Najważniejszą rolą opakowania jest zapewnienie jak najwyższej jakości i bezpieczeństwa pakowanym produktom spożywczym oraz przedłużenie ich przydatności do spożycia. W artykule przedstawiono postęp w rozwoju technologii pakowania oraz innowacje stosowane w pakowaniu produktów spożywczych. Rozwój w obszarze opakowań i stosowanych w opakowalnictwie materiałów stale wzrasta i dotyczy m.in. inteligentnych opakowań. Opakowania inteligentne mają za zadanie monitorowanie jakości i bezpieczeństwa produktów spożywczych oraz informowanie konsumentów i producentów żywności o możliwych nieprawidłowościach i problemach z jakością. Stosowanie takich opakowań przyczynia się również do wzrostu ich atrakcyjności. Nowoczesne opakowania nie tylko chronią przed czynnikami zewnętrznymi, ale spełniają także wiele innych funkcji. Inteligentne opakowania oferują ogromne możliwości poprawy bezpieczeństwa, jakości i wygody żywności, a w konsekwencji zmniejszenia liczby skarg sprzedawców detalicznych i konsumentów.
EN
The most important role of packaging is to ensure the highest quality and safety of packaged products and to extend their shelf life. This paper present progress in the development of the packing technology as well as the innovation applied in the packaging of food products. Progress in the area of packaging and materials used is permanently increasing and concerns, among other solutions, intelligent packaging. The purpose of intelligent packaging is to monitor the quality and security of food products, as well as inform consumers and food producers of their quality and safety. The use of such packaging are also contributing to the increase of their attractiveness. Modern packaging not only protects from external factors, but also fulfills many other tasks. Both producers and consumers place high demands on the emergence of new packaging. Intelligent packaging offer great opportunities for enhancing foods safety, quality, and convenience, and consequently decrease the number of retailer and consumer complaints.
Purpose: To highlight the current smart city trends and innovations that will shape the future of modern cities. Design/methodology/approach: This article review is based on a theoretical literature review on the idea of smart city trends and innovations globally. The theoretical approach was based on published journals, government sources, and other sources. Findings: Human needs as well as the development of electronic-based projects for urban areas have evolved over the years. Environmental pollution has caused a drastic change in climate, urbanization happening rapidly, and more pandemics are expected in the future. But with modern technology advancements, it's important for public institutions and private entities to collaborate to make cities more sustainable. Smart energy solutions, urban planning, and smart health communities are important to smart city trends that can help to significantly transform urban centers. Originality/value: the presented review paper provides a current realistic overview of the innovations and trends implemented for smart city projects. They are implemented in some of the major cities of the world and their influence is important in shaping the lives of urban residents and the future of cities.
Gospodarki wielu państw we współczesnym świecie przechodzą istotne przeobrażenia u podstaw których leżą megatrendy wynikające ze zmian o charakterze politycznym, ekologicznym, militarnym, społecznym, ekonomicznym czy technologicznym. Jednym z głównych sektorów, który zmienia się zasadniczo i wywiera wpływ na funkcjonowanie całej gospodarki jest sektor energetyczny. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie trendów rozwojowych determinujących zmiany w funkcjonowaniu sektora energetycznego, a w nim sektora gazowego. Na potrzeby badań wykorzystano metodę PESTL (ang. Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal). Czynniki przedstawiono w kontekście szans i zagrożeń w perspektywie czasowej: 2030, 2040 i 2050.
EN
The economies of many countries in the modern world are undergoing significant transformations underpinned by megatrends resulting from political, environmental, military, social, economic or technological changes. One of the main sectors that is fundamentally changing and affecting the functioning of the entire economy is the energy sector. The purpose of this article is to present the development trends determining changes in the functioning of the energy sector and within it the gas sector. For the purpose of the study, the PESTL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal) analysis method was used. The factors were presented in the context of opportunities and threats in the time perspective: 2030, 2040 i 2050.
