigida. The lead content in the algae ranged between 0.567 and 7.692 mg Pb·kg–1. Compared with the Ulva rigida, almost a half more lead was found in the Cystoseira barbata. No statistically significant correlation between the content of the studied elements in water and the algae biomass was observed. However, a significant positive correlation between the content of these metals in both species of algae was found. The values of the zinc bioaccumulation coefficient varied from 32 to 642, and of lead from 30 to 1,273. Contents of the studied elements, both in biotic and abiotic part of the studied ecosystems, point at anthropogenic enrichment. However, the results obtained for the Sevastopol, Kozacha, and Striletska Bays point to a danger of their excessive bioaccumulation and a potential risk to the life of aquatic organisms as well as seafood consumers.
PL
Od wielu lat w rejonie Sewastopola ma miejsce nasilona antropopresja wynikająca ze strategicznej jego roli jako głównego miasta w regionie oraz portu, w którym przez wiele lat stacjonowała rosyjska lub radziecka flota czarnomorska. Ważnymi źródłami zanieczyszczeń trafiających do Morza Czarnego w rejonie Sewastopola są przemysł zlokalizowany w tym mieście, ścieki komunalne oraz rolnictwo. Prowadzenie badań monitoringowych związanych z zanieczyszczeniem Morza Czarnego w rejonach o różnym poziomie antropopresji jest istotne z punktu widzenia kształtowania polityki ochrony środowiska nie tylko w rejonie badań, ale w całym basenie tego akwenu. Celem pracy była ocena zawartości cynku i ołowiu w wodzie oraz glonach z wybranych zatok Morza Czarnego w okolicach Sewastopola. Próbki wody oraz glonów pobrano w sierpniu 2012 r. z ośmiu zatok Sewastopola (Gałubaja, Kozacha, Kamyshova, Kruhla, Striletska, Pishchana, Pivdenna i Sewastopolska) oraz jedną próbkę z otwartego morza w okolicach Fioletu. Z tych samych miejsc pobrano glony Cystoseira barbata i Ulva rigida. Pobraną wodę konserwowano na miejscu i po przewiezieniu do laboratorium oznaczono w niej zawartość cynku i ołowiu. Pobrane glony wypłukano w wodzie destylowanej, suszono, a następnie homogenizowano i mineralizowano. W mineralizatach oznaczono zawartość cynku metodą ICP-OES, a zawartość ołowiu oznaczono metodą ASA z atomizacją elektrotermiczną. Zawartość cynku w wodzie mieściła się w zakresie od 36,43 do 233,3 µg Zn·dm–3, a ołowiu w zakresie od 1,32 do 38,32 µg Pb·dm–3. Stwierdzono znaczne różnice zawartości badanych pierwiastków w wodzie z poszczególnych zatok. Względne odchylenie standardowe stężenia cynku i ołowiu w badanych próbkach wody wynosiła odpowiednio 69 i 112%. Największe zawartości cynku stwierdzono w wodzie z zatok Striletska, Kozacha i Sewastopolska, a ołowiu w zatokach Kozacha i Kruhla. Najmniejsze ich stężenie stwierdzono w wodzie pobranej na otwartym morzu, a ponadto cynku z zatok Pivdenna i Pishchana, a ołowiu z zatok Gałubaja i Pishchana. Zawartość cynku w glonach wahała się w granicach od zakresie od 6,517 do 30,21 mg·kg–1 s.m. Glony Cystoseira barbata zawierały ponad dwukrotnie więcej cynku w porównaniu z Ulva rigida. Zawartość ołowiu w glonach wahała się w zakresie 0,567 do 7,692 mg Pb · kg–1 s.m. Prawie o połowę więcej ołowiu stwierdzono w Cystoseira barbata w porównaniu z Ulva rigida. Nie stwierdzono statystycznie istotnej korelacji pomiędzy zawartością badanych pierwiastków w wodzie i w biomasie glonów. Wykazano natomiast istotną dodatnią korelację pomiędzy zawartością cynku i ołowiu w obydwu gatunkach glonów. Wartość współczynnika bioakumulacji cynku wahała się w granicach od 32 do 642, a ołowiu od 30 do 1273. Zawartości badanych pierwiastków, zarówno w biotycznej, jak i abiotycznej części badanych ekosystemów wskazują na antropogeniczne wzbogacenie, jednakże wyniki uzyskane w próbkach z zatok Sewastopolska, Kozacha i Striletska wskazują na niebezpieczeństwo nadmiernej ich bioakumulacji i potencjalne zagrożenie życia organizmów wodnych oraz konsumentów owoców morza.
