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1

Phytochelatins of Cladophora rupestris in Pb2+ absorption and its detoxification

Zhang Lu-Sheng, Yang Liu, Li Lingsheng, Feng Xiaoyu, Cao De-Ju, Liu Zhao-Wen

Environment Protection Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 49, nr 3

31--42

EN

Phytochelatins (PCs) exist widely in plants and are closely related to plant resistance to heavy metals (HMs). Glutathione (GSH) and nonprotein thiols (NPTs) are the major components of PCs. This study investigates the role of the PCs of Cladophora rupestris in Pb2+ accumulation and detoxification. The distribution of Pb2+ in the PCs of C. rupestris was studied. FTIR and XPS are used to characterize the chelating power of Pb2+ with PCs in C.rupestris. The curve fitting of the secondary protein structure is used to identify the functional groups with Pb2+. Results showed that the content of Pb2+ in the PCs of C. rupestris increased with an increase in Pb2+ stress. Pb content increased to 352 and 314 mg/kg in NPTs and GSH, respectively, when Pb stress concentration reached 7.5 mg/dm3 . The Pb2+ fraction of C. rupestris PCs reached a maximum of 10.8 and 9.3% in NPTs and GSH, respectively. The Pb2+ uptake by GSH and NPTs was 40–48% and 52–60%, respectively. Pb2+ bound with the PCs of C. rupestris, forming complexes that contained Pb–OOC, Pb–C=O, CO–Pb, –N=Pb, Pb–NH2, Pb–O, Pb–N–, Pb–C–, Pb–S, and Pb2+ with multiple groups of PCs as bridging ligand atoms.

2

Study of Mechanisms Used by Algae to Decrease The Silver Toxicity in Aquatic Environment

Sedlakova-Kadukova Jana, Pristas Peter

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2019

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R. 21, nr 1

115--118

EN

In the study SEM, EDS, TEM and UV-vis analysis were used to investigate the biosorption, bioaccumulation and bioprecipitation/bioreduction of silver by freshwater green alga Parachlorella kessleri and to shed light on the reasons of biological silver nanoparticle production. When dead biomass of P. kessleri was used for silver removal, majority of silver (75%) was removed within 2 min. Biosorption was probably the main mechanisms responsible for Ag+ ions removal from aqueous solutions. However, when behaviour of living biomass in the presence of silver ions was studied, the decrease of silver concentration was slower (68% within 24 hours) with subsequent increase of silver concentration in the solution and extracellular formation of silver nanoparticles. The formed AgNPs exhibited a lower toxicity against tested organisms. Algal cells probably used the formation of nanoparticles combined with rapid biosorption as detoxification mechanisms against silver toxicity. Bioaccumulation inside the cells played only a minor role in the detoxification process.

PL

W badaniu wykorzystano analizę SEM, EDS, TEM i UV-vis do zbadania biosorpcji, bioakumulacji i bioprecypitacji/bioredukcji srebra przez słodkowodną zieloną algę Parachlorella kessleri i rzucenia światła na przyczyny biologicznej produkcji nanocząstek srebra. Gdy do usunięcia srebra użyto martwej biomasy P. kessleri, większość srebra (75%) usunięto w ciągu 2 minut. Biosorpcja była prawdopodobnie głównym mechanizmem odpowiedzialnym za usuwanie jonów Ag+ z roztworów wodnych. Jednakże, gdy badano zachowanie żywej biomasy w obecności jonów srebra, spadek stężenia srebra był wolniejszy (68% w ciągu 24 godzin) z późniejszym wzrostem stężenia srebra w roztworze i zewnątrzkomórkowym tworzeniem nanocząstek srebra. Utworzone AgNP wykazywały mniejszą toksyczność wobec badanych organizmów. Komórki glonów prawdopodobnie wykorzystywały tworzenie nanocząstek połączonych z szybką biosorpcją jako mechanizmów detoksykacji przeciwko toksyczności srebra. Bioakumulacja wewnątrz komórek odgrywała tylko niewielką rolę w procesie detoksykacji.

3

Nitroaromatic enzymatic biodegradation system in Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Madaj R., Kalinowska H., Sobiecka E.

