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1

Water De-Chlorination by Non-Modified and Modified Biochar Derived from Date Palm

Alfaiz Sundus Khaleel, Yaseen Dina Ali, Alawadi Wisam A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

377--387

EN

The present study investigates the reduction of free residual chlorine (FC) from aqueous solution using non-modified biochar (NM-B) and chemically modified biochar (M-B) derived from date palms. The role of biochar dose, biochar particle size, reaction time, solution pH, and initial concentration of FC on adsorption efficiency were assessed. The optimum contact time for higher FC uptake was reached after 20 min using NM-B and 8 min using M-B, with a biochar dose of 10 g/L. The optimum pH values and biochar size for higher FC adsorption were 4 and 0.6 mm, respectively. Higher removal was reached at 88% using NM-B and 96% using M-B. The pseudo-second-order model matched well with the kinetic outcomes. Langmuir isotherm was fitted well with the equilibrium results of FC uptake on NM-B and M-B, with regression coefficient (R2) values of 0.98 and 0.998, in that order. The separation parameter was within the limits of favorable adsorption of FC by both biochars. The higher uptake capacity (0.215 mg/g) was linked with the M-B, indicating that chemical modification of biochar was successful in increasing FC uptake from aqueous solutions. This study confirmed that utilizing biochar derived from date palms for FC removal is a very beneficial and cost-effective solution, especially in the countries that are considered the largest date producer in the world.

2

Product Concentration, Yield Percentage and Productivity of Citric Acid Formation Using Aspergillus niger Isolated from Palm Dates

Alhadithy Dunya A., Yasin Safaa Rasheed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

1--13

EN

Aspergillus niger isolated from palm dates was examined to produce citric acid. The isolates from zahdi dates (A. niger S11) had the best yield of citric acid with a straightforward and efficient isolation technique without the need for purification of the isolates. The best results of citric acid obtained in the static air, using Czapek dox liquid medium, were 37.116 g/l, 33.742% yield, and 0.0859 g/L•h productivity, and in the 1 vvm air were 47.248 g/L, 42.953% yield, and 0.1094 g/L•h productivity, under temperature 30 °C, mixing speed 150 rpm, pH 4, sugar concentration 11%, and inoculum size 5%. Yield and concentration were 23.139% and 25.453 g/L using Date syrup.

3

Effect of Alkali-NaOH Pretreatment on Methane Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Date Palm Waste

Lahboubi Nabila, Karouach Fadoua, Bakraoui Mohammed, El Gnaoui Yasser, Essamri Azzouz, El Bari Hassan

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

78--89

EN

Anaerobic digestion of the date palm empty fruit bunch is a promising technology for both solid waste management and biogas production. The date palm empty fruit bunch is a lignocellulosic waste that takes more time for degradation and has a low biodegradability, thus pretreatment is needed to improve anaerobic biodegradation. In this study, the substrate was pretreated with different ratios of alkali-NaOH: 6, 18 and 30% (w/w) (ratio weight of NaOH / weight of Volatile Solid) for 10 min at room temperature to evaluate the effect of high alkali concentration on the methane potential and biodegradability. The experiment was conducted in a 5 L batch reactor under mesophilic conditions (37 °C). The methane potential of the untreated substrate was 98.5 N mL/gVS. The best methane potential improvement of 104% was achieved in the treatment of 18% (w/w) (204 N mL/gVS) with a biodegradability of 50%. Besides, two kinetic models were used to fit the experimental methane potentials and to explore process parameters (Modified Gompertz and Transference function). The best fit for predicting the parameters of methane production was observed for the 18% (w/w) pretreatment using the transference function, with a maximum methane production rate of 5 N mL/gVS.d.

4

Potencjał drzemie w daktylach

Szymański Dominik, Więcławski Łukasz

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

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2021

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nr 4

37

PL

Przemysł palm daktylowych ma ogromny potencjał, aby przodować w przejściu na globalną gospodarkę opartą na bioobiegu. Światową produkcję palmy daktylowej szacuje się na 8 mln ton rocznie.

