The paper describes chosen habitat conditions determining the occurrence and nesting of the Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus and their effect on the nest type (breeding nest BN or mock nest MN). The Little Bittern is a monogamous bird whose male can build a couple of nests during the breeding season. The main questions posed in this work are: (1) what habitat is chosen for the nesting site, and (2) do habitat conditions influence the nest type? The study was carried out in a fishpond complex in the Lasy Janowskie Landscape Park (SE Poland) during the breeding seasons of 2010−2012. All 44 nests (23 BN and 21 MN) were built in a waterside belt of perennial Common Reed Phragmites australis. All nests were built at sites with water depth between 11 and 101 cm. The type of the nest did not depend on the date when it was built during the breeding season. There was a significant difference in the width of the nests between breeding and mock nests. Moreover, obtained results showed a significant influence of the reed belt height and reed stem diameter on the nest type. Further studies on the Little Bittern's nesting habitat, protection of suitable wetlands, and proper water management are important for the conservation of this vulnerable species.
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Large numbers of Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (max. 10,490 ind.), Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus (max. 3,430 ind.) and Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (max. 1,449 ind.) were recorded on the Goczałkowice Reservoir, Poland (2,754 ha). Most of the waterbirds occurred in the backwater of this reservoir. The amount of phosphorus and nitrogen loaded by the most numerous waterbirds into Goczałkowice Reservoir was estimated at 958 kg and 2,621 kg, respectively in 2011 and 1,043 kg and 2,793 kg, respectively in 2012. In 2011 and 2012, the waterbirds introduced a considerable amount of phosphorus, nitrogen and a large number of coliforms into the backwater of the reservoir. The concentration of different forms of phosphorus and nitrogen, chlorophyll-a and bacteria coli in the water was not greater at the site of birds’ concentration (except dissolved organic nitrogen). The concentration of nitrates in the water at the site near the breeding colony of gulls in comparison with the reference site was not different. The amounts of P-tot and N-tot in the sediment were similar at the site affected by waterbirds and at the reference site. The dynamics of water masses was not the reason for the lack of differences between the studied sites.
W większości polskich zakładów mięsnych podział na klasy mięsa drobnego następuje w oparciu o oceną wzrokową oraz wyrywkowe oznaczenie zawartości tłuszczu metodami laboratoryjnymi. Metody te są praco- i czasochłonne, dlatego też w niniejszej pracy sprawdzono możliwości wykorzystania metody komputerowej analizy obrazu do szacowania zawartości tłuszczu. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań i uzyskanych istotnych zależności stwierdzono, że metoda komputerowej analizy obrazu może być wykorzystana do oznaczenia zawartości tłuszczu w mięsie wieprzowym drobnym kl. 2 (po ujednoliceniu w wilku z zastosowaniem siatki o średnicy otworów 20 mm) w liniach ciągłych rozbioru i wykrawania mięsa.
EN
In most of Polish meat plants the classification of meat trimmings is done by visual assessment of fat content. In some plants the results of such classification is check-out by analytical methods of fat determination (Soxhlet or Gerber methods). However those methods are laborious and cant not be used on the line. The aim of this work was to assess the possibility of using digital image analysis (DIA) for estimation of fat content in meat trimmings. It was proved that fat content in ground pork meat of particle size less than 20 mm could be estimated by DIA. It is suggested that this method could be applied on the line systems of meat cutting and deboning industrial lines.
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