Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Assessment of the Feasibility of Modified Chitosan Beads for the Adsorption of Nitrate from an Aqueous Solution

Jamka Zainab N., Mohammed Wadood T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 2

265--278

EN

The objective of the current work was to investigate the effectiveness and mechanism of nitrate removal from an aqueous solution by adsorption using metal (Zr4+)loaded chitosan and Bentonite beads (Cs-Bn-Zr). The study was carried out in a batch system, and the effect of the critical factors on the adsorption performance, such as contact time, initial nitrate anion concentration, and adsorbent dosage, were investigated. In addition, the adsorption equilibrium models of the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were evaluated. The modified adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and analysis with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX). The results demonstrated that at 0.2 g of CS-Bn-Zr adsorbent with an initial concentration of 50 mg/l and a contact time of 120 minutes, the maximum removal of nitrate ions was found to be 97.28%. The result demonstrated that the maximum adsorption capacity of nitrite ions on the manufactured bead was 110.46 mg/g. The Freundlich model was shown to be the most effective for the adsorbate of nitrate. The pseudo–first-order model fits the adsorption kinetic data well.

2

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Zr-Containing AlSi5Cu2Mg Alloy

Bolibruchová Dana, Širanec Lukáš, Kajánek Daniel, Chalupová Mária

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2023

|

Vol. 68, iss. 2

749--756

EN

The aim of this paper was to analyze the impact of varying zirconium addition on selected properties of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy. The results of this research showed that zirconium addition in the range of 0.05 to 0.20 wt. % caused a decrease in ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the experimental alloys after T7 heat treatment, probably due to the formation of primary Al3Zr intermetallic phases. These phases were observed as an individual plates or as a formation of two crossed plate-like phases. Potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3.5% NaCl solution revealed that addition of Zr had a positive effect on thermodynamic corrosion stability of the AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy due to shift of the corrosion potential to a more positive values for all as-cast samples. Addition of Zr in the as-cast alloys improved corrosion kinetics by lowering of corrosion current density.

3

Gazy osłonowe do spawania tytanu, cyrkonu i ich stopów

Niagaj Jerzy

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

|

2022

|

nr 9-10

44---49

PL

W artykule omówiono rodzaj i skład gazów używanych podczas spawania tytanu, cyrkonu i ich stopów, jak również opisano wpływ poszczególnych gazów na proces spawania i jakość złączy spawanych.

EN

The type and composition of gases used in the welding of titanium, zirconium and their alloys are discussed in the paper. The influence of shielding gases on the welding process and quality of welded joints is also described.

4

Physical and chemical processes of Abu Rusheid cataclastic rocks for recovering niobium, zirconium and uranium compounds

Abdellah Walid Mahmoud, Khalafalla Mahmoud Sayed, Abu Khoziem Hanaa Abdelaal, El Hussain Omneya Mouhamed

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2021

|

Vol. 57, iss. 5

137--152

EN

Cataclastic rocks of Abu Rushied area (South Eastern Desert, Egypt) characterized by the presence of niobium, tantalum, zirconium minerals as well as uranium-thorium minerals. Physical upgrading process was applied using gravity and magnetic separation techniques to concentrate these economic minerals mainly to obtain the magnetic niobium concentrate at 0.2- 0.5 ampere, beside the non-magnetic Zr and U at 1.5 ampere. The chemical processing upon niobium concentrate was performed using NH4F roasting process at 250ºC followed by selective precipitation of Nb as Nb-sulfide. An alkaline fusion using NaOH was applied upon zirconium concentrate at the optimum conditions of: zircon concentrate/ NaOH mass ratio 1/2, fusion temperature of 650ºC and 2.5h fusion time followed by selective precipitation of Zr as Zr- tartrate. Finally, two flowsheets were drawn summarizing the whole recovery processes.

