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PL
Projektowanie technologiczne zakładów spożywczych musi uwzględniać aspekty związane z ergonomią, do których należą: charakterystyki wymiarowe stanowiska pracy, rozumiane jako jego długość, głębokość oraz szerokość, charakterystyki wymiarowe ciągów komunikacyjnych i przejść, przy zachowaniu prawidłowej przestrzeni stanowiska pracy, określanej jako odległość między stanowiskiem pracy a szlakiem komunikacyjnym oraz prawidłowe parametry materialne warunków pracy, jakimi są przede wszystkim mikroklimat, oświetlenie i hałas. Stanowisko pracy wraz z jego oprzyrzą- dowaniem i wyposażeniem powinno zapewnić pracownikom bezpieczeństwo, nie zagrażać ich zdrowiu ani życiu oraz nie wpływać na utratę zdolności do pracy. Zapewnia to maksymalizację wydajności pracy oraz podniesienie jej efektywno- ści przy minimalizacji wysiłku i zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy.
EN
Technological design food facilities must take into account aspects related to ergonomics, which include: dimensional characteristics of work place defined as the length, depth and width, dimensional characteristics communication routes and passages, while maintaining the correct work space jobs defined as the distance between the workplace and communication route and the proper parameters of the material conditions of work which are primarily climate, lighting and noise. Workplace along with its instrumentation and equipment should provide employees with safety, do not endanger their health or life, and do not affect the loss of ability to work. It maximizes work efficiency while minimizing effort and ensuring the safety and health at work.
2
Content available remote Overview of joining methods of the layered composite with steel
EN
Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore how to combine laminate panels with a steel plate. The resulting sample composite panels were assembled with steel plate using two types of joints: with rivets and a rivet nuts. The analysis was carried out using resistance strain gauges. The results will be applied in the application of composite panels in the renovation of freight wagons. Design/methodology/approach: Composite panels were produced using the contact method. A series of tests was carried out using a resistive strain gauge. Strain gauges were stuck in the form of a rectangular rosette. In addition, will be performed value measurement of application force and deformation at characteristic points. Findings: It was found that the most significant impact on the ultimate strength of the composite fiber-steel has a diameter of drilled holes in the panels. The use of blind rivets and rivet nuts does not significantly change the mechanical properties combine complex components. The use of blind rivets creates artwork permanently solidified, while the use of rivet nuts allow the exchange of used composite panels, in the case of damage. Research limitations/implications: Further research will include the use of other composite materials to cover the steel plate. There are also plans to perform research using CAx software in order to define the initial structure of the composite. Practical implications: The article presents a number of basic research leading to the proposed methods joining composite and steel plate. A number of research, leading to information about the possibilities of use of the above composite materials in the process of repairing of freight wagons Originality/value: These studies are very important for the application of composite materials in areas such as automotive, ship building and aviation.
3
Content available remote The theory of similarity in turning operations
EN
Purpose: The article presents the development of series of types of technology issues. This is an accomplished using of the innovative technological similarity theory. The transformation presented in the theory relates to the turning machining processes. Design/methodology/approach: The data generation process is concerned with the creation of the conditions and number similarities. The turning condition of similarity results from the cutting power, cutting forces and cutting performance. Findings: The development of the theory of similarity allows the generation of machining parameters for the series of types of construction (blank, machining parameters, tools). Research limitations/implications: The analyzed methods develop the algorithmisation of engineers and technologists environment and support the integration with the process of preparation of the production. Practical implications: The described methods were being developed on the practical examples of the creating of the series of types of the hydraulic cylinders used in mining. Originality/value: The method of the technological similarity presented in the paper is the basis of the selection of technological features in the process of series of types and module systems of constructions and technology creating.
