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1

GC-MS Analysis of n-hexane extracts of Marine Seagrass Posidonia oceanica leaves, rhizomes and roots Collected from Benghazi beach Libya

Elabbar Fakhri, Alasply Abdulsalam

Scientiae Radices

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2024

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Vol. 3, Iss. 1

1--8

EN

Posidonia oceanica seagrass is endemic to the Mediterranean, and has very little information about volatile organic compounds. The plant was collected from Garyounis Beach in Benghazi, east of Libya, in September 2019. Plant parts, leaves, rhizomes, and roots were extracted using a Soxhlet extractor with Hexane. The compounds were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. the extract's chemical constituents were de-convoluted using AMDIS software (www.amdis.net), and the mass spectra of the compounds spectra were explained by fragmentation pattern and matched to authentic standard spectra from Wiley and the NSIT Library database. The results revealed sixteen compounds, dominated by nine long-chain hydrocarbons, three long-chain fatty acids, and a single long-chain ketone. This is the first discovery of 3-ethyl-5-(2ethyl-butyl-octadecane, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one, phytol, and phytyl acetate from this plant.

2

Influence of distillation time and distillation apparatus on the chemical composition and quality of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil

Wesołowska Aneta, Jadczak Dorota, Zyburtowicz Karolina

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2023

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Vol. 25, nr 4

36--43

EN

In the study, the influence of distillation time as well as distillation apparatus on the chemical composition and quality of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) essential oil were investigated. Two different types of distillation apparatuses: Deryng (popular in Poland) and Clevenger-type (recommended by European Pharmacopoeia) were used for the isolation of the essential oil from dried lavender flowers (Lavandulae flos). Moreover, different distillation times (2, 3 and 4 hours) were also applied. The chemical composition of the isolated oils, determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealed the dominance of linalool (11.55–17.19%) and linalyl acetate (12.84–16.78%) in the all analyzed samples. Other important constituents were: caryophyllene oxide (5.66–7.35%), lavandulyl acetate (4.64–5.40%) and borneol (4.62–5.51%). On the basis of the obtained data it was proved that the distillation time and distillation apparatus affect the amounts of some constituents in the lavender oil.

3

Analysis of quantitative and qualitative extractive components extracted from hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and yakal (Shorea astylosa Foxw.) wood

Sierant Dominik, Szadkowska Dominka

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2022

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No. 117

63--73

EN

The aim of the study was analysis of quantitative and qualitative extractive components extracted from hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and yakal (Shorea astylosa Foxw.) wood. Two wood species similar to each other in terms of microscopic structure and physical properties, the native wood of Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and the yakal wood (Shorea astylosa Foxw.) endemic to the Philippines, which is still little understood, were investigated. Wood is a material composed mainly of polymers called lignocellulose which includes: (cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses), but also contains many extractive and mineral substances. . The extractive content of wood in temperate climates is approximately for up to 5% by weight of wood. Their identification is difficult because of the wide variety and multiplicity of compounds present. However, extractive compounds are important for the resistance of trees and wood to biological agents such as fungal infestation or insect infestation. Usually the zones of dead wood (heartwood or cored wood) are characterized by a higher content of extractives. The understanding of the chemical composition of extractives in wood can contribute to the development of wood preservative products and environmentally friendly and would be part of the green chemistry policy.

