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Wpływ czasu eksploatacji systemu elektroenergetycznego statku powietrznego na jakość energii w stanach nieustalonych

Michalak Sławomir, Tokarski Tomasz

Journal of KONBiN

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2024

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Vol. 54, iss. 1

47--63

PL

W pracy omówiono znaczenie parametrów energii elektrycznej w stanach nieustalonych dla oceny zdolności sieci elektroenergetycznej statku powietrznego do samoregulacji. Wykazano, iż na jakość energii elektrycznej systemu elektroenergetycznego statku powietrznego wpływa czas jego eksploatacji. Zmiany starzeniowe wynikające z długotrwałej eksploatacji systemu elektroenergetycznego powodują pogorszenie parametrów energii elektrycznej, a to wpływa bezpośrednio na zdatność do lotów oraz bezpieczeństwo latania. Zachowanie normatywnych parametrów energii w stanach nieustalonych jest bardzo istotne dla zapewnienia prawidłowej eksploatacji statku powietrznego. W artykule opisano metodę pomiarów jakości energii elektrycznej w stanach nieustalonych, a na przykładzie systemu elektroenergetycznego prądu stałego samolotu Su-22 przedstawiono istotę diagnostyki jego sieci w stanach nieustalonych. Zaprezentowano również przykładowe wyniki badań, przeprowadzonych przez autorów, dotyczących zmian parametrów energii elektrycznej w stanach nieustalonych samolotu Su-22, uzyskane w czasie jego wieloletniej eksploatacji.

EN

The paper presents the importance of electricity parameters in transient states for assessing the ability of an aircraft's power grid to self-regulate. It has been shown that the quality of electrical energy of an aircraft's power system is influenced by its operating time. Aging changes resulting from long-term operation of the power system cause deterioration of electrical energy parameters, which directly affects airworthiness and flying safety. Maintaining standard energy parameters in transient states is very important to ensure proper operation of the aircraft. The article describes the method of measuring the quality of electricity in transient states, and using the example of the DC power system of the Su 22 aircraft, the essence of its network diagnostics in transient states is presented. Also presented are sample results of research conducted by the authors regarding changes in electrical energy parameters in transient states of the Su 22 aircraft, obtained during its many years of operation.

2

Susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking of Selected Amorphous Polymer Materials in a Sea-Water Environment

Chomiak Monika, Szymiczek Małgorzata, Sarraj Sara

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 3

1--13

EN

This paper aimed to determine the susceptibility of polycarbonate and polymethylmethacrylate to corrosion cracking under specific operating conditions. The tests included static tensile and flexure, impact strength, and microscopic examination. Due to the synergistic effect of tensile stresses and seawater environment, numerous cracks are observed. Moreover, aging conditions did not significantly reduce the strength properties of the tested specimens; thus, higher resistance to stress corrosion cracking does not have a close relationship with the material's mechanical properties.

3

Embracing cohousing: advancing socio-ecologicalhousing models for the future

Cordeiro Bárbara Abreu, Szczygiel Nina, Dias Ana Alexandra da Costa

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2023

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Vol. 27, No. 2

57--74

EN

The existing challenges posed by sustainability, population aging, and social disconnection demand comprehensive actions from policymakers, organizations, and individuals. Cohousing offers a promising solution as an intelligent, sustainable, and socially oriented housing model that addresses these challenges simultaneously. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the successful creation, development, and management of cohousing communities. Through 19 in-depth interviews with representatives from nine communities across six countries, the data was analyzed using content analysis and the Atlas TI software. The findings stress the importance of raising public awareness, collaborating with policymakers and financial institutions, and involving skilled professionals. Additionally, the study highlights the pivotal role of management in the entire process of establishing and maintaining cohousing communities, as well as shaping their overall strategy.