4
Content available remote The technology of Plasma Spray Physical Vapour Deposition
EN
Purpose: The deposition of thermal barrier coatings is currently the most effective means of protecting the surface of aircraft engine turbine blades from the impact of aggressive environment of combustion gases. The new technologies of TBC depositions are required. Design/methodology/approach: The essential properties of the PS-PVD process have been outlined, as well as recent literature references. In addition, the influence of a set process condition on the properties of the deposited coatings has been described. Findings: The new plasma-spraying PS-PVD method is a promising technology for the deposition of modern thermal barrier coatings on aircraft engine turbine blades. Research limitations/implications: The constant progress of engine operating temperatures and increasing pollution restrictions determine the intensive development of heat-resistant coatings, which is directed to new deposition technologies and coating materials. Practical implications: The article presents a new technology of thermal barrier coating deposition - LPPS Thin Film and Plasma Spray - Physical Vapour Deposition. Originality/value: The completely new technologies was described in article.
5
Content available remote The PS-PVD method - formation of columnar TBCs on CMSX-4 superalloy
EN
Purpose: The new plasma spraying method. Design/methodology/approach: The single crystal CMSX-4 nickel alloy was used as base material. The diffusion aluminide layer was deposited during the CVD process and was used as bond-coat. The zirconium oxide stabilized by yttrium oxide was utilized as the deposition material. Findings: It was proved, that there is a possibility of obtaining the ceramic layer using the PS-PVD process. Research limitations/implications: The thickness analysis and the chemical composition analysis by light and scanning electron microscopy were performed. Practical implications: This process can be used in aerospace industry to form oxidation resistant coatings. Originality/value: In article Plasma Spraying Physical Vapour Deposition Process was described.
6
Content available remote Diffusion AISi-MeCrAlY coatings obtained on intermetallic y-TiAl phase
EN
Purpose: The development of new protective coatings for TiAl intermetallics was conducted. The MeCrAlY-AlSi slurry was used with different amount of aluminium-silicon powder in the binder. Design/methodology/approach: The slurry consisting of aluminium and silicon powder with the addition of MeCrAlY powder were used during the procedure. The inorganic solution made from chromic and phosphoric acid was applied as a binder. The preliminary research of microstructure of obtained coatings was conducted. Findings: The obtained coating consisting of 3 or 4 zones (depending on chemical composition of the slurry) was obtained during the annealing process (950°C/4h). Research limitations/implications: The research results revealed the possibility of obtaining coatings with complex phase and chemical composition. Practical implications: Many problems connected with sedimentation of heavier MeCrAlY powder were observed. Originality/value: The copletele new technologies was described in article.
EN
Purpose: The comparison of three deposition of coatings method. Design/methodology/approach: The diffusion aluminide coatings were deposited using the pack cementation, out of pack and CVD method. Findings: The authors present in the article the results on influence of the method of manufacturing the aluminide coatings on their microstructure and oxidation resistance. Research limitations/implications: The thickness analysis and the chemical composition analysis with a use of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and EDS analysis were performed. Practical implications: This process can be used in aerospace industry to form oxidation resistant coatings. Originality/value: It has been proven, that the coating obtained with CVD method, despite its small thickness, was characterized by the best cyclic oxidation resistance.
EN
Purpose: The preliminary results of research on forming the aluminide coatings using CVD method were presented in the article. Design/methodology/approach: The coatings were obtained in low activity process on the surface of Rene 80 superalloy. The microstructure analysis and chemical composition analysis were performed applying different values of aluminizing process parameters. Findings: The authors present in the article the results of oxidation resistance analysis of aluminide coatings which were obtained on the surface of Rene 80 superalloy using various techniques. Research limitations/implications: The research results revealed the possibility of obtaining coatings by low activity aluminizing. Practical implications: This process can be used in aerospace industry to form oxidation resistant coatings. Originality/value: It was shown that the coating created during the CVD process was characterized by a good oxidation resistance at the temperature of 1100°C.