EN
Trace metals play an important role in functioning of marine and ocean ecosystems. The particular importance of these elements in ecosystems of salt water basins results from their low concentrations in waters of these basins. The content of trace elements in ocean waters is from a few to several dozen times lower than in fresh waters. Such conditions caused that sea organisms developed, by means of evolution, the ability to intensive absorption of trace elements from water in order to meet the physiological demand for them. However, such abilities can cause excessive bioaccumulation of trace elements in ecosystems with elevated their supply, caused by human pressure or enrichment of the water environment from natural sources. The aim of this paper was to assess the nickel and chromium content in water and in algae from selected Black Sea bays near Sevastopol. The samples of water and algae were collected in August 2012 from eight bays in the region of Sevastopol (Galubaja, Kozacha, Kamyshova, Kruhla, Striletska, Pishchana, Pivdenna, the Sevastopolska Bay) as well as one sample from the open sea near Fiolent. Cystoseira barbata and Ulva rigida algae were collected from the same places. The collected water samples were conserved in situ and after being brought to the laboratory their contents of nickel and chromium were determined. The collected algae were rinsed in distilled water, dried, and then homogenized and mineralized. Content of the studied elements was determined in mineralisates by AAS method with electrothermal atomization. It was found that both elements concentrations in water from individual bays were 2–3 times different. The nickel content ranged between 1.74 and 4.14 ·gNi · dm–3, and the chromium content was between 1.56 and 5.97 ·gCr · dm–3. Water from the Striletska Bay contained the highest amount of the studied elements. The nickel content in the studied algae ranged between 1.967 and 12.87 mg · kg–1 d.m., and the chromium content between 0.342 and 7.650 mg · kg–1 d.m. A higher accumulation of these elements was found in Cystoseira barbata than in Ulva rigida. Algae collected in the Sevastopolska Bay contained the highest amount of nickel, and algae from the Pivdenna Bay contained the highest amount of chromium. The content of the studied elements in biomass of the algae was not correlated with their concentration in water. On the other hand, a significant correlation between the nickel content in the algae of both species was found. Values of nickel bioaccumulation coefficients in the studied ecosystems were close to values recorded in environments with high human pressure, whereas in the case of chromium they were very low, much lower than values given in available literature. It was a result of a very high concentration of this element in water, and its moderate content in the algae. Generally, a higher content of the studied elements, both in water and in the algae, was found in all the bays than in samples collected in the open sea. The highest threat of the studied metals was found in the Sevastopolska and Pivdenna Bays.