PL

Celem pracy była analiza ilościowa i jakościowa składników ekstrakcyjnych wyekstrahowanych z drewna grabu (Carpinus betulus L.) i drewna jakalu (Shorea astylosa Foxw.). Badaniom poddano dwa podobne do siebie pod względem budowy mikroskopowej i właściwości fizycznych gatunki drewna, rodzime drewno grabu (Carpinus betulus L.) oraz drewno endemicznego gatunku występującego na Filipinach yakalu (Shorea astylosa Foxw.), który jest wciąż mało poznany. Drewno jest materiałem składającym się głównie z polimerów zwanych lignocelulozą, w skład których wchodzą: (celuloza, lignina i hemicelulozy), ale zawiera również wiele substancji ekstrakcyjnych i mineralnych. . Zawartość ekstraktów w drewnie w klimacie umiarkowanym wynosi około do 5% suchej masy drewna. Ich identyfikacja jest trudna ze względu na dużą różnorodność i mnogość występujących związków. Związki ekstrakcyjne są jednak ważne dla odporności drzew i drewna na czynniki biologiczne, takie jak infekcje grzybów lub owadów. Zazwyczaj strefy martwego drewna (twardziel lub drewno rdzeniowe) charakteryzują się większą zawartością ekstraktów. Poznanie składu chemicznego substancji ekstrakcyjnych w drewnie może przyczynić się do opracowania produktów do konserwacji drewna, które byłyby przyjazne dla środowiska i wpisywałyby się w politykę zielonej chemii.

4

Wykorzystanie chromatografii gazowej połączonej ze spektrometrią mas (GC-MS) do analizy lipidów wytwarzanych przez stawonogi

Chajduk Marek, Stepnowski Piotr, Gołębiowski Marek

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

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2022

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nr 3

4--9

PL

Dzięki metodzie GC-MS możliwa jest identyfikacja poszczególnych lipidów z wieloskładnikowej mieszaniny związków organicznych pozyskanej z badanych przedstawicieli stawonogów.

5

Response surface methodology for optimization studies of hydro-distillation of essential oil from pixie mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) peels

Tan Phat Dao, Ngo Thi Cam Quyen, Tran Thi Yen Nhi, Chi Cuong Nguyen, Trung Thanh Nguyen, Xuan Tien Le

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2021

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Vol. 23, nr 4

26--34

EN

Essential oil extraction technique from mandarin pixie peels by hydro-distillation is optimized by respon-se surface methodology (RSM). Mathematical techniques were used in experimental design to evaluate the impacts of factors that affect the extraction process and improve the yield of the extraction process. A central mixed design based on infl uencing variables such as water ratio (3–5 mL/g), temperature (110–130° C) and extraction time (90–150 min) was adopted with essential oil yield as the target func-tion. Correlation analysis of the mathematical regression model showed that the quadratic polynomial model can be used to optimize hydro-distillation of pixie mandarin oil. The results showed that under the optimum extraction conditions, the highest quantity of essential oils was achieved (7.28 mL/100 g materials). In terms of statistical analysis, the signifi cance levels (p-value <0.05) of the model showed that the experimental results had a good impact between factors. The coeffi cient of determination indicating the match between the experimental value and the predicted value of the model was high (R2>0.9). The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, revealing the dominance of limonene content (97.667%), which implies that the essential oil of pixie mandarin could be an alternative source of limonene.

6

Growth Kinetics and Toxicity of Pseudomonas fredriksbergsis Grown on Phenol as Sole Carbon Source

Aljbour Salah H., Khleifat Khaled M., Al Tarawneh Amjad, Asasfeh Batool, Qaralleh Haitham, El-Hasan Tayel, Magharbeh Mousa K., Al-Limoun Muhamad O.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 10

251--263

EN

Phenol is one of the main pollutants that have a serious impact on the environment and can even be very critical to human health. The biodegradation of phenol can be considered an increasingly important pollution control process. In this study, the degradation of phenol by Pseudomonas fredriksbergsis was investigated for the first time under different growth conditions. Six different initial concentrations of phenol were used as the primary substrate. Culture conditions had an important effect on these cells' ability to biodegrade phenol. The best growth of this organism and its highest biodegradation level of phenol were noticed at pH 7, temperature 28 °C, and periods of 36 and 96 h, respectively. The highest biodegradation rate was perceived at 700 mg/L initial phenol concentration. Approximately 90% of the phenol (700 mg/L) was removed in less than 96 hours of incubation time. It was found that the Haldane model best fitted the relationship between the specific growth rate and the initial phenol concentration, whereas the phenol biodegradation profiles time could be adequately described by the modified Gompertz model. The parameters of the Haldane equation are: 0.062 h−1, 11 ppm, and 121 ppm for Haldane’s maximum specific growth rate, the half-saturation coefficient, and the Haldane’s growth kinetics inhibition coefficient, respectively. The Haldane equation fitted the experimental data by minimizing the sum of squared error (SSR) to 1.36×10-3.