EN
Purpose: Paper describes phenomena related to the vehicle acceleration on the curve, with the high speed, considering inertia forces and driving force. Design/methodology/approach: The phenomena were investigated with three tools: classical analytical mechanics, computer simulation and tests with physical model. Findings: Simulations and physical tests led to similar results. However, new diagonal transmission system showed advantages only on slippery surface of the test track. Nevertheless such a behavior resulted in conclusion that diagonal transmission system would be useful influencing vehicle safety, specifically at slippery roads. Practical implications: There is a possibility of diagonal transmission system application for sport vehicles to improve performance. For utilitarian vehicles increasing safety is the most important aspect, especially in cooperation with ESP system. When it comes to special and military vehicles both mentioned above features are desired. Possible power-pack application is an additional advantage. Originality/value: The goal was the comparison of standard 4x4 transmission system with unconventional patented 4x4 transmission system called diagonal one.
10
Content available remote Databases and computer programs selection of technological features
EN
Purpose: The main reason for starting the research concerning the new methods of selection technological features. This process is realized across the replacement of the repeatable stages with the routined stages susceptible to computer aid. Design/methodology/approach: The main tool of algorithmization is the developed theory of technological similarity, supported by data bases application method [8,15]. Findings: The main achievements presented in this paper are developed method orientated on computer aiding and computer program method, both used in designing process of the new technical features. Research limitations/implications: Analyzed methods develop algorithmisation of selection features and support integration with the process of the preparation of the production. Further analyses will be carried on in order to specify the theory of the technological similarity in the new forms of computer aiding (relational databases). Practical implications: The represented programs were being developed on the practical examples of creating the module systems of hydraulic cylinders used in mining, slag cars used in metallurgy and gears series of types. Originality/value: Programs and data bases presented in the paper are basis of selection of the technological features in the process series of types of the technology creating. All of these applications support the intensive development of the types of technical features and affect on their competitive on the ready market.
11
Content available remote Construction and technology similarity
EN
Purpose: The main aim of study is to present the theory of construction similarity and technology. The theory of similarity is based on the theory of physical similarity. Model in the theory of similarity of construction and technology is construction and technology standard. Design/methodology/approach: The essence of this theory is to choose such constructional features of the new designed construction to obtain the identical states: physical, stereo mechanical or simple like in the standard construction However, in creating new technologies to obtain the same technological conditions: cutting power, cutting forces and cutting performance as standard technology. Findings: Elaborated methodology aim to identify similarities in the way of semi-automated construction and technology. Features are determined for the items stored in the form of series of construction and technology types. Research limitations/implications: Analysed methods develop algorithmisation of engineers and technologists environment and support integration with the process of preparation the production. Practical implications: Described methods were being developed on practical examples of creating the series of types of hydraulic cylinders used in mining. Originality/value: Method of the constructional similarity, technological similarity presented in the paper are basis of selection of design features in the process of series of types and module systems of constructions and technology creating. All of these methods support intensive development of the types of technical features and affect on their competitive on the ready market.
12
Content available remote Technological operators of series of types technology creating
EN
Purpose: The result of this paper is verification of relation between constructional features and technological features. The basic tool of the series of types of technologies creating is algorithmic method. The worked out datum of these methods is already elaborated ordered families of construction in form of series of types or modular series of elements construction. Design/methodology/approach: This paper shows algorithmic understanding of getting input data in the process of technology creating based on data of construction. Basic tool of realization of data selection for the process of manufacture is algorithmic method and use of advanced graphic programme. Findings: The basic result of the analyzed problem is the realization of relations between construction and technology for specified series of types of elements of machine engines. Moreover the algorithmic method with its essential constituents which determine input date of algorithmization of processes of selection of technological features on bases of constructional features was introduced. Research limitations/implications: Analyzed methods develop algorithmization of designing environment and support integration with the prepare production process (relational databases, theory of automatic classification). Practical implications: Described methods were developed on practical examples of creating the technological module systems of hydraulic cylinders used in mining, slag cars used in metallurgy and gears series of types The represented methods are applied for the series of type of units of servo-motors hydraulic practical in mining. Originality/value: Algorithmic method and CAM method are basis for selection of technological features in the process of already ordered technology families creating. This method is characterized with possibility of shortening time connected with preparation of manufacture.