5

Investigation of thermal and mechanical characterizations of high-density polyethylene/date palm composites

Awad Sameer A

Composites Theory and Practice

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2021

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R. 21, nr 4

123--126

EN

The article aims to study the impact of date palm powder (DPP) on the mechanical and thermal characterizations of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix. HDPE composites enhanced with ratios varying from 5 to 20 wt.% DPP were produced by means of a twin-screw extruder. The results indicate that incorporating between 5 to 20 wt.% DPP in pure HDPE led to an increase in the tensile strength and Young’s modulus, while the elongation at break decreased. Furthermore, the results of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that incorporating DPP into pure HDPE improved the thermal stability owing to a reduction in the interfaces between DPP and the pure HDPE matrix, resulted in brittle behavior, and enhanced the great crosslinking of pure HDPE.

6

Varieties of date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.), their characteristics and cultivation ®

Świąder Katarzyna, Białek Karina, Hosoglu Isleten

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2020

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nr 1

173--179

EN

The date palm Phoenix dactylifera L., due to deep and strong rooting, uses deep groundwater and can survive in oases in desert areas with low humidity and rainfall, even for over 100 years. It begins to bear fruit on average at the age of 5, and gives maximum yield only after 30-40 years. The date fruit is a berry consisting of skin, pulp, inner layer and seeds. There are over 600 varieties of dates around the world that differ in shape, size and properties of the fruit pulp. In addition, dates vary in color, shape and texture, depending on the ripening phase in which they are harvested: Hababouk, Kimri, Khalal, Rutab and Tamar. Appearance also depends on the type of crop and climatic conditions. In the immature state, the dates are green. However, during the ripening process, depending on the variety, they change color from yellow to red or brown. Dates also differ in water and sugar content, depending on the ripening phase. The sugar content in the early stages of ripening is about 20% of dry matter, and in ripe fruit reaches 72-88%. In terms of humidity and texture, dates are divided into fresh and soft, semi-dry and dry. About 90% of date palms are grown in the Middle East and North Africa. The main date producers are: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Algeria, Iraq, Pakistan, Sudan, Oman United Arab Emirates and Tunisia.

PL

Palma daktylowa Phoenix dactylifera L., dzięki głębokiemu i silnemu ukorzenieniu, korzysta z głębokich wód gruntowych i może przetrwać w oazach na terenach pustynnych o niskiej wilgotności i opadach, nawet ponad 100 lat. Zaczyna owocować średnio w wieku 5 lat, a maksymalny plon daje dopiero po 30-40 latach. Owocem daktylowca jest jagoda, składająca się ze skóry, miąższu, warstwy wewnętrznej i pestki. Na całym świecie jest ponad 600 odmian daktyli różniących się kształtem, wielkością i właściwościami miąższu owocu. Ponadto daktyle różnią się barwą, kształtem i teksturą, w zależności od fazy dojrzewania w której są zbierane: Hababouk, Kimri, Khalal, Rutab i Tamar. Wygląd zależy również od rodzaju uprawy i warunków klimatycznych. W stanie niedojrzałym daktyle są zielone. Natomiast podczas procesu dojrzewania, w zależności od odmiany, zmieniają barwę od żółtej po czerwoną lub brązową. Daktyle różnią się także zawartością wody oraz cukru, w zależności od fazy dojrzewania. Zawartość cukru we wczesnych stadiach dojrzewania wynosi około 20% suchej masy, a w dojrzałych owocach osiąga 72-88%. Pod względem wilgotności i tekstury daktyle dzielą się na świeże i miękkie, półtwarde i twarde, wysuszone. Około 90% palm daktylowych jest uprawianych w regionie Bliskiego Wschodu oraz Afryki Północnej. Głównymi producentami daktyli są: Egipt, Arabia Saudyjska, Iran, Algieria, Irak, Pakistan, Sudan, Oman Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie i Tunezja.

