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PL
Przedstawiono schematy do utworzenia na linach tekstylnych dwóch rodzajów splotów/węzłów o nazwach „węzeł diamentowy” oraz „węzeł celtycki”. Omówiono zastosowanie tych węzłów w technikach linowych oraz dokonano porównania z innymi węzłami, zwłaszcza typu „stoper” na przykładzie długości cięgna niezbędnego do utworzenia danego węzła o zadanym splocie, podając zależności matematyczne ujęte we wzorach empirycznych.
EN
Diagrams are presented for creating two weaves/knots on textile ropes called „diamond knot” and „Celtic knot”. The use of these knots in rope techniques is discussed and a comparison with ither knots is made – especially the „stopper” type – on the example of the length of the tendon necessary to create a given knot with a given weave, providing mathematical relationship included in empirical equations.
PL
Praca dotyczy rozmycia nieumocnionego dna cieku poniżej bystrza o zwiększonej szorstkości na potoku Poniczanka w miejscowości Ponice. Obliczono głębokość rozmycia dna poniżej budowli wykorzystując formuły empiryczne różnych autorów. Wyniki obliczeń zweryfikowano z rezultatami pomiarów terenowych, typując formuły, których uzyskane wyniki były o największej zgodności z obserwacjami terenowymi, jak i te o najgorszej. Celem pracy jest weryfikacja formuł obliczeniowych głębokości rozmycia dna poniżej bystrza na podstawie wyników badań terenowych. Stwierdzono, że zależności empiryczne służące do obliczenia głębokości rozmycia dna poniżej bystrza są niedokładne, ale mogą służyć do analizy porównawczej.
EN
The work describes the scouring process downstream of boulder block ramps on Poniczanka Stream in Ponice village. The depth of the down-stream scouring rate was calculated using empirical formulae due to different authors. The results of the calculations were verified basing on the field measurements. Finally only those formulae which results were most consistent with field observations and those with were the worst consistent with field observations are presented along a paper. Thus the aim of the study was to verify the existing formulae of the scouring depth calculation downstream of block ramp hydraulic structure on the basis of the results of field research. It was found that the empirical relationships for calculating the scouring depth in observed case are not satisfied enough, however they can be used for comparative analysis for designers.
EN
In a step taken towards improving the new system for the satellite monitoring of the Baltic Sea environment, officially started in Poland recently (SatBałtyk System, see http://www. satbaltyk.pl), a new set of simple statistical formulas was derived. These combine the empirically determined spectral values of remote-sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) with the mass concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in southern Baltic surface waters. The new formulas are based on 73 empirical data sets gathered during 4 research cruises on board r/v Oceania during spring and late summer in the open waters of the southern Baltic and coastal regions of the Gulf of Gdańsk. Correlations of SPM and POC concentrations with reflectance or reflectance ratios in various spectral bands were tested. Several variants of candidate statistical relationships, which can be used later in the construction of simple local remote sensing algorithms for the waters in question, are introduced here. These relationships utilise either absolute values of Rrs at a selected waveband, mostly from the yellow, red or near infrared part of the light spectrum, or Rrs ratios for two different wavebands, mostly ratios of blue to yellow, blue to red and blue to infrared or green to yellow and green to red spectral band. From the numerous simple approximate relationships established, the following two, characterised by large correlation coefficients r2 and small standard error factors X, may serve as examples: SPM [g m-3] = 1480(Rrs(710))0.902 (with the factors r2 = 0.86; X = 1.26) (the unit of Rrs(λ) is [sr-1]) and POC [g m-3] = 0.814(Rrs(555)/Rrs(589))-4.42 (r2 = 0.75; X = 1.37). From the practical standpoint, taking into consideration light wavelengths that are close to or concurrent with the currently available spectral bands used in satellite observations of the Baltic Sea, another two formulas (using the same spectral ratio) are worth pointing out: SPM [g m-3] = 2.6(Rrs(490)/Rrs(625))-1.29 (r2 = 0.86; X = 1.25) and POC [g m-3] = 0.774(Rrs(490)/Rrs(625))-1.18 (r2 = 0.66; X = 1.44). The paper also presents a number of intermediate statistical relationships between SPM and POC concentrations, Rrs spectra and light backscattering coefficients in order to illustrate the simplified physical justification for some of the observed direct statistical relationships, presented as the main content of this work.
EN
Results of comparison of the average flow velocity in river cross-section, estimated on measurements carried out in the Zagożdżonka River and calculated from empirical formulas, are presented in the paper. Recognized that in case of the small natural river-bed conditions none of analyzed empirical formulas doesn’t perfectly fit the flow resistances variability. The mean relative error estimated for measured and calculated average velocities in the river cross-section are in range MRE = 13,6-17,5%.
PL
Woda jest istotnym nośnikiem energii i jej pobór jest skorelowany ze zużyciem energii elektrycznej w zakładach produkcyjnych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad zużyciem wody w zakładzie przetwórstwa drobiarskiego. Stosując formuły empiryczne określono wpływ struktury przerobu na wielkość miesięcznego zużycia wody i zakładowe wskaźniki jednostkowego zużycia wody.
EN
Water is an important energy carrier and its intake is correlated with the consumption of electrical energy in production plants. This study presents water consumption research results in a poultry processing plant. By the application of empirical formulas the influence of throughput was determined on the volume of monthly water consumption and per-unit water consumption indices.
6
Content available Adsorption Air Cleaning From Ozone
EN
Not much has been written about air cleaning from ozone. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the possibility of adsorption air cleaning from ozone. The second aim was to investigate the dependence of the efficiency of ozone removal from the air on the height of the adsorber layer and on concentrations of ozone, and to obtain empirical formulas for calculating the efficiency of ozone treatment. Equipment for air cleaning from ozone and nitrogen and sulphur dioxides is suggested.
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