7

Degradation of amine solvents used for CO2 removal from flue gas with high CO2 concentration

Wilk Andrzej, Spietz Tomasz, Więcław-Solny Lucyna, Krótki Aleksander, Tarnowska Justyna

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2021

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Vol. 14, no. 1

115--124

EN

In the ethanolamine (MEA) solution, during the absorption and desorption of CO2 undesired compounds are produced as a result of degradation of an amine. Degradation not only reduces the absorption capacity of the solution but also leads to many operational problems. Furthermore, measuring of the degradation products is of great importance in terms of environmental issues. For the determination ofMEA degradation products, mainly chromatographic techniques are used, sometimes coupled with other instrumental methods, e.g. GC-MS. As a part of this work, research was conducted to identifyMEA thermal and oxidative degradation products and to develop a method for quantitative analysis of the main thermal degradation products such as OZD, HEIA and HEEDA and oxidative degradation products: HEA and HEI. Samples drawn from a test bench for CO2 capture from synthetic flue gas with an increased content of carbon dioxide were tested. As a research result, a method for the quantitative determination of the main degradation products was developed, the concentrations of degradation products and the rate of their formation were determined, which allows to qualify the solution shelf life.

8

Study on discrimination of different grades of rapeseed oil based on flavor fingerprint

Chen Tong, Liu Chunyou, Chen Bin, Huang Yongchun

Acta Chromatographica

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2021

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Vol. 33, no. 3

295--301

EN

In this work, Gas chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with solid phase micro-extraction technology was used to analyze the difference of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in rapeseed oil of different grades, and the relationship between changes of VOCs and refining process were also investigated in order to construct a non-linear model, which could realize rapid and accurate discrimination of different grade rapeseed oils. 124 rapeseed oil samples with different grades were collected and analyzed by GC-MS technology and 55 VOCs were identified and selected as variables to characterize the internal quality information of rapeseed oils. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to extract useful features and reduce data dimensionality, and finally a discriminant model was built using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithm. The correct recognition rate of sample set was close to 94.59%. The results showed that the proposed method is promising in discriminating different grades of vegetable oils. Besides, it provides a theoretical basis for studying the relationship between VOCs composition and vegetable oil quality.

9

Hydrocarbon species in SI and HCCI engine using winter grade commercial gasoline

Elghawi Usama, Mayouf Ahmed, Tsolakis Athanasios

Combustion Engines

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2020

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R. 59, nr 1

17--24

EN

The study provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the C5-C11 hydrocarbon species generated in Spark Ignition - Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (SI/HCCI) gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine at range of operating conditions. The presented results and data were obtained from the combustion of winter grade commercial gasoline containing 2% w/w ethanol (C2H5OH) for the engine operated in steady-state, fully warmed-up condition. The hydrocarbon analysis in exhaust gases was executed on a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) apparatus directly connected to the engine exhaust via heated line. The highest concentration of the total hydrocarbon emissions was obtained under low load HCCI engine operation at stoichiometric fuel-air ratio. The major hydrocarbon compounds detected in the collected samples were benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and naphthalene. Benzene originates from the incomplete combustion of toluene and other alkylbenzenes which are of considerable environmental interest. During the SI engine operation, increase of the engine speed and load resulted in the increase of benzene and the total olefinic species with simultaneous decrease in isopentane and isooctane. The same trends are seen with the engine operating under HCCI mode, but since the combustion temperature is always lower than SI mode under the same engine conditions, the oxidation of fuel paraffin in the former case was less. As a result, the total olefins and benzene levels in HCCI mode were lower than the corresponding amount observed in SI mode. Aromatic compounds (e.g., toluene), except for benzene, were produced at lower levels in the exhaust when the engine speed and load for both modes were increased.