13
Content available remote Cost calculation of constructions series of types
EN
Purpose: The main aim of research was to elaborate methods to estimate costs in construction series of types production process. Design/methodology/approach: Based on manufacturing cost of one element it is possible to determine cost of other elements belonged to the same construction series of types. The four main cost estimating methods were distinguished. The first method is feature-based. The technological operations are dedicated to specified pieces of element. Cost manufacturing of every piece is specified. Based on elementary costs the manufacturing cost of whole part is calculated. The second method uses construction similarity theory. The selected part manufacturing costs are functionally depended on main part manufacturing costs. The CAM method is based on time calculation from manufacturing process simulation. The simplified method uses normalized masses of analyzed parts pieces. The balance coefficients of those pieces are specified. Findings: Manufacturing cost estimation methods were analyzed. Those methods are based on construction and manufacturing technology. The main conclusion is that CAM method is most accurate. Research limitations/implications: The CAM method is limited to analyze only manufacturing process based on numerically controlled machines. The Feature-based method require developed database for analyzed part family. Practical implications: Presented method was applied in hydraulic props manufacturing cost analysis. Originality/value: Described analysis puts together and compares different cost estimating methods which allows choosing most suitable method for analyzed manufacturing process.
14
Content available remote Methods to create series of technology
EN
Purpose: The main reason to commence research concerning new methods of transformation technology into structure was introduced in the process of creating ordered technologies on the basis of series of structure. The worked out datum for these methods is as elaborated ordered families of structure in the form of series of types or modular series of elements structure. Design/methodology/approach: This paper shows algorithmic understanding to get input data in the process of technology creation based on data of structure. Basic tool to realize data selection for the process of manufacture is the theory of technological similarity, algorithmic method and use of advanced graphic programme. Findings: The basic result of the analyzed problem is to realize relations between structure and technology for specified series of machine engines elements types. Moreover, the theory of technological similarity with its essential constituents which determine input date for selection processes algorythmisation of technological features on the basis of constructional features was introduced. Research limitations/implications: Analyzed methods develop algorythmisation of designing environment and support integration with the process preparing production. Further analyses will be carried out on in order to specify the theory of technological similarity in new forms of computer-aided (relational databases, theory of automatic classification). Practical implications: Described methods were developed based on practical examples of the technological module systems creation for hydraulic cylinders used in mining, slag cars used in metallurgy and series of gears types. The represented methods are applied to the unit’s types of hydraulic servo-motors used in mining. Originality/value: Method of the technological similarity, the algorithmic method and CAM method are the basis for selection of technological features in the process, which creates the as ordered technology families (types and module systems of constructions). This method is characterized by a possibility to shorten time related to production preparation and series production increase.
15
Content available remote Technological similarity in process of series of type technology creating
EN
Purpose: Problems of research related to creating ordered series of type of technology is realized with the intention of replacement traditional methods of selection of technological features for processes of machining. This process is realized through replacement of repeatable stages with routined stages susceptible to computer aiding. Design/methodology/approach: This paper shows algorithmic understanding of getting input data in the process of creating ordered families of technology based on data of constructional. Basic tool of realization of data selection for the process of manufacture is the theory of technological similarity aided by computer programmes which is being elaborated. Findings: The basic result of the analyzed problem is the realization of relations between construction and technology for specified series of types of elements of machine engines. Apart from that, there has been also describe the theory of technological similarity with its essential constituents which determine input date of algorythmisation of processes of selection of technological features on bases of constructional features. Research limitations/implications: Described methods are closely related to the research on the process of construction and the theory of constructional similarity. Further analyses will be carried on in order to specify the theory of technological similarity in new forms of computer aiding (relational databases, theory of automatic classification). Practical implications: The represented methods are apply for series of type of units of servo-motors hydraulic practical in mining. Originality/value: Represented in article relations between construction and technology realized with use of theory of technological similarity they make up basic of the group technology. Method this is characterizes with possibility of shortening of times of preparation of manufacture and the enlargement of seriality of manufacture.