PL

Istniejące wyzwania związane ze zrównoważonym rozwojem, starzeniem się społeczeństwa i wykluczeniem społecznym wymagają kompleksowych działań ze strony ustawodawców, organizacji i osób prywatnych. Cohousing oferuje obiecujące rozwiązanie jako inteligentny, zrównoważony i zorientowany społecznie model mieszkaniowy, który jednocześnie odpowiada na te wyzwania. Badanie to ma na celu lepsze zrozumienie skutecznego tworzenia, rozwoju i zarządzania społecznościami cohousingowymi. Na podstawie 19 dogłębnych wywiadów z przedstawicielami dziewięciu społeczności z sześciu krajów dane zostały przeanalizowane przy użyciu analizy treści i oprogramowania Atlas TI. Wyniki podkreślają znaczenie podnoszenia świadomości społecznej, współpracy z ustawodawcami i instytucjami finansowymi oraz angażowania wykwalifikowanych specjalistów. Ponadto badanie podkreśla kluczową rolę zarządzania w całym procesie tworzenia i utrzymywania wspólnot cohousingowych, a także kształtowania ich ogólnej strategii.

4

Modelling the age-related decrease in ballistic limit velocity of polycarbonate vision panels using a Johnson-Cook material model coupled with variable failure criteria

Uhlmann Eckart, Polte Mitchel, Bergström Nils, Le Vu Ninh

Journal of Machine Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, No. 3

86--97

EN

Machine tools are equipped with polycarbonate vision panels that allow the operator to observe the machining process and protect him from ejected fragments. Adequate protection is demonstrated by impact tests. However, polycarbonate is subject to aging processes, which diminish the protective performance of such panels. This paper presents an approach for modelling aging effects on the ballistic limit velocity of polycarbonate using Finite Element simulations. A Johnson-Cook material model in conjunction with variable failure criteria was used for the simulations. Aging effects on the ballistic limit velocity were included in the model by adjusting the failure criteria. Material parameters and failure criteria were derived from experimental impact and tensile tests on unaged and aged polycarbonate specimen. The numerical results predict the ballistic limit velocity with a maximum deviation of 0.98%. The model provides a more in-depth understanding of the aging effects on the safety performance of polycarbonate vision panels.

5

Using cognitive models to understand and counteract the effect of self-induced bias on recommendation algorithms

Pawłowska Justyna, Rydzewska Klara, Wierzbicki Adam

Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research

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2023

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Vol. 13, No. 2

73--94

EN

Recommendation algorithms trained on a training set containing sub-optimal decisions may increase the likelihood of making more bad decisions in the future. We call this harmful effect self-induced bias, to emphasize that the bias is driven directly by the user’s past choices. In order to better understand the nature of self-induced bias of recommendation algorithms that are used by older adults with cognitive limitations, we have used agent-based simulation. Based on state-of-the-art results in psychology of aging and cognitive science, as well as our own empirical results, we have developed a cognitive model of an e-commerce client that incorporates cognitive decision-making abilities. We have evaluated the magnitude of self-induced bias by comparing results achieved by simulated agents with and without cognitive limitations due to age. We have also proposed new recommendation algorithms designed to counteract self-induced bias. The algorithms take into account user preferences and cognitive abilities relevant to decision making. To evaluate the algorithms, we have introduced 3 benchmarks: a simple product filtering method and two types of widely used recommendation algorithms: Content-Based and Collaborative filtering. Results indicate that the new algorithms outperform benchmarks both in terms of increasing the utility of simulated agents (both old and young), and in reducing self-induced bias.

6

An assessment of the reliability of CFRP composites used in nodes of friction after impact of UV-A impacts and thermal shocks

Krzyzak Aneta, Racinowski Damian, Szczepaniak Robert, Kosicka Ewelina

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 4

art. no. 174221

EN

This article describes the results of tribological research into epoxy-based composites reinforced with carbon fiber. The composites were subjected to accelerated tests simulating asemi-annual influence of environmental conditions of an elevated temperature, precipitation in combination with an influence of UV-A radiation of 0.83 W/m2 as well as cyclic thermal shocks causing a leap temperature difference of 116.5°C. The process of friction was conducted in conditions of dry friction and wet friction in the presence of water. The authors found apositive influence of a two-month impact of environmental conditions upon increasing wear resistance. They found a reduction in weight in conditions of friction with water. At the same time, a reliability analysis for the same boundary conditions showed an increased risk of critical composite damage. The article indicates areas of safe exploitation of composites and areas of the necessity of withdrawing composites from further exploitation under the assumed environmental and tribological loads.