PL
Metale śladowe odgrywają ważną rolę w funkcjonowaniu ekosystemów morskich i oceanicznych. Szczególne znaczenie tych pierwiastków w ekosystemach zbiorników wód słonych wynika z bardzo małych ich stężeń spotykanym w wodach tych akwenów. Zawartość pierwiastków śladowych w wodach oceanicznych jest od kilku do kilkudziesięciu razy mniejsza niż w wodach słodkich. Takie warunki sprawiły, że organizmy morskie wykształciły na drodze ewolucji zdolność do intensywnego pobierania pierwiastków śladowych z wody w celu zaspokojenia zapotrzebowania fizjologicznego na nie. Takie zdolności mogą jednak powodować nadmierną bioakumulację pierwiastków śladowych w ekosystemach o podwyższonej ich podaży, spowodowanej antropopresją lub wzbogaceniem środowiska wodnego ze źródeł naturalnych. Celem pracy była ocena zawartości niklu i chromu w wodzie oraz glonach z wybranych zatok Morza Czarnego w okolicach Sewastopola. Próbki wody oraz glonów pobrano w sierpniu 2012 r. z ośmiu zatok w rejonie Sewastopola (Gałubaja, Kozacha, Kamyshova, Kruhla, Striletska, Pishchana, Pivdenna, Sewastopolska) oraz jedną próbkę z otwartego morza w okolicach Fioletu. Z tych samych miejsc pobrano glony Cystoseira barbata i Ulva rigida. Pobraną wodę konserwowano na miejscu i po przywiezieniu do laboratorium oznaczono w niej zawartość niklu i chromu. Pobrane glony wypłukano w wodzie destylowanej, suszono, a następnie homogenizowano i mineralizowano. W roztworach oznaczono zawartość badanych pierwiastków metodą ASA z atomizacją elektrotermiczną. Stwierdzono 2–3-krotne różnice stężenia obydwu pierwiastków w wodzie z poszczególnych zatok. Zawartość niklu mieściła się w zakresie od 1,74 do 4,14 ·gNi · dm–3, a chromu w zakresie od 1,56 do 5,97 ·gCr · dm–3. Najwięcej badanych pierwiastków zawierała woda z zatoki Striletska. Zawartość niklu w badanych glonach wahała się w zakresie od 1,967 do 12,87 mg · kg–1 s.m., a chromu od 0,342 do 7,650 mg · kg–1 s.m. Stwierdzono większe nagromadzenie tych pierwiastków w Systoseira barbata niż w Ulva rigida. Najwięcej niklu zawierały glony pobrane w zatoce Sewastopolskiej, a najwięcej chromu zawierały glony z zatoki Pivdenna. Zawartość badanych pierwiastków w biomasie glonów nie była skorelowana z ich stężeniem w wodzie. Stwierdzono natomiast istotną korelację między zawartością niklu w glonach obydwu gatunków. Wartości współczynników bioakumulacji niklu w badanych ekosystemach były zbliżone do notowanych w środowiskach o dużym nasileniu antropopresji, natomiast w przypadku chromu były bardzo małe, dużo mniejsze niż podawane w dostępnej literaturze. Powodem było bardzo duże stężenie tego pierwiastka w wodzie i umiarkowanej jego zawartości w glonach. Generalnie we wszystkich zatokach stwierdzono większą zawartość badanych pierwiastków (zarówno w wodzie, jak i w glonach) niż w próbkach pobranych na otwartym morzu. Największe zagrożenie badanymi metalami stwierdzono w zatokach Sewastopolska i Pivdenna.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to prove that near infrared radiation (NIR) modifies hydrogen bonds localized in the interface of reversed micelles. The degree of modification of the hydrogen bonds was monitored by TEMPO-palmitate spin probe introduced into the structure of reverse micelles formed by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (TCAB/phosphate buffer/isooctane/hexanol and TCAB/NaCl/isooctane/hexanol (W = 15)). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra were performed on the argonated samples. The isotropic tumbling correlation time (τc) and the hyperfine coupling constant A+ = h0 – h+1 (h+1, and h0 correspond to the low-, and centre-field lines, respectively) were determined from the EPR spectra as a quantitative measure for monitoring the action of NIR radiation. A+ values depend on the composition of the water pool (1.640 mT for phosphate buffer and 1.630 mT for NaCl). NIR irradiation led to decrease in A+. This parameter reached the same value for both solutions (1.625 ± 0.003 and 1.626 ± 0.003 mT) after exposition to NIR. The tumbling correlation time after exposure to NIR decreased for TCAB/phosphate buffer/ isooctane/hexanol reversed micelles from 2.10 × 10–10 s to 1.44 × 10–10 s but did not change for TCAB/NaCl/isooctane/ hexanol). The results obtained confirm the possibility of modification of the hydrogen bonds by NIR radiation.