10

Persistance of TNT Traces in the Presence of Compounds from Battery Cells

Pawłowski Wojciech, Karpińska Monika, Razarenkow-Pawłowska Katarzyna

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2020

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Vol. 17, no. 2

280--295

EN

Nowadays, laboratory forensic examinations are based on elaborated and verified protocols, allowing for quite precise identification of the type of explosive used in post blast residues. Non-degraded explosives persist in trace quantities mainly on the broken components of explosive devices. Due to this, special care must be taken in order to prevent destruction of minute quantities of explosive material during examination. Apparently quite a big problem is caused by components of electrical cells being the source of reactive chemical compounds that affect the level of identified traces of explosives. The present paper describes the influence of substances present in alkaline batteries cells and Leclanché cells on the decomposition of trace amounts of TNT. Reaction of TNT with battery components was conducted in solution at room as well as the temperature of boiling methanol. Quantitative analysis of the decrease in TNT levels in methanol extracts was carried out by means of GC/MS.

11

The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS

Szadkowska Dominika, Szadkowski Jan

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2020

|

No. 111

32--36

EN

The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS. The aim of the study was to develop the method of analysis by gas chromatography of the liquid obtained after extraction with cyclohexane of wood of different poplar varieties (Populus sp.). After applying an appropriate method, the application of gas chromatography with mass detector facilitates the analysis of the chemical composition of extracts from different types of lignocellulosic biomass. It is also possible to verify included compounds as well as to compare the content of individual compounds contained in the analysed sample. Moreover, this sample will make it possible to determine the significance of the influence of given substances on biofuel production processes based on lignocellulosic materials. One of the key chemical substances influencing the process of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are extraction substances contained in lignocellulose materials used in 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels. These compounds can inhibit the whole process of producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass.

PL

Analiza chromatograficzna ekstraktów z drewna topoli (Populus sp.)- układanie programu GC-MS. Celem pracy było opracowanie metodyki przeprowadzania analizy przy pomocy chromatografii gazowej cieczy pozyskanej po ekstrakcji za pomocą cykloheksanu drewna różnych odmian topoli (Populus sp.). Zastosowanie chromatografii gazowej z detektorem mas (GC-MS) umożliwia po zastosowaniu odpowiedniej metody na analizę składu chemicznego ekstraktów z różnych rodzajów biomasy lignocelulozowej oraz weryfikacje związków w niej występującej, a także porównanie zawartości poszczególnych związków w analizowanej próbce, co umożliwi określenie istotności wpływu danych substancji na procesy wytwarzania biopaliw w oparciu o materiały lignocelulozowe. Jednymi z kluczowych substancji chemicznych wpływających na proces hydrolizy enzymatycznej oraz fermentacji są substancje ekstrakcyjne zawarte w materiałach lignocelulozowych wykorzystywanych w biopaliwach 2 i 3 generacji. Związki te mogą inhibitować cały proces wytwarzania biopaliw z biomasy lignocelulozowej.

12

Gas chromatographic determination of phenol in fish tissues as a phenyl acetate derivative following solvent extraction of acidified samples

Kim H., Kim Y., Park S., Lee J., Choi J.

Acta Chromatographica

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2020

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Vol. 32, no. 1

64--67

EN

This study aimed to develop a chromatographic method to quantitatively determine phenol in fish tissues. This method involves solvent extraction of acidified samples, followed by derivatization to phenyl acetate and analysis with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Phenol in a representative tissue sample (belly, gill, or renal tubules), which was homogenized with 2 N sulfuric acid, was extracted with ethyl acetate and derivatized to phenyl acetate using acetic anhydride and K2CO3 in water. An n-butyl acetate extract was injected into the GC–MS. The linearity (r2) of the calibration curve was greater than 0.996. The analytical repeatability, which is expressed as the relative standard deviation, was less than 6.14%, and the recovery was greater than 96.3%. The method detection limit and the limit of quantitation were 8.0 μg/kg and 26 μg/kg, respectively. The proposed method is also applicable to the analysis of other biological tissues for phenol and its analogs, such as pentachlorophenol.