7

The influence of aging on buckle strength loss in AA5182-H48 for beverage can ends

Kokoszka Paweł, Milenin Andrij

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2023

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Vol. 23, No. 4

5--17

EN

The paper examines the influence of aging on buckling strength loss for aluminum alloy 5182 beverage can ends. In the experimental study, aging took place naturally and artificially. For the buckling strength testing, a special experimental technique was used, which was based on measuring the internal pressure leading to the destruction of the beverage can ends. The experimental results show that the beverage can ends indicate a significant time-dependent buckle strength loss. For example, a year of aging can end at 20°C leading to a decrease in its strength by 5%. Half of this decrease occurs in the first 3–4 weeks. The aging phenomenon also got worse with increasing temperature. It has been found that increasing the aging temperature to 40°C results in an 8% reduction in buckling strength after 4 weeks of aging. The whole life cycle, from its production to the processes it undergoes and storage time, was analyzed. At the same time, tests were carried out for both the input material and the product itself. On this basis, the mechanical properties and their change depending on time or temperature were examined. All specimens made from can end stock (CES) were also found to not show the same drop of mechanical properties as for the buckling of finished ends. The obtained experimental allowed the development of an empirical mathematical model that makes it possible to predict the buckling strength of the can end depending on the conditions of aging and temperature of testing. The present study showed the importance of temperature conditions used in can filling lines in the determination of resistance to changes in buckling for the ends.

8

Influence of Aging Time at 850°C on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of a Cold Rolled 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

Assumpção Raphael França, Fortes Monteiro Jessica C., Campideli Victor Cardoso, Santos Dagoberto, Sicupira Dalila C.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 2

681--688

EN

The effect of aging time at 850°C for 300 s, 600 s, 1800 s, and 84600 s on the microstructural evolution and corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) was studied after cold rolling up to 60% of reduction. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy were used for microstructural characterization. The corrosion behavior was studied by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) and electrochemical impedance technique (EIS) in 3.5% NaCl solution and the susceptibility to sensitization was investigated through the double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (DL-EPR) test in 0.5 M H2SO4 + 0.1 M NaCl + 0.002 M KSCN solution. After cold working, increasing aging time led to an increase in sigma phase precipitation and a decrease in pitting corrosion resistance. However, the ultrafine microstructure had a beneficial influence on the self-healing effect in Cr and Mo depleted areas with the increasing of aging time, resulting in higher passivation ability. The DSS 2205 type was not susceptible to intergranular corrosion for the aged conditions applied.

9

The Influence of Operational Exposure on Changes in Parameters of Effective Camouflage of Coatings Used in Military Technology

Michalski Marek, Pisarek Uszula, Radek Norbert, Przybył Wojciech, Szczepaniak Marcin

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 1

182--196

EN

The paper presents an assessment of the effect of artificial aging conditions on the properties of varnish coating systems used for effective masking of military equipment and the service life of this type of coating protections was determined. As part of the research, operational exposures were simulated in the form of: accelerated corrosion tests in an artificial atmosphere in accordance with PN-EN ISO 12944-6, a continuous condensation environment at elevated temperature in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 6270-2 standard and short-term temperature impact up to 250 °C. The evaluation of the properties was carried out on the basis of measurements of the surface geometric structure and adhesion by the peel-off method. On the other hand, measurements of specular gloss, color in the range of 400-700 nm and reflectance in the range of 350-1200 nm were made in relation to the requirements of the Polish Defence Standard NO-80-A200. The operational durability of the paint coatings was assessed in terms of damage in accordance with PN-EN-ISO 4628.