5

Synthesis of bacteriostatic polylactide by using zirconium (IV) and zinc (II) chelate complexes with amino-acids based ligands

Rychter Piotr, Barczyńska-Felusiak Renata, Lewicka Kamila, Pastusiak Małgorzata, Kaczmarczyk Bożena, Sobota Michał, Wanic Andrzej, Orchel Arkadiusz, Kaps Anna, Jaworska-Kik Marzena, Dobrzyński Piotr

Engineering of Biomaterials

|

2021

|

Vol. 24, no. 163

18

6

Enhanced Energetic Performance of Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Coated Zirconium Particle

Heo Won Young, Bae Sung Hwa, Son Injoon

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2021

|

Vol. 66, iss. 3

725--728

EN

In this study, energetic behaviors of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-coated zirconium (Zr) powders were investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC). PVDF-coated Zr powder had 1.5 times higher heat flow than ZrO2-passivated Zr powder. PVDF-coated Zr powder had a Zr-F compound formed on its surface by its strong chemical bond. This compound acted as an oxidation-protecting layer, providing an efficient combustion path to inner pure Zr particle while thermal oxidation was progressing at the same time. PVDF coating layers also made thermal reaction start at a lower temperature than ZrO2-passivated Zr powder. It was obtained that the surface PVDF coating layer evaporated at approximately 673 K, but the surface oxide layer fully reacted at approximately 923 K by DSC analysis. Hence, Zr powders showed enhanced energetic properties by the PVDF-coated process.

7

Effect of Ti on Selected Properties of AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5 Alloy with Constant Addition of Zr

Bolibruchová D., Kuriš M., Matejka M., Major-Gabryś K., Vicent M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2021

|

Vol. 66, iss. 1

65--72

EN

The article is focused on the synergic effect of constant content of Zr and higher content of Ti on mechanical properties Al-Si alloy. The Ti additions were in proportions of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 wt.% Ti. The casting process was carried out in ceramic molds, created for the investment casting technology. Half of the experimental samples were processed by precipitation curing T6. The measured results were compared with primary alloy AlSi7Mg0.3 and experimental alloy AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5Zr0.15. In variant with addition 0.1 wt. %, the tensile strength Rm increased by 1,5% but the elongation AM decreased to 40%. Variants with 0.2 and 0.3 wt. % addition of Ti achieved similar Rm but approximately 40% decrease in AM. However, it is interesting that yield strength Rp0.2 increased for all variants by approximately 14 to 20%. The results point out the possibility of developing a more sophisticated alloy for automotive industry.

8

Heat Treatment of AlSi7Mg0.3 Aluminium Alloys with Increased Zirconium and Titanium Content

Kantoriková E., Kuriš M., Pastirčák R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2021

|

Vol. 21, iss. 2

89--93

EN

The paper compares changes in the structure and mechanical properties due to the synergistic effect of alloying elements Zr and Ti. It is assumed that by increasing the content of Zr and Ti in the aluminium alloy, better mechanical properties will be achieved. Paper focuses on description of the differences between the samples casted into the shell mold and the metal mold. Main difference between mentioned molds is a different heat transfer coefficient during pouring, solidification and cooling of the metal in the mold. The main goal was to analyse the influence of Zr and Ti elements and compare the mechanical properties after the heat treatment. Curing and precipitation aging were used during the experiment. The effect of the elements on AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy created differences between the excluded Zr phases after heat treatment. Evaluation of the microstructure pointed to the decomposition of large predominantly needle Zr phases into smaller, more stable formations.

9

Oznaczanie zawartości boru, krzemu i cyrkonu w nowych stopach glinu

Knapik Magdalena, Kozłowicz Sylwia, Charasińska Jadwiga, Czech Agnieszka

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

|

2021

|

nr 2

48--51

PL

Stopy na bazie glinu ze względu na swoje właściwości znalazły wiele zastosowań i są używane do wyrobu szerokiej grupy produktów – od części karoserii i silników samochodów, przez poszycia i elementy konstrukcyjne samolotów, po części statków kosmicznych.

10

Gazy osłonowe do spawania tytanu, cyrkonu i ich stopów

Niagaj Jerzy

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

|

2020

|

nr 9-10

62--67

PL

W artykule mówiono rodzaj i skład gazów używanych podczas spawania tytanu, cyrkonu i ich stopów, jak również opisano wpływ poszczególnych gazów na proces spawania i jakość złączy spawanych.