16
Content available remote Incremental sheet forming process modelling - limitation analysis
EN
Purpose: of this paper is incremental sheet forming (ISF) process modelling. Main attention is paid to limitation analysis. Two kinds of risks are considered: material failure and tool failure. Aim of the current study is to minimize both risks i.e. provide limits for safe manufacturing. Design/methodology/approach: Experimental, numerical and theoretical investigation is performed. The test procedures are designed for determining FLD and forming force components in ISF process. The ISF process is modelled using FEM software LS-DYNA (fully integrated shell elements). In numerical analysis the plastic anisotropy is considered (Hill's second and Barlat's higher order yield criteria). Findings: The influence of plastic anisotropy on two formability characteristics - FLD and forming load components is studied. In both cases the effect of plastic anisotropy is found to be significant. It is shown that variation of the Lankford coefficient(s) in range 0.5 - 3.0 may cause changes on the formability characteristics over ten percent. Research limitations/implications: Limitations on forming angle, complications with considering elastic spring-back. Practical implications: The estimates on forming load components can be used for tooling selection in order to avoid tool failure. The FLD can be used in order to separate safe and unsafe forming areas in ISF process. Originality/value: An approximate theoretical model is proposed (based on Iseki's model). Incremental sheet forming strategies for determining forming limit diagram (FLD) are pointed out.
17
Content available remote Corrosion resistance of SAW duplex joints welded with high heat input
EN
Purpose: test if the welding heat input exceeding the recommended values has negative impact on strength properties and corrosion resistance of the executed welded joints as well as description of influence of the heat input of submerged arc welding (SAW) of duplex steel UNS S31803 (0.032%C, 23.17%Cr, 9.29%Ni, 3.48%Mo, 0.95%Mn, 0.7%Si, 0.16%N, 0.017P, 0.006%S, 0.11%Cu) on welded joints microstructure, particularly average values of ferrite volume fraction, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. Design/methodology/approach: analysis of welding heat input influence on mechanical properties, value of ferrite share, and corrosion of test joints has been done. Non-destructive and destructive testing, e. g. visual examinations, microstructure examination, corrosion resistance tests according to ASTM G48 Method A, HV5 hardness tests, impact and tensile test were carried out. For analysis of welding heat input influence on creation of welding imperfections, there were executed welding of sheet of thickness 9, 14, 28 mm. Butt joints on plates of different thickness were made where the applied heat input of welding exceeded the 2.5 kJ/mm value. Maximum heat input level was HI lto 3.0; HI lto 3.5; HI lto 4.0; HI lto 4.5; HI lto 5.0. Findings: based on the performed tests the conclusion is that according to DNV Rules the welding heat input exceeding the recommended values has no negative impact on strength properties and corrosion resistance of the executed welded joints. It was shown that submerged arc welding of duplex steel with the heat input from 2.5 kJ/mm up to 5.0 kJ/mm has no negative influence on properties of the joints. Research limitations/implications: the welding heat input exceeding the recommended values may influenced the precipitation processes in the HAZ, what need further experiments. Practical implications: application of high value of the welding heat input will be profitable in terms of the welding costs. Originality/value: an original value of the paper is to prove that a usage of high value welding heat input provides the best joints quality.