EN
Among the currently used methods of monitoring human tissues and their components many types of research are distinguished. These include spectroscopic techniques. The advantage of these techniques is the small amount of sample required the rapid process of recording the spectra, and most importantly in the case of biological samples - preparation of tissues is not required. In this work vibrational spectroscopy: ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy will be used. Studies are carried out on tissues: tendons, blood vessels, skin, red blood cells and biological components: amino acids, proteins, DNA, plasma, and deposits.
EN
Among the currently used methods of monitoring human tissues and their components many types of research are distinguished. These include spectroscopic techniques. The advantage of these techniques is the small amount of sample required, the rapid process of recording the spectra, and most importantly in the case of biological samples - preparation of tissues is not required. In this work, vibrational spectroscopy: ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy will be used. Studies are carried out on tissues: tendons, blood vessels, skin, red blood cells and biological components: amino acids, proteins, DNA, plasma, and deposits.
EN
FT-Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate microstructural changes in the secondary protein structure of soft tissues subjected to increasing levels of macroscopic strain. Main protein bands at 938 cm-1 assigned as v(Cα–C), 1668 cm-1 — amide I and 1268 cm-1 — amide III are sensitive to applied strain and undergo wavenumber shifting. Other main vibrational modes at 1004 cm-1 assigned to the phenyl ring breathing mode and 2940 cm-1 (n(CH3,CH2)) remain unaltered. Spectroscopic results were compared with the mechanical relations obtained from the standard protocol of uniaxial tensile tests carried out in a testing machine. A clear correlation between Raman band shifting and the level of mechanical stress was established. Initially the load is transferred through elastin and then gradually also by collagen. It was proved that transferring loads by soft tissues involves changes in structural protein conformation. This process was described in detail for a tendon. It was also confirmed that mechanical properties of soft tissues depend on collagen and elastin fiers orientation.
8
Content available remote Structural alteration of collagen fibres - spectroscopic and mechanical studies
EN
Fourier Transform Near Infrared Raman Spectroscopy has been used to monitor the molecular changes of collagen in a tendon subjected to strain. In the Raman spectrum of the unstrained tendon, some protein bands, mainly assigned to collagen, can be observed: amide I (1666 cm–1) and III (1266 and 1248 cm–1) vibrational modes and skeletal (C–C) stretching vibrations (816 and 940 cm–1). The position of these bands is changing with the increasing strain values. It is concluded that elastin and non-helical domains of collagen are initially involved in the load transfer and triple helices of collagen are gradually joining this process.
PL
Celem przeprowadzonych badań było porównanie charakterystyk otrzymanych: w testach wytrzymałościowych i z pomiarów spektroskopowych. W pracy wyznaczono podstawowe parametry mechaniczne skóry, które są zdeterminowane ułożeniem włókien kolagenowych. Następnie zarejestrowano widma ramanowskie badanej tkanki, zidentyfikowano pasma charakterystyczne dla białka kolagenowego. Na podstawie analizy uzyskanych wyników, dla kolejnych etapów rozciągnięcia skóry, zaobserwowano między innymi różnice w położeniu maksimum pasma amidu I (1658cm-1) w zależności od kierunku rozciągania próbki. Porównanie, w obu metodach charakterystycznych zakresów, zachodzących zmian wykazało możliwość stosowania Spektroskopii Ramana w celu wyznaczenia kierunku ułożenia włókien kolagenowych w trakcie rozciągania co jest istotne z punktu widzenia przeszczepów skóry.