XX

The type and composition of gases used in welding of titanium, zirconium and their alloys are discussed, as well as the influence of shielding gases on welding process and quality of welded joints are described.

11

Effect of Zirconium on the Solidification Path and Structural Properties of Commercial AlSi10MgCu Alloys

Hajduch P., Djurdjevic M. B., Bolibruchová D., Simicevic Z.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2020

|

Vol. 65, iss. 2

549--554

EN

Comprehensive understanding of the melt quality is of vital importance for foundry man. The effect of each particular element need to be properly analysed. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to analyse the impact of various content of zirconium on the solidification path and structural characteristics (SDAS, grain size, porosity) of as cast commercial AlSi10MgCu alloys. It has been found that addition of zirconium up to 0.24 wt.% reduce significantly the grains size (from 3.5 mm to 1.2 mm), SDAS (from 57.3 μm to 50.4 μm) and porosity (from 19% to 5%), leading to production of sound cast parts.

12

Dynamic Charge Carrier Transport Behaviors in Zirconium Oxide for Nuclear Cladding Materials

Park Il-Kyu, Lee Sang-Seok, Mok Yong Kyoon, Jeon Chan-Woo, Kim Hyun-Gil

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2020

|

Vol. 65, iss. 3

1063--1067

EN

Dynamic charge carrier transport behavior in the zirconium (Zr) oxide was investigated based on the frequency-dependent capacitance-voltage (C-V) and temperature-dependent current-voltage (I-V) measurements. The Zr oxide was formed on the ZIRLO and newly developed zirconium-based alloy (NDZ) by corrosion in the PWR-simulated loop at 360°C. The corrosion test for 90 days showed that the NDZ exhibits better corrosion resistance than ZIRLO alloy. Based on the C-V measurement, dielectric constant values for the Zr oxide was estimated to be 11.28 and 11.52 for the ZIRLO and NDZ. The capacitance difference between low and high frequency was larger in the ZIRLO than in the NDZ, which was attributed to more mobile electrical charge carriers in the oxide layer on the ZIRLO alloy. The current through the oxide layers on the ZIRLO increased more drastically with increasing temperature than on the NDZ, which indicating that more charge trap sites exist in the ZIRLO than in NDZ. Based on the dynamiccharge carrier transport behavior, it was concluded that the electrical charge carrier transport within the oxide layers was closely related with the corrosion behavior of the Zr alloys.

13

Influence of Zr on AlSi9Cu1Mg Alloy Cast in Ceramic

Matejka M., Kuriš M., Bolibruchova D., Pastirčák R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2020

|

Vol. 20, iss. 2

13--18

EN

The article focuses on the analysis of the effect of Zr on the properties of the aluminium alloy AlSi9Cu1Mg. The effect of Zr was evaluated depending on the change in mechanical properties and heat resistance during a gradual addition of Zr with an increase of 0.05 wt. % Zr. Half of the cast experimental samples from each variant were heat treated by precipitation hardening T6 (hereinafter HT). The measured values in both states indicate an improvement of the mechanical properties, especially in the experimental variants with a content of Zr ≥ 0.20 wt. %. In the evaluation of Rm, the most significant improvement occurred in the experimental variant with an addition of Zr 0.25 wt. % after HT and E in the experimental variant with addition of Zr 0.20 wt. % after HT. Thus, a difference was found from the results of the authors defining the positive effect of Zr, in particular at 0.15 wt. %. When evaluating the microstructure of the AlSi9Cu1Mg alloy after Zr alloying, Zr phases are already eliminated with the addition of Zr 0.10 wt. %. Especially at higher levels of Zr ≥ 0.20 wt. %, long needle phases with slightly cleaved morphology are visible in the metal matrix. It can be stated that a negative manifestation of Zr alloying is expressed by an increase in gassing of experimental alloys, especially in variants with a content of Zr ≥ 0.15 wt. %. Experimental samples were cast into ceramic moulds. The development of an experimental alloy AlSi9Cu1Mg alloyed with Zr would allow the production of a more sophisticated material applicable to thin-walled Al castings capable of operating at higher temperature loads.