Armia stale rozwija zdolności na polu walki we wszystkim domenach i w wielu aspektach. Dotyczy to również kwestii Energii Pola Walki (EPW, ang. battlefield energy) – obszaru wielodomenowego, ścisłe powiązanego z logistyką i funkcjonowaniem sprzętu. Wiele krajów intensywnie angażuje się w rozwój i produkcję różnorodnego sprzętu wojskowego napędzanego energią elektryczną, od wyposażenia indywidualnego po pojazdy, statki powietrzne czy jednostki dla Marynarki Wojennej. Najnowsze osiągnięcia naukowe dotyczące technologii powiązanej z energią umożliwiają znaczne wydłużenie efektywności i czasu działania nie tylko sensorów, podzespołów, ale i całych systemów uzbrojenia. Energia na polu walki zabiera nowego znaczenia strategicznego i jest jednym z elementów rozwoju domeny cichej, wyposażenia i sprzętu o znacznie obniżonej sygnaturze akustycznej. Rozwój EPW wpisuje się także w działania związane z redukcją emisji CO2 i zmniejszaniem zależności od paliw kopalnych. Zmiany w EPW są wynikiem oddziaływań płynących z wielu obszarów: prawnych, politycznych, technologicznych, ekonomicznych czy militarnych. Celem artykułu jest określenie kluczowych determinantów otoczenia wpływających na rozwój i wykorzystanie EPW. Do ich opisania wykorzystano odmianę metody analizy otoczenia PEST (ang. Political, Economic, Social, Technological) – PLMTE (ang. Political, Legal, Military, Technological, Economic).
EN
The Army is constantly developing battlefield capabilities in all domains and in many aspects. This includes the issue of battlefield energy, a multi-domain area closely linked to logistics and equipment operation. Many countries are intensively involved in the development and production of a variety of military equipment powered by electricity, from individual equipment to vehicles, aircraft or units for the Navy. The latest scientific advances in energy-related technology make it possible to significantly extend the efficiency and operating time of not only sensors, components, but also entire weapons systems. Energy on the battlefield is taking on a new strategic importance and is one of the elements in the development of the silent domain, equipment and hardware with a significantly reduced acoustic signature. The development of battlefield energy is also part of efforts to cut CO2 emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Changes in battlefield energy are the result of influences coming from many areas: legal, political, technological, economic or military. The purpose of this article is to identify the key determinants of the environment affecting the development and use of battlefield energy. A variation of the PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) - PLMTE (Political, Legal, Military, Technological, Economic) environment analysis method was used to describe them.
Based on FAO data, the paper presents trends in nitrogen (N) input and output in Poland. As N input (Ninp), nitrogen from mineral fertilisers, manure application, biological fixation, and deposition was included. The N outputs (Nout) include the N contained in crop harvest (main products and by-products). The trend analyses were carried out for the period before (1961-1989) and after (1990-2018) the changes in the political and economic systems. Additionally, trends in the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen surpluses (NS) are presented for these periods. In both compared periods, the mean values of N budget indicators in Poland were (kg N∙ha-1 UAA): Ninp 120 and 125, Nout 61 and 84, NS 60 and 41 and NUE 53 and 67%, respectively. The estimated Ymax, which represents the Nout value reached at saturating N fertilisation, reached the values of 127 and 263 kg N∙ha-1 UAA in these periods. The difference in these values suggests a significant impact of agronomy improvement on Nout in the recent period. The trends of nitrogen within 16 regions in period 2002-2019, based on national data, resulted in a significant variation in N indicators. The values found were in the following ranges (kg N∙ha-1 UAA): Ninp 78-167; Nout 62-99; NS 15-83 and Ymax 139-317. The NUE ranged from 50-81%. The obtained results indicate that in Poland and its regions there is still a need to improve of the nitrogen efficiency.
Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to present the diversity and trends of changes taking place in cities and communities in Poland and in other European Union countries with respect of implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Design/methodology/approach: The indicators included in Eurostat, which are collected to analyse the implementation of Objective 11: Sustainable cities and communities, have been used to assess the problem. 10 indicators and 27 European Union countries were analysed. The research period was 2010-2019 and the data was statistically analysed. Variations and distances between countries, trends in the changes taking place, ranking of countries, and relationships between the analysed indicators and the scale of their changes were calculated. Findings: EU Member States (27) are significantly differentiated in terms of household living conditions, environmental conditions, and safety at home. In Poland, dwellings are overcrowded but in relatively good condition. The Polish population is more often exposed to noise and air pollution, and they are at a higher risk of dying in a traffic accident, but they are less likely to report the occurrence of crime and vandalism. The results of the study confirmed important trends towards the development of sustainable cities and communities in Poland and in other EU countries. Research limitations/implications: The study resulted in a confirmation of the hypothesis that sustainable cities and communities have developed in EU countries in the last decade. There has been an improvement in the living conditions, safety, and environment of the population, especially in those countries where 10 years ago the variables describing sustainable cities and communities were the lowest. One of the countries where sustainable development was a priority was Poland, where the dynamics of improvement of almost every indicator was higher than the EU average. Practical implications: The conclusions may be useful for managers of economic entities for making more effective decisions regarding allocation of financial resources and making investments in social and technical infrastructure or safety regarding sustainable development of cities and communities. Social implications: The paper provides useful information for city and community managers and citizens of EU countries and cities about living conditions, quality of life, and safety of inhabitants. Originality/value: The article presents the latest information regarding the conditions of cities and communities in EU countries and compares that data with indicators from previous years. The value of the article lies in identifying and recognising the significance of differences between EU countries and in verifying whether any positive changes towards sustainable development of cities and communities are occurring.
Purpose: The purpose of the work is to present the research results of 26,000 consumers in 25 countries provided by the Deloitte Report from 2022 as the Global Automotive Consumer. Design/methodology/approach: Due to the cognitive nature of the work, the aim of the work will be achieved using the method of analyzing the literature and newest Deloitte research from 2022. Literature studies only foreign publications. Findings: The Global Automotive Consumer is very widely described in international literature. Many reports have been created and the most updated Deloitte shows overview current situation in researched matter. Originality/value: The analysis ither international literature and report from 2022 with statistics shows global automotive consumer preferences as well as most development countries next to similarities and differences between worldwide automotive community. It includes some influences due to pandemic Covid-19.
Purpose: The purpose of the article is to research and analyze the main trends in the hotel and restaurant industry of Ukraine under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, to identify the main problems of business entities in the field of hospitality and to outline the prospects for its further development. Design/methodology/approach: In the research process, general scientific methods were used – information collection, its analytical processing, theoretical generalization and comparison; graphic method – to illustrate the dynamics of the indicators studied in the work. The object of the study is the activity of enterprises of the hotel and restaurant industry in Ukraine. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the functioning of domestic enterprises of the hotel and restaurant business in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The information base of the research became theoretical and methodological developments of domestic and foreign authors, materials of periodicals; statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine; research of the Association of Hotels and Resorts of Ukraine (UHRA); informational materials of the National Tourist Organization of Ukraine. Findings: The article provides an analysis of the efficiency of the hotel and restaurant business. In article is shown the negative impact of the pandemic on the development of the hotel and restaurant industry in Ukraine. The analysis of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic showed that the hotel and restaurant business needs the implementation of complex innovative approaches in various spheres of activity. Practical implications: Based on the analysis of the theoretical and methodological principles and trends in the development of the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine during the pandemic, were summarized practical recommendations and were substantiated a measures aimed at overcoming the consequences of the crisis and improving the efficiency of the enterprises. Originality/value: The results of the conducted research will contribute to the improvement of the management system of hotel and restaurant business enterprises and increase their competitiveness on the domestic and international markets.