13

Development and validation of a GC–MS method for the simultaneous determination of acetochlor, fluorochloridone, and pendimethalin in a herbicide emulsifiable concentrate formulation

Wang Dandan, Wu Shengde

Acta Chromatographica

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2020

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Vol. 32, no. 4

238--241

EN

This paper describes a rapid method to simultaneously determine acetochlor, fluorochloridone and pendimethalin present in a herbicide emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Selected ion monitoring mode was performed to increase the sensitivity, with dibutyl phthalate as an internal standard. The method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, and stability. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a TG-5 MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) with helium as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Calibration curves were linear over 2.0–20.0 μg/mL for each analyte, and the limit of quantification was below 20 ng/mL. Good performance in terms of recovery ranging from 94.5% to 102.5% at 3 concentration levels proved excellent accuracy. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations for 6 replicate measurements were always less than 5%. The developed method is simple and efficient for the routine determination of the ternary mixtures in a compound herbicide EC formulation product.

14

Composition of leaf and flower essential oil of Myrica gale L.

Wawrzyńczak Karolina, Jakiel Alicja, Kalemba Danuta

Biotechnology and Food Science

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2019

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Vol. 83, nr 1

87--96

EN

Myrica gale L. leaves were collected from two plantations in Poland and flowers from one plantation. Essential oil yield and composition were assessed according to plantation site and leaf development stage. Main components of essential oils were: 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, limonene, selina-3(7)-diene, and (E)-nerolidol. It is proven that senescent leaves are valuable source of essential oil.

15

Utlenianie 4- i 5-pierścieniowych węglowodorów w obecności węgla aktywnego

Włodarczyk-Makuła M.

Quarterly of Environmental Engineering and Design

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2018

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Vol. 170 (50)

4--17

PL

Celem pracy było określenie podatności na rozkład 4- i 5-pierścieniowych WWA podczas procesu utleniania oraz podczas procesu utleniania i adsorpcji prowadzonych symultanicznie. Badania technologiczne prowadzono z wykorzystaniem biologicznie oczyszczonych ścieków koksowniczych. Utlenianie prowadzono ditlenkiem diwodoru, natomiast adsorpcję – z wykorzystaniem węgla aktywnego. Wielopierścieniowe węglowodory aromatyczne analizowano za pomocą układu złożonego z chromatografu gazowego i spektrometru masowego. Badania prowadzono przy stałej wartości pH środowiska reakcji i stałej temperaturze. Efektywność degradacji badanych węglowodorów w warunkach utleniania była w zakresie od 4 do 42%. W przypadku symultanicznego utleniania i adsorpcji na węglu aktywnym stopień usunięcia WWA wahał się od 17 do 81% w zależności od węglowodoru.

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the removal of 4- and 5-rings of PAHs during oxidation process and during oxidation and adsorption simultaneous processes. Technological research was conducted with the use of biologically purified coking wastewater. Oxidation was carried out with dihydrogen peroxide. The adsorption process with activated carbon was carried out. Quantitative and qualitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer system were done. Research was conducted at constant pH of reaction condition and constant temperature. The oxidation efficiency of the tested hydrocarbons under oxidation conditions ranged from 4 to 42%. In the condition simultaneous oxidation process and adsorption on activated carbon, the PAHs removal ranged from 17 to 81%.

16

Występowanie mikrozanieczyszczeń z makrogrupy PPCPs w wodzie basenowej

Lempart A., Kudlek E., Dudziak M.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2018