14

Impact of Zirconium on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Commercial AlSi10MgCu Alloys

Hajduch P., Djurdjevic M. B., Bolibruchová D., Simicevic Z.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2019

|

Vol. 64, iss. 3

1107--1110

EN

The impact of small addition of zirconium in hypoeutectic commercial AlSi10MgCu alloys on their mechanical properties (hardness) in as cast and thermally treated conditions was investigated. Small addition of zirconium does not change significantly the as cast and heat-treated microstructure of investigated alloys except to reduce the SDAS and grain size of primary α-aluminium phases. Addition of zirconium up to 0.14 wt. percentage increases the hardness of investigated alloys in as cast conditions. The increase in the hardness of samples after various solid solution times can correlate very well with the formation of small needle like coherent Al3Zr particles.

15

X-ray computer tomography study of degradation of the zirvaloy-2 tubes oxidized at high temperatures

Trybuś B., Olive J. M., Lenoir N., Zieliński A.

Advances in Materials Science

|

2019

|

Vol. 19, nr 2(60)

54--71

EN

The investigations of high-temperature oxidation of zirconium alloys, applied for fuel pellets in nuclear power plants, are usually limited to oxidation kinetics, phase transformations and microstructural characterization. The purpose of this research was to characterize the degradation phenomena occurring within oxide layer and at the interface oxide/metal, on internal and external Zircaloy-2 tube surfaces, below and over crystalline transformation temperature of zirconium oxides. The commercial tubes were oxidized at 1273 K and 1373 K in calm air for 30 min and then examined with a technique novel for such purpose, namely a high-resolution X-ray computer tomography. The light microscopy was used to examine the cross-surfaces. The obtained results show that the form and intensity of oxide damage is significant and it is in a complicated way related to oxidation temperature and on whether external or internal tube surface is studied. The found oxide layer damage forms include surface cracks, the detachment of oxide layers, the appearance of voids, and nodular corrosion. The oxidation effects and damage appearance are discussed taking into account the processes such as formation of oxides, their phase transformation, stress-enhanced formation and propagation of cracks, diffusion of vacancies, formation of nitrides, diffusion of hydrogen into interface oxide-metal, incubation of cracks on second phase precipitates are taken into account to explain the observed phenomena.

16

Microstructure and positron lifetimes of zirconium modified aluminide coatings

Romanowska J., Dryzek E., Morgiel J., Siemek K., Kolek Ł., Zagula-Yavorska M.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

|

2018

|

Vol. 18, no. 4

1150--1155

EN

The microstructure of the zirconium modified and non-modified aluminide coatings was examined by the EDS, XRD, TEM and the positron annihilation spectroscopy methods. Both coatings have a double layer structure: β-NiAl phase on the top and γ′-Ni3Al below. Small zirconium nanoparticles were found along grain boundaries in the β-NiAl phase. The positron lifetime in both coatings is the same. The formation of zirconium precipitates neither affects, the number of defects nor the volume diffusion. Zirconium nanoparticles that precipitate along grain boundaries stand against the outward diffusion of Al ions through the coating to the coating/oxygen interface. This “blocking effect” may be responsible for the reduction of the alumina scale growth rate and may delay pore formation on the coating/oxygen interface.

17

Katalityczne właściwości związków cyrkonu

Sołtysik B., Bodzek-Kochel M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2016

|

T. 95, nr 8

1554--1558

PL

Dokonano przeglądu informacji literaturowych związanych z wykorzystaniem wybranych związków cyrkonu w katalizie ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tlenków cyrkonu. Omówiono specyficzne właściwości tych związków, których następstwem jest ich wysoka zdolność katalityczna.

EN

A review, with 71 refs., of uses of selected Zr compds., esp. ZrO₂, in catalysis.