The current political situation in the world, marked by the conventional military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, growing contradictions and the desire to redefine the international order obviously translate into increased interest in the armaments market. The authors undertook to work out the issue related to the definition of a new battlefield, factors determining the demand for weapons. This topic is particularly relevant at the time of the current events beyond Poland’s eastern border. Military threats resulting from the geographic location and neighborhood of Poland clearly place us as an important, geostrategic player. Only a modernly equipped army is able to ensure the security and integrity of its borders and this modern equipment should be produced domestically as much as possible. The questions that the article tried to answer concern the following: what product and purchase strategy should be implemented by the Polish Armed Forces to face current and future threats? And what should be the direction of implementation of equipment and armaments based on the most modern solutions for production. Therefore, four concepts of building a strategy and the conditions determining its development were presented, in particular from the angle of the Russian-Ukrainian war.
The subject of the study is to verify the impact of the SARS-COV2 virus pandemic on the functioning of the automotive industry in the context of the global economy. The conducted research is important due to the enormous change in the functioning of the automotive industry due to the covid pandemic as well as megatrends affecting the industry. The paper aims to verify the determinants influencing the functioning of the automotive industry. The conclusions resulting from the study will be used to better understand the current situation and to prepare the market's strategy for the coming years. The selected research method includes literature and industry research and the Exact Systems company case study. The case study relates to a survey of car and car parts manufacturers in 12 European countries. The author's contribution is an indication of many factors influencing the potential future of the automotive industry available in the literature. Then the author compares these data with the expectations and predictions of the car manufacturers' market participants to draw consistent conclusions.
Światowy rynek opakowań do żywności osiągnął w 2020 r. wartość 311,4 mld USD. Opakowanie to bardzo istotny element oferowanego produktu, który m.in. pozwala wykreować wizerunek marki. Opakowania do żywności odgrywają kluczową rolę w przechowywaniu i transporcie artykułów spożywczych. Chronią zawartość przed wilgocią i toksynami, zapobiegają rozlaniu i uszkodzeniu produktów oraz pomagają zachować ich kształt i jakość. Opakowania żywności zyskały również popularność jako środek przekazu informacji, takich jak zawartość składników odżywczych, okres przydatności do spożycia, cena i pochodzenie pakowanych produktów. Rynek opakowań podlega nieustannej ewolucji we wszystkich swych wymiarach: pojawiają się nowe maszyny i materiały do produkcji opakowań, nowe wzornictwo, jesteśmy też świadkami stopniowej ekspansji opakowań inteligentnych, które w swych funkcjach wykraczają już poza typowe zadania ochrony produktu. Od wielu lat można obserwować dynamiczny rozwój rynku opakowań. Branża opakowań oferując wysokojakościowe produkty stała się nieodzownym elementem wpływającym na sprzedaż m.in. produktów spożywczych.
EN
The global food packaging market reached USD 311.4 billion in 2020. Packaging is a very important element of the offered product, which allows to create a brand image. Food packaging plays a key role in storing and transporting food items. It protects the contents from moisture and toxins, prevents spillage and damage to products, and helps to maintain their shape and quality. The packaging market is constantly evolving in all its dimensions: there are new machines and materials for their production, new designs, and a gradual expansion of intelligent packaging, which in its functions go beyond the typical tasks of product protection. The dynamic development of the packaging market has been observed for many years. The industry, by offering high-quality products, has become an indispensable element influencing the sale of the products packed in them.
Celem artykułu było przedstawienie perspektyw rozwoju przemysłu poligraficznego po okresie pandemii oraz po rozpoczęciu wojny w Ukrainie. Przedstawiono prognozę rozwoju poszczególnych produktów poligraficznych. Uwzględniono w prognozach kryterium jakości produktów poligraficznych, wielkości nakładów oraz stopień automatyzacji i robotyzacji procesów. Omówiono trendy rozwoju głównych technik drukowania klasycznego i cyfrowego.