10

Oxidative Aging Characterization of Pyro-Oil Modified Binders Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Bhagat Nikita Taran, Hadole Hemantkumar Prakash, Ranadive Mahadeo Sambhaji

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 1

140--149

EN

The numerous uses for plastics in various industries have led to an increase in its manufacturing on a global scale over time. The accumulation of plastic waste is a direct result of the daily rise in plastic demand. One of the effective and trending ways of reducing the impact of plastic waste on the environment is to pyrolyze it and use the oil obtained from it as fuel for power generation, heating, extraction of chemicals, or as an asphalt binder modifier. In this study, an attempt was made for the modification of asphalt binder with the oil obtained from plastic waste pyrolysis known as pyro-oil, and to analyse aging properties of the modified binder. This paper deals with the modification of VG30 binder with pyro-oil obtained from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste and the analysing the effect of aging on the modified binders. Pyro-oil is yielded from the pyrolysis process of HDPE at about 750°C. The modified binders were prepared by adding 1%, 2%, and 3% pyro-oil by total weight of VG30. The effect of aging for the unmodified and modified binders was analyzed using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The binders were short term aged and the changes in their chemical functionalities before and after aging were analyzed. Results of the FTIR test were used to calculate functional group indices for evaluating the aging characteristics of the modified binders. It was observed that binder chemistry is influenced by aging.

11

Aminokwasy, glikany, peptydy i białka w ścieżkach diagnostycznych i terapeutycznych chorób cywilizacyjnych XXI wieku : projektowanie i charakterystyka fizykochemiczna oraz strukturalna

Bylińska Irena, Dzierżyńska Maria, Giżyńska Małgorzata, Guzow Katarzyna, Jankowska Elżbieta, Jurczak Przemysław, Kaczyński Zbigniew, Karska Natalia, Kowalczyk Agnieszka, Kuncewicz Katarzyna, Orlikowska Marta, Sawicka Justyna, Spodzieja Marta, Szpakowska Nikola, Szymańska Aneta, Wieczerzak Ewa, Witkowska Julia, Rodziewicz-Motowidło Sylwia

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2022

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[Z] 76, 5-6

393--431

EN

The civilization diseases of the 21st century are non-infectious disorders, affecting a large part of modern society. They are associated with the significant development of industry and technology, and hence with environmental pollution and an unhealthy lifestyle. These factors have led to the development of many civilization diseases, which currently include: cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes, obesity, malignant tumors, gastrointestinal diseases, mental disorders and allergic diseases. The development of technologies, including modern therapies and new drugs, resulted in increase in life expectancy. This creates a global problem of an aging population with an increasing number of diseases of the old age, i.e. dementias. In addition, sedentary lifestyles and changing diets are the reasons why more and more people develop metabolic diseases, as well as neurological and cognitive disorders characterized by progressive damage to nerve cells and dementia. Currently, problem on a global scale is also the growing resistance to existing antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, the scientists face many challenges related to searching for the causes of these diseases, their diagnosis and treatment. Scientific research conducted at the Department of Biomedical Chemistry at the Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Gdańsk is part of this research trend. In this publication, we discuss various research topics with the long-term aim of solving the problems associated with the diseases mentioned above. The following chapters are dedicated to (i) looking for new effective fluorophores with diagnostic and anti-cancer activity; (ii) designing of new compounds with antibacterial and antiviral activity and their synthesis; (iii) investigating the mechanisms of amyloid deposit formation by human cystatin C and possibilities of inhibition of this process; (iv) designing and studies of compounds activating the proteasome with the potential to suppress the development of neurodegenerative diseases; (v) designing peptide fibrils and hydrogels as drug carriers; (vi) searching for peptide inhibitors of immune checkpoint as potential drugs for immunotherapy; (vii) studying the mechanism of action of selected herpesviruses by determining the structure of viral proteins and (viii) studying the composition of natural glycans and glycoconjugates in order to better understand the mechanisms of interaction of bacteria with the environment or with the host.