18

Zjawisko mikroplastyczności w stopie Zr-2.5Nb stosowanym w przemyśle jądrowym

Skrzypek S. J., Bolanowski K., Nawojowski K.

Inżynieria Powierzchni

|

2016

|

Nr 4

7--13

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań była analiza zjawiska mikroplastyczności w stopie cyrkonu z niobem Zr-2.5Nb po cyklach cieplnych. Stop ten podobnie jak stopy z rodziny Zircaloy stosowany jest na koszulki paliwowe oraz rury ciśnieniowe w reaktorach jądrowych. Próbkę z badanego stopu poddano eksperymentowi polegającemu na cyklicznym wygrzewaniu i chłodzeniu próbki w piecu elektrycznym pod stałym niskim obciążeniem. Liczba cykli cieplnych wynosiła 100, temperatura cyklu Tc = 70–370°C oraz obciążenie równe naprężeniu σ = 23,74 MPa. Analiza rentgenowska wykazała w próbce w stanie surowym obecność cyrkonu αZr (sieć heksagonalna, 03-065-3366) oraz w próbce po eksperymentach dodatkowo stwierdzono obecność dwutlenku cyrkonu ZrO2 (sieć jednoskośna, 01-078-0047). Warstewka tlenku na powierzchni próbki była cieńsza od 3 μm. Zmiana parametrów komórki elementarnej αZr wynosiła Δa = -0,00245Å oraz Δc = - 0,00383 Å. Zmniejszenie się komórki elementarnej może być wyjaśnione dyfuzją niobu z roztworu stałego Zr(Nb), co prowadzi do wzrostu gęstości wakancji w sieci krystalicznej. Makronaprężenia własne dla próbki po cyklach cieplnych w kierunku osi głównej próbki były rozciągające σx = 110 MPa, a w kierunku prostopadłym do osi próbki – ściskające σy = -156 MPa i zostały zrelaksowane w porównaniu ze stanem wyjściowym. Analiza procesu pełzania wykazała logarytmiczno-normalną zależność pomiędzy odkształceniem plastycznym próbki εpl a czasem t dla temperatury próbki Tp = 70oC. Wydłużenie plastyczne próbki po 100 cyklach cieplnych wynosiło ΔL = 143,49 µm i odpowiadające mu odkształcenie plastyczne εpl = 5,50 ·10-3.

EN

The paper presents results of the analysis of micro-plasticity phenomenon observed in zirconium with niobium alloy Zr-2.5Nb after thermal cycles under low, constant load. This alloy, similarly as Zircaloys, is used as based material for pressure tubes in nuclear reactors and for uranium fuel shields. The sample made of examined alloy has been subjected to cycling heating and cooling in programmable electrical furnace with 100 cycles with the cycle’s temperature range Tc = 70–370°C under low, constant tensile load equal to stress σ = 2.74 MPa. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the reference sample consisted of zirconium αZr (hexagonal, 03-065-3366) and the sample after the experiments contained additionally zirconium dioxide ZrO2 (monoclinic, 01-078-0047). The oxide layer on the surface was thinner than 3 μm. The change of αZr unit cell parameters was Δa = -0.00245Å and Δc = - 0.00383 Å. The compression of unit cell can be explained by diffusion of niobium atoms from solid solution Zr(Nb) that leads to increased vacancy density in crystal lattice. Residual stresses in sample after the thermal cycles in the main sample’s axis were tensile σx = 110 MPa, while in the perpendicular direction were compressive σy= -156 MPa and both were partially decreased. The creep analysis showed that the relationship between sample plastic deformation (εpl) and time (t) can be described by log-normal function. The total sample elongation after 100 cycles was ΔL = 143.49 µm and plastic deformation εpl = 5,50 · 10-3.