EN
The aim of the investigations was to compare the characteristics obtained from strength tests and spectroscopic measurements. The basic skin parameters dependent on the arrangement of collagen fibres were determined. Then Raman spectra of the investigated tissue were recorded and bands characteristic of collagen protein were identified. An analysis of the results for the successive stages of skin stretching showed, among other things, differences in the location of the amid I band maximum (1658cm-1) depending on the direction of specimen stretching. A comparison of the characteristic ranges of change determined by the two methods showed that Raman spectroscopy can be used to ascertain the orientation of collagen fibres in the course of stretching, which information is essential for skin transplantation.
PL
W referacie przedstawiono najważniejsze aspekty opracowywania foresightu technologicznego dla regionów na przykładzie realizowanego aktualnie projektu foresightu dla województwa mazowieckiego. Omówiono podstawowe zasady wstępnej analizy regionu, jak również przeprowadzenia badań metodę Delphi. Spójność przedstawionych w referacie wyników badań potwierdziła poprawność przyjętej metodyki.
EN
Paper presents the most important aspects of the regional foresight. Presented experience was gained during realized project of technological foresight for Mazovia region. The main principles of regional analyses together with rules of Delphi method are also presented. Achieved results are coherent, what confirms appropriateness of methodology taken for the project.
11
Content available remote Usefulness of spectroscopy for biomedical engineering
EN
Modifications of phenylalanine amino acid after its exposure to near-infrared (NIR) radiation have been investigated using ATRFTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). The process of amino acid aggregation after its exposure to NIR has been observed. A possible mechanism of amino acid dimer formation has been proposed with the help of theoretical calculations of quantum mechanics (MP2 and B3LYP/6–31 G* level) using the GAUSSIAN 03 package. The usefulness of spectroscopy for biomedical engineering is discussed. ATR-FTIR appears to be a powerful tool for measuring tissue damage in aqueous environments.
PL
Informacje o przypadkach przetrzymywania mąki na mrozie i wpływie tych warunków na wady pieczywa było impulsem do przeprowadzenia badań. Przeprowadzono badania mąki poddanej kontrolnemu wymrożeniu i porównaniu jej z mąką wzorcową. Okazało się, że wymrożenie maki wpłynęło na strukturę glutenu i obniżenie właściwości technologiczno wypiekowych.
EN
Information on cases of storing the flour at low temperature and an influence of these conditions on defects of bakery products gave way to an impulse to initiate investigations. The investigations were carried on the flour subjected to controlled low temperature treatment and comparing it with the reference flour. It turned out that the low temperature treatment of flour affected the structure of gluten and lowered the technological baking properties.
PL
Fosfor przyczynia się do eutrofizacji zbiorników wodnych oraz ich znacznego wtórnego zanieczyszczenia przez obumierające organizmy. Nawet niewielkie ilości tego pierwiastka mogą silnie oddziaływać na jakość wody, ponieważ kumuluje się on w środowisku. Ze względu na to duży nacisk kładzie się na zmniejszenie ładunku fosforu, odprowadzanego do wód z oczyszczonymi ściekami.
EN
Sol-gel based biomaterials may be used for various applications, including biomedical ones. In his respect it is important to investigate the influence of sol-gel matrices on biological systems in order to establish their cytotoxic activity. The results of EPR studies of sol-gels are described in this work. They demonstrate that various defects are present in sol-gel matrices: surface defects, peroxy- centres or hydrogen-related centres. These defects arise spontaneously during the gelation, being responsible for cytotoxicity of sol-gels. It was found that the ratio of the number of solvent moles to the number of prekursor moles (the molar ratio R) is one of the factors determining the level of cytotoxicity. More defects were present in samples prepared with a lower molar ratio R. A higher concentration of defects was detected in freshly prepared samples, as compared to samples aged for a longer time.
EN
Characteristics of modeled sewage supplied into reactors. Conditions of conducting the process. Reagents' doses used during laboratory tests. Profiles of ortophosphates' concentration change in sewage during laboratory tests.