Biotechnology and Food Science

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2018

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Vol. 82, nr 2

113--128

EN

Phanerochaete chrysosporium is an ubiquitous fungus having huge potential for application in biodegradation processes. Its enzymatic system, consisting of ligninases, membrane-associated oxidases and hydrogen peroxide generating enzymes is capable of degrading a wide range of pollutants like 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,5-dinitrophenol, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid or azodyes produced by military or civilian industry. Synergetic action between enzymes, based on providing substrates essential for their activity and their extreme low-specificity guarantees successful degradation of recalcitrant pollutants. Nevertheless, a development of a technique, taking into the account the type of pollutant, its concentration in the environment, its metabolic pathway and maintenance of the system is required. This paper presents a literature survey related to enzymatic system of a white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium and its potential application in biodegradation processes.

4

Degradation and detoxifi cation of 2-chlorophenol aqueous solutions using ionizing gamma radiation

Basfar A. A., Muneer M., Alsager O. A.

Nukleonika

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2017

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Vol. 62, No. 1

61--68

EN

Chlorophenols are compounds with high toxicity, poor biodegradability, and carcinogenic and recalcitrant properties. This work studies, for the first time, the destruction and detoxification of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in water using 60Co gamma radiation under different conditions including varied radiation doses, addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and varied pH values. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ion chromatography (IC) confirmed a successful degradation of 2-CP to primarily yield phenol molecules and chloride anions. A radiation dose as low as 25 kGy achieved approximately 90% removal of 50–150 ppm of 2-CP in neutral water. However, the addition of a strong oxidizer such as H2O2 to 2-CP solutions reduced the required dose to achieve 90% removal to at least 1.3-fold. The reduction in radiation doses was also observed in acidic and alkaline media, reducing the required doses of 90% removal to at least 0.4-fold. It was imperative to study the toxicity levels of the oxidation by-products to provide directions for the potential applicability of this technology in water treatment. Toxicology Microtox® bioassay indicated a significant reduction in the toxicity of the degradation by-products and the detoxification was further enhanced by the addition of H2O2 and changing the pH to more acidic or alkaline conditions. These findings will contribute to the knowledge of the removal and detoxification of such challenging environmental contaminant and could be potentially applied to other biologically resistant compounds.

5

Exploring the potential of fungal-bacterial consortium for low-cost biodegradation and detoxification of textile effluent

Lade H., Kadam A., Paul D., Govindwar S.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 4

12--21

EN

In the present study, the enrichment and isolation of textile effluent decolorizing bacteria were carried out in wheat bran (WB) medium. The isolated bacterium Providencia rettgeri strain HSL1 was then tested for decolorization of textile effluent in consortium with a dyestuff degrading fungus Aspergillus ochraceus NCIM 1146. Decolorization study suggests that A. ochraceus NCIM 1146 and P. rettgeri strain HSL1 alone re moves only 6 and 32% of textile effluent American Dye Manufacturing Institute respectively in 30 h at 30 ±0.2°C of microaerophilic incubation, while the fungal-bacterial consortium does 92% ADMI removal within the same time period. The fungal-bacterial consortium exhibited enhanced decolorization rate due to the induction in activities of catalytic enzymes laccase (196%), lignin peroxidase (77%), azoreductase (80%) and NADH-DCIP reductase (84%). The HPLC analysis confirmed the biodegradation of textile effluent into various metabolites. Detoxification studies of textile effluent before and after treatment with fungal-bacterial consortium revealed reduced toxicity of degradation metabolites. The efficient degradation and detoxification by fungal-bacterial consortium pre-grown in agricultural based medium thus suggest a promising approach in designing low-cost treatment technologies for textile effluent.

6

The influence of UV, X and microwave radiation on the aflatoxin B1 concentration in nuts

Jabłońska J., Mańkowska D.

Biotechnology and Food Science

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2014

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Vol. 78, nr 2

111--119

EN

In this paper we present results that indicate how electromagnetic irradiation influences aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) concentration in nuts. The aflatoxin level was determined by the immunoaffinity chromatography with fluorimetric detection. First, peanuts as certified reference material (initial AFB1 level fixed at 39.1 ng/g) underwent exposure to UV, gamma and microwave radiation. Decrease of aflatoxin content was strongly correlated with thickness of irradiated sample layer. 2mm layer samples exposed to ultraviolet for 30 min resulted in AFB1 concentration drop by 49.3%, but 10 mm layer samples exhibited limited UV penetration into the material, giving comparatively weaker drop in AFB1. In the samples exposed to microwave radiation in the range of 36 kJ - 150 kJ the residual aflatoxin content was about 50.0%, hardly depending on a dose of energy. The gamma radiation proved to be the most effective method. Individual samples exposed to 2.5 kGy, 5 kGy, 7.5 kGy and 10 kGy gamma radiation dose exhibited AFB1 concentration reduction by 56.8%, 57.8%, 60.9% and 74.3%, respectively. Next, we used this method to the decrease of aflatoxin content in commercial nut products by exposure to 10 kGy dose of gamma radiation. We received the residual aflatoxin content less than 40% for almonds.