7

Characterization and Estimation of Dates Palm Trees in an Urban Area Using GIS-Based Least-Squares Model and Minimum Noise Fraction Images

Shareef Muntadher Aidi, Hasan Sumaya Falih

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

78--85

EN

Date palm is the major food source and possesses an important role in the economic aspects, environmental parts, and society. These crops were subjected to degradation due to the financial and numerous military conflicts. Because of the expensive cost of monitoring and managing date palm in field measurements, and limited studies using satellite images, the authors proposed a method to estimate and map date palm using the Landsat-8 satellite images. The authors applied the least-squares multiple regression and GIS techniques to find suitable predictors from the set of variables such as original bands of Landsat-8, Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transformation, tasseled cap component transformation, and spectral index. In order to validate the proposed method, the field measurement data were utilized to assess the estimated date palm from the Landsat-8 images. A linear combination of MNF Landsat-8 band 4 (red, 0.636–0.673 µm), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) were the best date palm predictor (R2adj= 0.988, root-mean-squared error (RMSE) = 0.013). The results demonstrate that the MNF Landsat-8 images in the least square regression help improve the date palm estimation and mapping for the practical use in the study area with high accuracy.

8

Effect of Black Liquor from Date Palm on the Workability and Compressive Strength of Portland Cement and Concrete

Irekti A., Oualit M., Siahmed H., Buncianu D., Zibouche F.

Advances in Materials Science

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2019

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Vol. 19, nr 3(61)

5--18

EN

Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer. Due to the high content of carbon and hydrogen (C-H, C-C, C=O), it can be used as a potential dispersant for cement matrix. The objective of this study is to extract lignin from date palm and study its effect in the form of black liquor (BL) on the rheological and physic-mechanical properties of the cements and concrete. The lignin in black liquor form represents approximately 30 wt% dry weight of date palm. It is a heteropolymer composed primarily of methoxylated phenylpropylene alcohol monomeric units interconnected by a variety of stable carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen-carbon (ether and esters) linkages. The results found show the positive effect on the workability of cement and concrete and confirms its dispersion effect by improving compressive strength of concrete during the early and the later ages of hydration.

9

Soxhlet and accelerated solvent extractions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from date palm samples

Helaleh M. I. H., Al-Omair A., Nisar A., Gevao B., Ballam Z.

Chemia Analityczna

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2006

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Vol. 51, No. 2

229-239

EN

The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the date palm samples purchased at the Kuwait market has been analysed. Soxhlet extraction and accelerated solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography with ion trap mass spectrornetry have been applied for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in date palm. Samples extracts were passed through a silica SPE cartridge packed with florisil and sodium sulfate for the clean-up. Limits of quantitation were lower than 2 μg L-1 for most of PAHs and an acceptable precision was achieved. The optimised procedure was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of PAHs in different date palm samples. Reliability of the method was evaluated by spiking palm date samples with different amounts of PAHs and calculating percentage recoveries. They ranged between 75.8% and 86.7% for Soxhlet extraction and between 79.4% and 85.9% for accelerated solvent extraction, depending on the molecular mass of PAHs.

PL

Analizowano zawartość wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA) w daktylach sprzedawanych w Kuwejcie. W WAekstrahowano z daktyli za pomocą aparatu Soxhleta lub przyspieszonej ekstrakcji rozpuszczalnikiem, a następnie analizowano przy użyciu chromatografii gazowej ze spektrometrią mas. Ekstrakty oczyszczano za pomocą kwarcowych kolumienek do ekstrakcji, wypełnionych florisilem i siarczanem sodu, w układzie ciecz-ciało stałe. Oznaczalność większości WWA, przy zadowalającej precyzji, była niższa niż 2 μg L-1. Zoptymalizowaną procedurę z powodzeniem zastosowano do ekstrakcji ioznaczania WWA w próbkach różnych daktyli. Wiarygodność metody oceniono przez dodanie do próbek daktyli różnych ilości WWA i oznaczenie odzysku. Odzysk zawiera! się, w zależności od masy cząsteczkowej WWA, w granicach od 75,8% do 86,7% w przypadku ekstrakcji w aparacie Soxhleta i w granicach od 19,4% do 85,9% w pr/ypadku przyspieszonej ekstrakcji rozpuszczalnikiem.