PL
Promieniowanie z zakresu bliskiej podczerwieni (NIR) jest składnikiem promieniowania słonecznego, o którym wiadomo, że głęboko penetruje tkanki. Może to świadczyć o fizjologicznym znaczeniu tego czynnika środowiskowego. Przedstawiono wyniki badań molekularnego mechanizmu działania promieniowania NIR na błony komórkowe lub modele błon. W ogólnym założeniu jest to próba wyjaśnienia na poziomie molekularnym mechanizmu regulacji dobowego zegara biologicznego oraz światłoterapii. Na podstawie porównania energii wiązań wodorowych oraz promieniowania NIR można sądzić, że wiązania wodorowe odgrywają rolę "anteny" w pierwotnym procesie absorpcji promieniowania. Do badań nad wpływem promieniowania NIR na liposomy, erytrocyty oraz micele zastosowano metody znaczników spinowych, obserwacje mikroskopowe, badanie wytrzymałości mechanicznej komórek erytrocytów i pomiar potencjału powierzchniowego oraz potencjału elektro-kinetycznego. Uzyskane wyniki badań umożliwiły sformułowanie następujących wniosków: Dehydratacja i połączona z tym procesem protonacja stanowią pierwotny proces na poziomie molekularnym oddziaływań promieniowania NIR z błonami biologicznymi. Proces ten przebiega tylko w roztworze o pH fizjologicznym. Rolę "anten" w pierwotnym procesie spełniają wiązania wodorowe o znacznej polaryzowalności protonowej. Skutki działania NIR obserwuje się nie tylko w błonach, lecz w całej objętości komórek.
EN
The daily luminary cycle is the most widely known and studied signal potentially initiating circadian rhythm synchronization. While eyes serve as photoreceptors for mammals, other vertebrates regulate this cycle by extraretinal light perception. The response of the human circadian clock to extraretinal light exposure was monitored by measuring body temperatures and melatonin concentrations corresponding to the cycle before and after the irradiation of the popliteal region. Light signals from this region of the human body can feasibly be transmitted by humoral phototransduction. Such a model postulates that hemoglobin and bilirubin act as photoreceptors due to their resemblance in chemical structure to light sensitive pigments in plants. It has not yet been determined which wavelengths of the sun spectrum are actually effective. This question is important for the medical treatment of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder), the winter type patients. SAD is a syndrome recurring annually, whose symptoms appear in autumn and winter, and withdraw in spring and summer. Late sunrise and short winter days at high latitudes are responsible for SAD symptoms, thus the circadian rhythm synchronized by light delays the normal human activity. Exposure to light is the most effectual medical treatment, and for this reason the effect of various wavelengths has been intensively studied. Meesters et al. has tested the effectiveness of red and near infrared radiation (NIR). Treatment was successful despite the low 18 lux radiation intensity applied, in contrast to commonly used 2500 lux of bright white light. Teicher et al observed a similar efficiency of red light. The arising dilemma therefore is whether near infrared radiation (NIR, effective in the treatment of SAD, acts on erythrocyte membranes. These cells are the principal constituents of blood, and their molecular mechanisms could be responsible for the mentioned radiation effects. The above question is justified by the fact that NIR is absorbed by several constituents of the red blood cell. Additionally, hemoglobin absorption bands of the NIR region are mainly electronic. The influence of NIR on various tissues has been reported in the last years. As a consequence of irradiation, change in cell membrane permeability, cloning efficiency alteration and UVA-like (long ultraviolet radiation stress were observed. The action of radiation depended on wavelength. Exposure to polarized radiation of (600-1600 nm and 130 mW/cm2, suppressed both the superoxide and hypochlorite anion production of human neutrophils, and serum opsonic activity. Laser radiation of low power stimulates the functions of the living organisms also. However, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction of radiation are not yet clear. In fact this radiation is absorbed mainly by overtones of stretching or combination vibrations -CH, -OH, -POH, -NH and SH groups; all of these molecules are involved in hydrogen bonds. Zundel et al. studied the easily polarizable hydrogen bonds between various proton donors and acceptors which are responsible for the presence of continua in IR spectra. Studies on these phenomena have