EN
The aim of the article was to present development perspective for the printing industry after the pandemic and after the start of the war in Ukraine. The forecast for the development of particular printing products was presented. Forecast included the criterion of the quality of printing products, the amount of expenditure as well as the degree of automation and robotization of processes. The development trends of the main techniques of classical and digital printing were discussed.
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Strategia Komisji Europejskiej w osiągnięciu neutralności klimatycznej do 2050 r., wpłynie na zmniejszenie zużycia paliw kopalnych oraz poprawę jakości powietrza, zwłaszcza w miastach. Jednym ze sposobów osiągania tego celu jest dekarbonizacja gospodarki, w tym sektora transportu, który jest kluczowym dla przedsiębiorstw w globalnych łańcuchach dostaw. Eksperci uważają, że wodór zero i nisko emisyjny stosowany w pojazdach elektrycznych z wodorowymi ogniwami paliwowymi jest kluczem w realizacji tego wyzwania, w transporcie osobowym i ciężkim (ang. heavy duty) obejmującym transport lądowy, morski oraz powietrzny. Jednak, żeby wodór stał się paliwem powszechnie używanym w transporcie, konieczny jest rozwój niezbędnej infrastruktury i właściwe regulacje prawne. W pracy przedstawiono genezę powstawania obiektów dystrybucji paliwa wodorowego – HRS, kluczowe aspekty jego wprowadzania na świecie, w Europie oraz w Polsce. Przeanalizowano dane koncernów zajmujących się dystrybucją tego rodzaju paliwa, które chcą osiągnąć neutralność klimatyczną, a jednocześnie muszą zapewnić paliwa transportowe dla odbiorców. Stwierdzono, że transformacja energetyczna oraz rodzaj stosowanych nośników energii i paliw silnikowych napędzających pojazdy samochodowe, wymagają zmiany i ewolucji obiektów dystrybucji paliw.
EN
The European Commission's strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 aims at reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and improve air quality, especially in cities. One way to achieve this goal is to decarbonize the economy, including the transport sector, which is crucial for companies in terms of global supply chains. Many experts believe that the zero emission and low emission hydrogen used in electric vehicles with hydrogen fuel cells is the key to meeting this challenge in passenger and heavy duty transport including land, sea and air transport. However, for hydrogen to become a commonly used fuel in transport, it is necessary to develop the essential infrastructure and adequate legal regulations. The paper presents the genesis of the creation of hydrogen fuel distribution facilities, and indicates the key aspects of the implementation of hydrogen fuels in the world, in Europe and in Poland. The paper also discusses the data available on the number of facilities distributing this type of fuel owned by gas and oil corporations that want to achieve climate neutrality and, at the same time, have to provide transport fuels for recipients. It was found that the energy transformation and the type of energy carriers and motor fuels used to power motor vehicles will be related to the change and evolution of fuel distribution facilities.
W artykule przedstawiono dwie charakterystyczne dla początków XXI wieku tendencje, jakie obserwuje się przemyśle. Pierwsza z nich to zasada projektowania i wytwarzania maszyn dla ściśle określonych warunków i rodzaju ich pracy. Korzyści z jej stosowania są zarówno w kategoriach technicznych jak i ekonomicznych. Druga opisana tendencja to szersze niż dotąd uwzględnienie pro-ekologicznych aspektów produkcji. W tym przypadku obserwuje się korzyści przede wszystkim w kategoriach ekologicznych, lecz także i ekonomicznych. Przedstawiono przykład realizacji takiego postępowania, który potwierdził poczynione spostrzeżenia.
EN
In the paper two trends in industry that are characteristic of the 21st century beginning were presented. The first is the principle of designing and manufacturing machines for precisely defined conditions and the conditions of their work. Their advantages are both: technical and economic. The second trend described is to take more account of environmental aspects of production than hitherto. There are above all environmental benefits, but also economic ones. An example of the implementation of such a procedure was given, which confirmed the findings made.