18
Content available remote Intelligent approach for optimal modeling of manufacturing systems
EN
Purpose: This paper proposes a methodology for analysis and modeling of machining conditions by optimal determination of the cutting parameters in multi-pass NC machining operations. Design/methodology/approach: This paper proposes optimal determination of the cutting parameters by using a deterministic method (DM) and a genetic algorithm (GA). In the research, it is created the complex mathematical model for design of the cutting condition for machining process. In next phase, it is created a numerical algorithm for optimization and its developed software called OPTIMAD (Optimization of Milling and Drilling), by using DM. Also, it is created software, caled GAMO (Genetic Algorithm for Machining Operation), as a GA program modul based of the elementary pseudo-code for GA, with using the MatLAB program language and C++ developed rutines. Findings: Modeling of optimal cutting parameters, as a part of process planning, enables generating of manufacturing data and knowledge representation in machining process plan. Verification of optimized cutting parameters in real machining condition has done confirmation for design of cutting parameters by virtual modelling, using optimization methodologies OPTIMAD and GAMO. Research limitations/implications: The optimization approach is proposed and its uses optimization of mathematical model using a classic and heuristic methods. In this research, GA based optimization method and deterministic optimization method are developed and there implementations into real manufacturing process are analyzed. Practical implications: Use of proposed approach resulted in improved productivity and efficiency of machining process where the cutting conditions are designed by OPTIMAD and GAMO softwares. In the future, this results will be integrated in computer system for process planning. Originality/value: The paper describes a method for eliminating the need for using the extensive user intervention in CAM processes, during determination of cutting parameters.
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this project was to estimate the possibility of using polyester-glass fiber recyclate as a reinforced component of polymer matrix in composites. This kind of mechanical recycling can be use as one of the way of polymer composites utilization. Recyclates prepared from GFP - polyester resin reinforced glass filaments. Design/methodology/approach: Recyclate obtained after grinding was a mixture of cured polyester resin particles and glass fibers. Two different groups of recyclates have been obtaining after separation. First group of recyclate was used to prepare of stratified laminates. Second group of recyclate was used as a filler of polymer matrix. Findings: The results of the investigation have shown that using of polymer composites wastes as a filler, leads to decreasing of the flexural and impact strength. However obtained material had a bending strength comparable with standard material. The results of mechanical properties have been prove that change of properties depends on the size of fraction recyclate. Fraction containing the particles in fibrous shape better influence on that mechanical properties of laminates. The results of the investigation have shown that using of polimer composites wastes as a filler materials (core), leads to decreasing of the properties in bending and impact tests. It has been shown that content of the recyclate has significant influence on studied mechanical properties. Practical implications: The results of the investigation have shown that using of polymer composites wastes as a filler, leads to decreasing of the properties in bending and impact tests. Surface treatment of recyclates has been shown that bending strength between matrix and recyclates improve. Originality/value: The results of the investigations allow to confirm, that the polymer composites waste can be used as a filler polymer matrix in production of new composites, being also one of the way of utilization of composite with thermosetting matrix.
20
Content available remote Influence of heat input on corrosion resistance of SAW welded duplex joints
EN
Purpose: Purpose of this paper is description of influence of the heat input of submerged arc welding (SAW) of duplex steel UNS S31803 on welded butt joints corrosion resistance. Design/methodology/approach: Butt joints on plates of 9-30 mm thickness were executed where the applied heat input of welding exceeded the 2.5 kJ/mm value. Maximum heat input level was HI ≤ 3.0; HI ≤ 3.5; HI ≤ 4.0; HI ≤ 4.5; HI ≤ 5.0. Analysis of welding heat input influence on mechanical properties, value of ferrite share, and corrosion of test joints has been done. Non-destructive and destructive testing, e. g. visual examinations, microstructure examination, corrosion resistance tests according to ASTM G48 Method A, HV5 hardness tests, impact and tensile test were carried out. For analysis of welding heat input influence on creation of welding imperfections, there were executed welding of sheet of thickness 9, 14, 28 mm. Findings: It was shown that submerged arc welding of duplex steel with the heat input from 2.5 kJ/mm up to 5.0 kJ/mm has no negative influence on properties of the joints. Based on the performed tests the conclusion is that according to DNV Rules the welding heat input exceeding the recommended values has no negative impact on strength properties and corrosion resistance of the executed welded joints. Research limitations/implications: Research implications the welding heat input exceeding the recommended values should influenced the precipitation processes in the HAZ, what need further experiments. Practical implications: Application of high value of the welding heat input will be profitable in terms of the welding costs. Originality/value: An original value of the paper is to prove that a usage of high value welding heat input provides the best joints quality.
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