demonstrated that many types of H-bonds, which form in proteins and H-bonded systems between side chains and phosphates, show large proton polarizability. When H bonds with large proton polarizability are present, what is common in biological systems like membrane surface, the proton within the system of H-bonds shifts and subsequently conformational changes are strongly interdependent. The proton transfer process can easily be controlled by local electric fields, caused by fixed charged groups, cations, polar molecules, even coupling proton motion with hydrogen bond stretching vibration. My suggestion corroborates fact that the energy of NIR 700-2000 nm 6-17 kJ per Avogadro's number of photons is comparable to the energy of hydrogen bonds 13-21 kJ/mol. The weakened bonds between membrane surface and bonding water enhance protonation such groups like phosphate, carboxylic, amine. Enhanced protonation induced by NIR leads to dehydration of the membrane surface. The aim of my work was: studies of the influence of this radiation in vitro on NIR irradiated bovine erythrocytes, multi-lamellar liposomes prepared from egg phosphatidylcholine (PC). Reversed TCAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles and water solution of mixture aminoacids (glicyne, arginine, 1-glutamic and poly-(1-glutamic) acids and n-nitroaniline. As the light source the halogen lamp equipped with filters 700-2000 nm was used. Resolving the molecular mechanism of the near-infrared radiation influence on such structures. The properties measured of the materials under study and experimental methods: spin label technique, the membrane fluidity, phase transition and thermotropic properties, analysis of the spin label mobility (tumbling correlation time), processes on the membrane surface, the polarity of the membrane environment, the model proton transfer reaction induced by nir, the microscope observation, shape of cells, the agglomeration ability of liposomes, the mechanical properties of erythrocytes, the rate of hemolysis, the osmotic fragility, the electrostatic properties of membrane surface, the electrokinetic potential of erythrocyte membrane, the electrostatic surface potential - fluorescence measurements. Fluidity of erythrocyte membranes decreases or increases on dependence of the lipid region of the erythrocyte membrane, polarity decreases in the vicinity of polar heads, an oxidative factor outside the membranes is measured. Rates of hemolysis are dropped from the control value, the electrokinetic (zeta potential, measured electroforetically, was changes upon irradiation as well as the shape of cells. The isotropic tumbling correlation time calculated from EPR spectra increased for PC liposome membranes after irradiation. The temperature of the Arrhenius plots discontinuity for TEMPO-palmitate spin probe incorporated into PC bilayer is shifted toward higher values after irradiation. The ability of agglomeration of liposomes observed under optical microscope is considerably modified by irradiation The change of the electrostatic surface potential induced by Near-Infrared radiation is about - 36(+ -)15 mV. The analysis of the TEMPO-palmitate mobility clearly shows photodissociation of hydrogen bonded complexes, which forms this spin label on the surface of reversed micelles. NIR induces the reduction of TEMPO spin label when aminoacids are present in water solution. The phenomena observed are due to: o The hemoglobin excitation. The primary photochemical process is photodissociation of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin. The shape, ratio of hemolysis, structural changes and oxidative stress are consequences of the higher concentration of deoxyhemoglobin. o The protein, water and lipid overtones excitation. After NIR absorption the dehydration of the membrane surface occurs what leads to enhanced protonation and dissociation of hydrogen bonded complexes thus the electrokinetic potential is changed. The primary photo-effect of NIR radiation is dehydration of the erythrocyte cells and liposomes membranes.
18
Content available remote Light therapy for mechanical damages
EN
UV-VIS spectroscopy was used to study components of human tissue. Phenylalanie, dixydroxyphenylalanine, adenosine 5'-triphosphate and albumin all undergo changes under the influence of light and temperature. Characteristic bans for these materials were hightlighted and the relation to different solutions was compared. The role of UV-VIS spectroscopy for measuring tissue damages is discussed.
first rewind previous Strona / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.