12

Prediction of long-term performance of thermoplastic composites, based on accelerated aging test results

Siwek Artur, Malinowski Łukasz, Bednarowski Dariusz, Król Julita, Nowak Tomasz

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2022

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Vol. 43, nr 3

32--37

EN

In this paper the results of accelerated aging tests of two grades of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) are presented. The degradation process of the mechanical properties was monitored with the help of 3-point bending test, supported with the results of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements. Based on performed experiments, it can be concluded that the hydrolysis resistant (HR) PBT ages approximately 3 times slower as compared to standard grade. To predict the long-term behaviour of studied materials, the time-temperature superposition concept was applied. The respective shift factors, describing degradation of material properties as a function of time, were derived. It was found that the temperature increases by 10°C and relative humidity (RH) increase by 10% decrease the expected material life time by a factor of 2.5 and 1.3, respectively.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki przyspieszonych testów starzenia dwóch rodzajów poli(tereftalanu butylenu) (PBT). Proces degradacji właściwości mechanicznych monitorowano za pomocą 3-punktowego testu zginania, popartego wynikami pomiarów chromatografii żelowej (GPC). Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że PBT odporny na hydrolizę (HR) starzeje się ok. 3 razy wolniej w porównaniu ze standardową wersją. Aby przewidzieć długoterminowe zachowanie badanych materiałów, zastosowano koncepcję superpozycji czasowo-temperaturowej. Wyprowadzono odpowiednie czynniki przesunięcia opisujące degradację właściwości materiału w funkcji czasu. Stwierdzono, że wzrost temperatury o 10°C i wzrost wilgotności względnej (RH) o 10% zmniejszają przewidywany czas życia materiału o odpowiednio 2,5 i 1,3.

13

Effects of age and gender on spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters in older adults

Tanaka Ryo, Jung Hungu, Yamashina Shunsuke, Inoue Yu, Nakamura Rinna, Toda Haruki, Imura Takeshi, Tamura Hiroyuki

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2022

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Vol. 24, no. 4

13--19

EN

Gait changes are more prominently observed in older adults than in young adults, especially in kinematics of lower extremities and trunk. These changes can result in incidental falls during gait, possibly leading to inability to perform activities of daily living independently. This study aimed to investigate the effect of gender and age on gait changes, such as spatiotemporal parameters and peak joint angles in lower extremities and trunk during gait. Methods: A total of 387 participants (223 women) were included. The Microsoft Kinect V2 sensor was used to obtain the coordinate data of lower extremities and trunk during gait. The coordinate data obtained were processed using the software. Walking speed, stride length, stride time and cadence were calculated as spatiotemporal variables of walking. Forward trunk tilt angle (FTT), hip flexion and extension, and knee flexion and extension were measured as peak angles during one-gait cycle. Participants were categorized into five groups according to age by five years. Multivariate analysis of variance was performed to compare the spatiotemporal and kinematical data among groups. Results: Significant differences among age groups were noted in terms of the walking speed and stride length. Significant differences were also observed in the FTT and hip extension angle. Conclusions: Increased gait changes, increased peak FTT and decreased peak hip extension angle were observed with an increase of age. These altered symptoms may contribute to the screening of older adults at risk of declined physical function at an early stage.

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Raport „Architektura zdrowia. Współczesne tendencje w projektowaniu obiektów związanych z ochroną zdrowia i jakością życia”

Pruszewicz-Sipińska Ewa, Gawlak Agata, Matuszewska Magda, Springer Piotr, Kozaczko Mieczysław

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura, Urbanistyka, Architektura Wnętrz