19

Zastosowanie technologicznej warstwy pośredniej w układach platerowanych wybuchowo na przykładzie układu cyrkon–stal

Prażmowski M., Paul H., Żok F.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

|

2014

|

R. 86, nr 4

36--44

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki prób związanych z doborem optymalnych parametrów procesu zgrzewania wybuchowego próbnych płyt z cyrkonu Zr 700 o grubości 10 mm ze stalą niestopową (P265GH). Do badań przygotowano układ bimetalowy Zr-stal oraz trimetalowy Zr-Ti-stal, w którym tytan jest międzywarstwą technologiczną ułatwiającą uzyskanie połączenia. Badania prowadzono dla złączy w stanie wyjściowym, tj. bezpośrednio po zgrzewaniu wybuchowym. Poddano analizie zmiany strukturalne łączonych blach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem charakterystyki granicy połączenia. Wykonano badania właściwości mechanicznych otrzymanych platerów, tj. próbę ścinania, odrywania oraz zginania bocznego. Systematyczne pomiary rozkładu mikrotwardości umożliwiły analizę zjawiska umocnienia materiału w procesie zgrzewania wybuchowego, zarówno w strefie bezpośrednio przy granicy połączenia, jak i w całym przekroju plateru. Analiza uzyskanych wyników pozwoliła na ocenę wpływu zastosowania międzywarstwy technologicznej z czystego technicznie tytanu na jakość uzyskanego połączenia, tj. jego charakterystykę i właściwości wytrzymałościowe. Stwierdzono, że w przypadku platerowania cyrkonem o grubości 10 mm zastosowanie międzywarstwy technologicznej pozwala uzyskać połączenie o dobrych właściwościach mechanicznych i optymalnej charakterystyce granicy połączenia.

EN

The paper presents the results of trials aimed at selecting optimal settings of the explosion welding process of 10 mm thick zirconium (Zr 700) plates with carbon steel (P265GH). A bimetal Zr-steel and trimetal Zr-Ti-steel were prepared for testing purposes, where titanium serves as a technological intermediate layer facilitating the bonding. The research was carried out for as-bonded joints, i.e. immediately following explosion welding. Structural changes of the joined sheets underwent analysis, particularly focusing on the characteristic of the joint interface. Mechanical properties of the obtained cladders were tested with shearing, peel test and lateral bending test. Systematic measurements of microhardness distribution enabled analyzing the strengthening of the material resulting from explosion welding both at the bond interface zone and throughout the whole section of the clad. The resulting analysis enabled the assessment of the impact the application of the interlayer of pure titanium had on the quality of the bond, i.e. its characteristic and strength properties. It was established that during explosion welding with 10 mm zirconium the application of the interlayer allows obtaining a joint with good mechanical properties and optimal characteristic of the interface.

20

Rozwój pęknięć przy cyklicznym zginaniu w złączu cyrkon-stal powstałych w wyniku zgrzewania wybuchowego

Prażmowski M., Rozumek D.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

|

2014

|

R. 86, nr 4

45--50

PL

W pracy opisano rozwój pęknięć zmęczeniowych w próbkach cyrkon-stal wykonanych metodą zgrzewania wybuchowego. Badano próbki bez warstwy przetopionej A1 i z warstwą przetopioną A2. Badane próbki o przekroju poprzecznym prostokątnym poddano zginaniu przy wartości średniej naprężenia równej zeru. Wykonano pomiary twardości (w skali mikro) w obszarze złącza. Wzrost pęknięć zmęczeniowych był cyklicznie mierzony przy użyciu mikroskopu optycznego. W próbkach obserwowano wzrost pęknięć zmęczeniowych równolegle do przyłożonego obciążenia. Rozwój pęknięć następował od strony stali, potem występował w cyrkonie. Dominowały pęknięcia transkrystaliczne zarówno w cyrkonie, jak i w stali.

EN

The paper presents fatigue crack growth in zirconium--steel specimens made by the explosive welding. Specimens without remelted layer A1 and with a remelted layer A2 were tested. The tested specimens of the rectangular cross-section were subjected to bending under the stress mean value equal to zero. The point measurement of hardness was performed in the joint area. The fatigue crack growth was measured in cycles by means of the optical microscope. In the specimens, the fatigue crack growth was observed in parallel to the applied loading. The crack growth started from the side of steel then was initiated in zirconium. At the crack paths in the zirconium and steel, transcrystalline cracks are dominating.