Background: Germany is the largest plastic consumer in Europe. On average some 400g of plastics are used by its citizens. Despite promoting circular economy (CE) systems almost 60% of plastics are burned, recovering the thermal energy, however leaving an additional CO2-Footprint. This increased emission does not only negatively contribute to climate change but also translates to poor sustainability metrics, lacking behind industry trends. The objective of this article is to review and provide an overview of the current trends of the German packaging industry with a focus on sustainability. This is important to understand the future opportunities and risks concerning the industries' economic development. Methods: This review article is based on a primary literature review of key authors within the respective field. As an additional criterion, only articles published not before 2013 have been included. Result: The German packaging industry is experiencing decreasing production rates and prices between 2018 and 2021. While general trends are shifting towards sustainability and responsible consumption, the majority of plastics are used for energy recovery. Following that the German packaging industry is driven by three key trends, (i) Packaging Materials, (ii) Packaging Design and (iii) Smart Packaging. Improving sustainability can be identified as the leading driver in all the mentioned trends. The industry is rapidly shifting towards circular systems giving high importance to social value and well-being. Conclusion: This study analyses and contributes to our understanding of the German packaging industry. It provides a deeper insight into the current market, its challenges and discusses overall key trends.
In the current circumstances, creation of a model of innovation manager competencies appears to be an important scientific and practical task of ensuring the innovative development of the economy. Identification of future needs in competencies enables the education system to adapt elaborately the process of professional training of innovative personnel and increase the competitiveness of educational programs. The following paper summarizes and examines the existing models of competencies and skills based on bibliometric analysis of published works and content analysis of documents in Scopus and Web of Science, two leading databases. Studied were the competencies of the managerial profession on junior and middle management levels engaged in innovation activities, which includes the following: assessment of the commercial potential of innovations; operational planning and organizing management of innovation activities; management of all stages of the innovation project; working with partners in the innovation market; control of measures to promote innovations in the market, etc. An approach to form a model of competencies of an innovation manager has been proposed in the form of an ordered list of five groups: professional, functional, digital, socio-cultural and cognitive competencies. The paper uses foresight methodology to determine the future demand for competencies and areas of professional innovative training. The authors analyze the potential of foresight methodology and study of future in the development of innovation management competencies. First and foremost, an attempt has been made to assess the level of training and significance in practice for managers of 61 competencies through a large-scale national survey of innovation experts working in Kazakhstan companies. The researchers consider modern methods of training and developing the competencies of innovation managers. For this purpose, the study has been supplemented with in-depth interviews.
PL
W obecnych warunkach stworzenie modelu kompetencji menedżera innowacji wydaje się ważnym zadaniem naukowym i praktycznym zapewnienia innowacyjnego rozwoju gospodarki. Identyfikacja przyszłych potrzeb w zakresie kompetencji pozwala systemowi edukacji na wszechstronne dostosowywanie procesu doskonalenia zawodowego innowacyjnej kadry oraz zwiększanie konkurencyjności programów edukacyjnych. . Niniejszy artykuł podsumowuje i analizuje istniejące modele kompetencji i umiejętności w oparciu o analizę bibliometryczną opublikowanych prac oraz analizę treści dokumentów w dwóch wiodących bazach danych Scopus i Web of Science. Badano kompetencje zawodu menedżera na niższych i średnich szczeblach zarządzania zaangażowanego w działalność innowacyjną, w tym: ocenę komercyjnego potencjału innowacji; planowanie operacyjne i organizacja zarządzania działaniami innowacyjnymi; zarządzanie wszystkimi etapami projektu innowacyjnego; współpraca z partnerami na rynku innowacji; kontrola działań promujących innowacje na rynku itp. Zaproponowano podejście do kształtowania modelu kompetencji menedżera innowacji w postaci uporządkowanej listy pięciu grup: kompetencji zawodowych, funkcjonalnych, cyfrowych, społeczno-kulturowych i poznawczych . Artykuł wykorzystuje metodologię foresight do określenia przyszłego zapotrzebowania na kompetencje i obszary profesjonalnego szkolenia innowacyjnego. Autorzy analizują potencjał metodologii foresightu i badania przyszłości w rozwoju kompetencji zarządzania innowacjami. Przede wszystkim podjęto próbę oceny poziomu wyszkolenia i znaczenia w praktyce menedżerów 61 kompetencji poprzez szeroko zakrojone ogólnopolskie badanie ekspertów ds. innowacji pracujących w kazachskich firmach. Badacze rozważają nowoczesne metody szkolenia i rozwijania kompetencji menedżerów innowacji. W tym celu badanie zostało uzupełnione o wywiady pogłębione.