7

Wpływ zanieczyszczeń środowiska na kondycję zdrowotną człowieka

Bombolewska K., Dróżdż J., Koim-Puchowska B.

Archiwum Gospodarki Odpadami i Ochrony Środowiska

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2013

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Vol. 15, nr 1

63--68

8

Zagrożenia środowiskowe. Geny wrażliwości środowiskowej

Kwarecki K., Zużewicz K.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2001

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nr 6

24-25

9

Mycorrhizal inocula as a factor for reducing the toxicity of cadmium in a medium

Krupa P., Piotrowska-Seget Z.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2000

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Vol. 7, nr 11

1207-1212

EN

The aim of the study was to use two mycorrhizal fungi to remove cadmium from the medium. The material for the experiments was obtained from an in vitro culture. Tissue method was used to isolate the pure vegetative mycelium from fruiting bodies of the mycorrhizal fungi Paxillus invalutus (Batsch) Fr. and Pisolithus arrhizus (Mich: Pers.). An alginate-immobilised inoculum of each fungus was prepared. These inocula were tested in a liquid medium, and in verrniculite treated with cadmium chloride. Testing filtrates of liquid media has shown that mycorrhizal inoculations may to a considerable degree help to dean up the contaminated medium. Mycorrhizal seedlings of Pinus sylvestris growing in the vermiculite were characterised by a faster increase in biomass and survived much longer in comparison to the seedlings growing in the sterile medium.

PL

Obecnie na świecie prowadzi się szeroko zakrojone badania nad wyodrębnianiem szczepów grzybów mikoryzowych, zwłaszcza ich ekotypów, które najefektywniej przyczyniają się do odtruwania gleb i roślin. Poznanie właściwości tych szczepów i skuteczności ich działania w postaci sztucznego inoculum może mieć praktyczne znaczenie w rekultywacji gleb zdegradowanych przez przemysł. W pracy próbowano wyjaśnić, czy i w jakim stopniu grzybnia grzybów mikoryzowych może przyczyniać się do detoksykacji kadmu z podłoża. Postawiony problem starano się rozwiązać na podstawie materiału uzyskanego z hodowli in vitro na agarze i wermikulicie. Metodą tkankową wyprowadzono czyste kultury grzybni wegetatywnej z owocników grzybów mikoryzowych: Paxilus involutus (Batsch) FI. i Pisolithus arrhizus (Mich.:Pers.). Z wyizolowanych szczepów sporządzano następnie szczepionkę alginianową. Szczepionkę testowano w płynnych hodowlach skażonych kadmem oraz w podłożu wermikulitowym na którym hodowano siewki sosny podlewane roztworem chlorku kadmu. Badając przesącz pohodowlany wykazano, że szczepionki mikoryzowe mogą w znacznym stopniu oczyszczać skażone podłoże. Siewki mikoryzowane hodowane na podłożu wermikulitowym ze szczepionką cechowały się lepszym przyrostem biomasy, przeżywały znacznie dłużej od siewek hodowanych na podłożu sterylnym

10

Utylizacja odpadów tłuszczowych zawierających duże ilości chlorków

Żak S., Rauckyte T., Gaca J.

Ekologia i Technika

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1998

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R. 6, nr 6

184-191

EN

Sewage treatment of fatty industry can be made by the coagulation with utilization of FeCl3. It lead to obtain sewage sludge which is biological-infected, contained heavy metals and phosphorus excess, about 35% adipose compounds and 3% chlorides. Anew technology was working out on the basis of carried out investigations of this wastes transformation to inert for ecosystems solidificated mass. Principle of the method consists of the union of objective wastes with others: wastes of glass wool industry and CaO wastes. It lead to course of reaction in mixture and cementation of system at natural environment conditions until environmental proof stable mass.