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2021

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Z. 6

5--19

PL

Niniejszy raport obejmuje wyniki pracy naukowo-badawczej zespołu, którego pracą kieruje dr hab. inż. arch. Ewa Pruszewicz-Sipińska, prof. nadzw. PP. Temat badawczy „Architektura zdrowia. Współczesne tendencje w projektowaniu obiektów związanych z ochroną zdrowia i jakością życia” (10/04/dspb/1143) jest realizowany wieloetapowo od 2015 roku. W raporcie przedstawiono założone cele naukowo-badawcze związane z projektowaniem architektonicznym obiektów ochrony zdrowia oraz innych form zabudowy powiązanych z jakością i komfortem użytkownika przestrzeni. Omówiono przyjętą metodologię oraz efekty badawcze, jednocześnie prognozując ich wdrożenie. Odniesiono się do prac prezentowanych na łamach czasopism naukowych o zasięgu światowym opublikowanych w latach 2000-2015 i opierając się na wynikach najnowszych badań, zaprezentowano genezę, zasady i skutki Evidence-based Design (EBD). Praca badawcza zespołu ma o tyle istotne znaczenie, że stanowi zebranie wiedzy z dziedziny, która w bardzo małym stopniu jest popularyzowana w polskich czasopismach naukowych, a ostatnie lata badań wskazują na znaczący potencjał w stosowaniu procesów EBD w projektowaniu architektonicznym szpitali. Wieloletnie badania naukowe potwierdzają jednoznacznie wpływ zastosowanych rozwiązań architektonicznych, w tym funkcjonalno-przestrzennych, na proces zdrowienia pacjentów, ich komfort [Urlich i in. 2008: 53] oraz samopoczucie i wydajność personelu [Urlich i in. 2008: 45]. Świadome korzystanie z osiągnięć naukowych przez osoby zarządzające w ochronie zdrowia oraz w planowaniu na poziomie również legislacyjnym może stać się impulsem do lepszego wykorzystania potencjału, jaki ma zarówno sam budynek, jak i otaczający go teren. Ma to szczególne znaczenie, jeśli chodzi o rosnące wymagania pacjentów dotyczące opieki medycznej, w tym komfortu pobytu w szpitalu. Prowadzone badania uwzględniają w równym stopniu oczekiwania i potrzeby trzech grup użytkowników przestrzeni szpitali, tj. pacjentów, personelu (medycznego i niemedycznego) oraz osób odwiedzających. Część badań poświęcono istotnemu globalnie zjawisku związanemu ze starzeniem się społeczeństw, zmianą struktury społecznej miast i w konsekwencji zmianom potrzeb przestrzennych ich mieszkańców. Jednak mówiąc o srebrnej generacji – pokoleniu, które stawia przed nami nowe wyzwania mieszkaniowe, nie myślimy w sposób konwencjonalny. Problematyka projektowania dla osób starszych i niepełnosprawnych od niemal wieku jest podejmowana przez badaczy i projektantów. Obecnie nauka ta wymaga nie tyle dalszego rozwinięcia, co radykalnej zmiany punktu widzenia. Tą pożądaną zmianą jest weryfikacja i zdefiniowanie na nowo osoby starszej według jej potrzeb przestrzennych czy społecznych, ale i aspiracji. W tym nowym aspekcie osobami starszymi, dla których należy zredefiniować przestrzeń mieszkalną, są osoby wciąż młode, które zestarzeją się dopiero za jakiś czas.

EN

The aim to achieve state of the art technological solutions in architectural design should be accompanied by a care for the well-being of the patient, as the object of the architect’s creative endeavors. Long-term scientific studies confirm the unequivocal impact of the adopted architectural solutions, including functional and spatial solutions, on patients’ healing process, their comfort [Urlich et al. 2008: 53], and the well-being and efficiency of the staff [Urlich et al. 2008: 45]. Conscious implementation of such scientific achievements by healthcare administrative personnel and favorable legislative planning may become a contribution to a better use of the potential of the building and its surrounding premises. It has become especially important nowadays, as the awareness and the expectations of patients and staff with regard to healthcare are growing, including their expectations with regard to the comfort of their stay at the hospital.