In this study, the existence of long-term trends in ecological footprint (EF), biocapacity, GDP, population and CO2 emissions for the period of 1961–2016, and their effect on the demographic, economic and biocapacity indicators on Ecuador’s EF were identified. The long-term trend analysis was performed by means of a Mann-Kendall, nonparametric test. The development of a multiple linear regression model of the EF considers the population, GDP, biocapacity and its logarithmic transformations as returners. A backward removal method was used, in conjunction with the Akaike criterion (AIC) to validate the most suitable model in terms of adjusted-R2, NSE, BIAS and RMSE, respectively. The results show significant changes (p<0.01) of the annual EF increase (0.015 hag), total population (216.375 inhabitants), GDP ($1.2 billion) and CO2 emissions (718.6 kt). However, the biocapacity has been declining (0.086 hag) at a faster rate than the ecological footprint. In other words, in a few years, the country will be facing ecological deficits. As for the empirical model of EF, it can be observed that for every increase of inhabitant’s units, the natural logarithm of biocapacity and GDP will increase EF by 1.68x10-7, 4.84 and 0.905 gha, respectively. Moreover, EF will be decreased by 0.6 gha each time the biocapacity increases by one gha unit. Finally, this robust and easy-to-interpret model allows accurate EF predictions that can be a tool to better forecast the environmental trends, allowing the development of sustainable projects in Ecuador.
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W dzisiejszym świecie nic nie jest tak stałe jak ciągły proces zmian. Stale zachodzące zmiany wpływają na całą naszą cywilizację i wszystkie dziedziny naszego życia, tj. produkcję żywności, przemysł odzieżowy, motoryzację, elektronikę i informatykę, energetykę, budownictwo itd.
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The aim of this research is to assess relatively new hybrid methods for changes points and trends detection on rainfall series: Dynamic Programming Bayesian Change Point Approach (BA), Şen’s innovative trend method (ITM) and its double (D-ITM) and triple (T-ITM) version using the multi-scale analysis of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as a coupling method. Three representatives rainfall stations of northern Algeria were analysed at annual scale during the period 1920–2011. Moreover, correlation and spectral analysis (CSA) was applied for periodicity analysis. The CSA indicates the dominance of interannual to multidecadal rainfall periodicity fuctuations (2-years, 5-years and 20-years) characterising long term structured processes. Moreover, an abrupt downward trend with signifcant probability was detected from the 1970s with a relatively wet period between the periods 1950–1970 and 2001–2011. The latter is observed in particular in the central and eastern stations, well-explained by the BA-DWT. The results showed that the comparison results from diferent modelling approaches found that the hybrid models (BA-DWT, ITM-DWT, D-ITM-DWT, T-ITM-DWT) often perform better than the conventional approach (BA, ITM, D-ITM, T-ITM), where the computation time is very reasonable. The analysis revealed that information stemming from discrete wavelet spectrums signifcantly increased the accuracy of the methods for detecting hidden change points and trends.
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