15

Female migrants - the issues of advancing age

Nova Monika

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2021

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z. 151

493--500

EN

Purpose: The paper addresses the subject of female migrants who are on the threshold of old age or already old, and who live in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. The author attempted to depict the process of aging through the eyes of the female migrants themselves, persons concerned with the migrants and the professional community as such. The effort was supposed to disclose specific features of women’s life. Design/methodology/approach: The background research applied the qualitative method and the relevant information was obtained using the technique of interviews. Our research was built on hypothesis that the elderly female migrants will constitute (and in fact already constitute) a fast growing group of population. This hypothesis is supported by statistical data on naturalized migrants and on their changing age patterns. Though the elderly migrants are still few in numbers when compared with the overall number of newly coming immigrants, they should be paid closer attention by government agencies and the non-profit sector and the attention should encompass both the conceptual framework and the practical aspects. Media attention, previously devoted to the elderly migrants, is now distracted by the themes of global migration and by the predicament of refugees. Findings: Their advanced age disadvantages the elderly on the labor market despite the qualifications and a vast pool of professional experience that they gained during their stay in the host country. Pushed by their precarious economic situation and an inborn cast of mind, the people remain active, and even as seniors they seek new jobs, often beneath their qualifications. Research limitations/implications: As the female participants in our research told us, throughout their entire stay in emigration they were feeling guilty toward the people they left back home while themselves were privileged with a life of better quality abroad. These observations testify to the importance of psychological and social assistance that should be provided by the receiving country. Practical implications: Asked about their plans for returning to the home country, the women expressed worries about getting only low pensions because of the insufficient number of years worked there. Social implications: Though we think it important to highlight the painful experiences of migrants, our research results by no means indicate that the women perceive themselves as "victims". On the contrary, the research painted a picture of exceptionally strong and determined ladies. We believe that the stories and reflections of our research participants can be very useful for the receiving country and more than interesting for many persons coming into contact with immigrants - employyers, regional administrators and the public generally. Originality/value: The situation mentioned above is influenced by the short history of migration to the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. Making just a slight simplification we can say that the age of retirement is reached chiefly by women who arrived to the newly reestablished democracies in the early waves of immigrants after 1989. Having the opportunity of dealing with female migrants in detail, we have also tried to identify the pitfalls (long-time hidden) of the currently applied integration policies.

16

Application of the oak wood chips in brewing®

Bajerski Mateusz, Klimczak Krystian, Cioch-Skoneczny Monika

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2021

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nr 1

124--129

EN

Oak chips are finely shredded oak fragments, which were toasted under strictly controlled conditions. They are produced in various grammages and degrees of toasting. Chips can be divided into natural, light, medium and heavily toasted. Their size affects how quickly ingredients are being released from them. The aim of the article is to present issues related to the application of oak chips in brewing, as an alternative to the oak barrels usage. The description presents information regarding the influence of the oak chips addition on the final profile of the drink and also characterizes the processes that take place during aging.

PL

Płatki dębowe to drobno poszatkowane szczapy dębowe, które zostały upieczone w ściśle kontrolowanych warunkach. Produkowane są w różnej gramaturze i stopniu opieczenia. Wyróżnia się płatki naturalne, lekko, średnio i mocno opiekane. Rozmiar zrębków wpływa na szybkość wydobywania się z nich składników. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie zagadnień związanych z zastosowaniem płatków dębowych w piwowarstwie, jako alternatywy dla wykorzystania beczek dębowych. W opisie przedstawiono informacje dotyczące wpływu dodatku zrębków dębowych na końcowy profil napoju, scharakteryzowano również procesy zachodzące podczas leżakowania piwa.

17

Coup de fouet effect in estimating battery state of health

Ryś Piotr Andrzej, Kaczor Krzysztof, Lipkowski Jacek, Piszcz Michał, Biczel Piotr, Siekierski Maciej

Journal of Power Technologies

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2021

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Vol. 101, nr 2

112--126

EN

The coup de fouet phenomenon (crack of the whip) is a dip in the discharge voltage observable during the first minutes of the discharge period of a lead acid battery, followed by a transient recovery. This leads to the formation of an interim plateau transforming later into a typical discharge curve characteristic of a galvanic cell. The phenomenon was considered as a basis for a state-of-health (SoH) assessment, where the depth of the dip was used to measure the battery’s SoH. However, the validation process showed the two variables lacked clear correlation, mandating a revision of this approach. Therefore an attempt to correlate certain aging processes to the behavior of the cell of interest associated with the presence of the coup de fouet phenomenon was attempted for a set of diverse lead-acid battery designs. A set of estimators based on the coup de fouet was devised and their relation to the aging processes was explored and described. The research led to the conclusion that there is a direct relation between the coup de fouet and sulfation. This relation is best defined by Δ τplateau - the time taken between the voltage reaching the lowest point of the dip and then reaching the highest observable plateau voltage.

18

Arterial blood flow waveform shapes – their original quantification and importance in chosen aspects of physiology and psychology: A review

Gólczewski Tomasz

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 41, no. 4

1418--1435

EN

Arterial blood flow waveform shape (ABFWS) analysis is usually employed in vessels diagnosis. This review presents links between ABFWS and some other physiological and psychological aspects. ABFWS for brachial and common carotid arteries is quantified with a Waveform Age (WA) index. WA well correlates with calendar age (CA): r = 0.79 and 0.88 for carotid and brachial arteries, respectively. The mean (expected) WA for a particular CA is equal to it. WA depends on blood flow wave reflections: WA is older for lower reflections (smaller flow pulsatility). An upper death limit of WA seems to exist; hypertension in the elderly may be a defense mechanism protecting against exceeding this limit. Relationships between WA and heart rate, fatigue and cognitive functions are most interesting. Regardless of breathing pattern, respiratory induced changes of heart rate are strongly correlated with WAs that were 1.7 s earlier (r = 0.87). Fatigue is associated with WA increase (p < 0.002); in a way, fatigue accompanies aging or temporary mimics it. WA is significantly lower than CA in persons with high intelligence quotient and significantly higher in patients with intellectual disability of unknown etiology (p < 0.000001). WA relatively well correlates with Matrices Tests scores (r = 0.65 for a linear combination of WAs for all the four arteries; 42 students, 16 yrs, the same social and educational levels). ABFW-Sdependent production of vasoactive substances (including nitric oxide being also a neurotransmitter) by endothelium, might be responsible for those surprising relationships. ABFWS can be treated, though only to some extent, as a kind of Damasio’s somatic markers.

19

Effect of Cooling Rate on the Precipitation Characteristics of Cast Al-Si-Cu Alloy

Okayasu M., Sahara N., Touda M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, iss. 4

55--60

EN

The influence of the cooling rate on the extent of precipitation hardening of cast aluminum alloy (ADC12) was investigated experimentally. This study explored the cooling rate of the solidification of Cu in the α-Al phase to improve the mechanical properties of ADC12 after an aging process (Cu based precipitation hardening). The solid solution of Cu occurred in the α-Al phases during the casting process at cooling rates exceeding 0.03°C/s. This process was replaced with a solid solution process of T6 treatments. The extent of the solid solution varied depending on the cooling rate; with a higher cooling rate, a more extensive solid solution was formed. For the cast ADC12 alloy made at a high cooling rate, high precipitation hardening occurred after low-temperature heating (at 175°C for 20 h), which improved the mechanical properties of the cast Al alloys. However, the low-temperature heating at the higher temperature for a longer time decreased the hardness due to over aging.

20

Investigation of the process of adsorption of heavy metals in coastal sands containing micro-plastics, with special attention to the effect of aging process and bacterial spread in micro-plastics

Seyfi Sara, Katibeh Homayoun, Heshami Monireh

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 3

50--59

EN

The chief purpose of this study is to investigate the process of adsorption of heavy metals in sands containing microplastics due to aging and bacterial culture. For this purpose, first, the experiment’s conditions were determined by reviewing previous studies and examining the effects of factors on the duration of bacterial culture and UV radiation. Finally, the test conditions were determined as follows: 25 g of adsorbent in 250 ml solution containing 50 mg/l of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, and nickel, 750 micrograms of microplastic, bacterial culture time two days, aging time with UV light 14 days. Results of the study show that the addition of virgin microplastics has little effected on increasing the adsorbent strength, except in the case of nickel which reduces adsorption strength. The aging process increases the absorption of all studied metals by up to 60%. Bacterial culture without an aging process reduces the absorption of nickel and cadmium. Simultaneous use of bacterial culture and aging increases the adsorption power by up to 80% for all metals.