|

Vol. 12, No. 1

169--176

PL

Utrzymywanie mikrobiologicznej jakości wody basenowej, mające na celu zahamowania rozprzestrzeniania się zakażeń i chorób, jest priorytetem dla wszystkich właścicieli i zarządców basenów. Istnieje wiele środków dezynfekcyjnych stosowanych w basenach, które mogą potencjalnie powodować produkcję szerokiej gamy ubocznych produktów dezynfekcji (DBP). Mikrozanieczyszczenia te powstają na skutek reakcji z organicznymi i nieorganicznymi substancjami wprowadzanymi na obiekty przez ich użytkowników. Oprócz wielu ubocznych produktów dezynfekcji, w wodzie basenowej współcześnie identyfikowane są również mikrozanieczyszczenia z makrogrupy PPCPs (ang. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products). Przeprowadzone w pracy chromatograficzne analizy jakościowe wody pobranej z niecki basenu szkolnego wykazały obecność ponad 100 różnych mikrozanieczyszczeń, niezidentyfikowanych dotychczas w tym środowisku, m.in. leków, hormonów, witamin, domieszek przemysłowych czy też składników kosmetyków. Do identyfikacji związków zastosowano metodę chromatografii gazowej z detekcją mas GC-MS z jonizacją elektronową poprzedzoną ekstrakcją do fazy stałej SPE (ang. Solid Phase Extraction).

EN

Maintaining the microbial water quality in order to inhibit the spread of infections and diseases is the priority for every swimming pool owners and managers. There is a number of disinfectants that have been used for swimming pool, which potentially produce a wide range of disinfection by-products (DBPs). These micropollutants are produced by reaction with organic and inorganic matter entering swimming pools by their users. Besides DBPs there are many others micropollutants from PPCPs macro group (Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products) that are nowadays identified in swimming pool water. This article describes research conducted on the school swimming pool water. Qualitative chromatographic analysis have shown the presence of more than 100 micropollutants that have not been identified in these environment yet, including medicines, hormones, vitamins, industrial admixtures or cosmetic ingredients. Gas chromatography with GC-MS detection and electron ionization followed by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) was used to identify the compounds.

17

Termograwimetria i analiza gazowa. Cz. 4, TGA-GC/MS

Fedelich N.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2018

|

R. 23, nr 6

10--15

PL

Termowaga, połączona z odpowiednim systemem analizy uwalnianych gazów (EGA – Evolved Gas Analysis), oprócz czysto ilościowych informacji o zmianach masy, pozwala także na uzyskanie informacji jakościowych o gazowych produktach reakcji lub rozkładu powstających w eksperymencie TGA. W czwartym artykule tej serii dyskutujemy połączenie TGA z systemem chromatografu gazowego/spektrometru masowego (GC/MS).

18

Removal of PAHs from municipal wastewater during the third stage of treatment

Włodarczyk-Makuła M., Wiśniowska E.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

|

2018

|

T. 21, nr 2

143--154

EN

The investigations were carried out using wastewater received from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The samples of wastewater were primarily characterized for concentration of selected physicochemical parameters. Next, a standard mixture of PAHs was added to the samples. Chemical oxidation process was performed using two doses of hydrogen peroxide. Changes in concentration of PAHs were determined in the wastewater samples before addition of the chemical reagent and after the oxidation process. A quantitative analysis of PAHs was provided by GC-MS. The extraction of organic matrices from the wastewater samples was performed using a mixture of organic solvents: methanol, cyclohexane and dichloromethane. The extracts were separated from samples, purified on silica gel and concentrated under nitrogen stream. Concentrations of 16 PAHs according to EPA were determined. The detection limit ranged from 0.14 to 0.59 μg/L. Total concentration of 16 PAHs in wastewater sampled from the treatment plant were 1.4 μg/L on average. Total concentration of 16 PAHs in wastewater with the standard mixture was 561 μg/L on average. A decrease in PAHs concentration was observed in the samples after chemical oxidation process. Addition of hydrogen peroxide resulted in a decrease of 16 PAHs concentration in wastewater coming from the wastewater treatment plant to 61÷74%. The efficiency of hydrocarbons removal, grouped according to the number of rings, ranged from 35 to 90%.

PL

Celem badań było określenie efektywności usuwania WWA ze ścieków podczas ich doczyszczania. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zmian ilościowych WWA w poddawanych utlenianiu ściekach komunalnych oczyszczonych odpływających z miejskiej oczyszczalni ścieków. Oczyszczalnia pracuje jako mechaniczno-biologiczna z chemicznym usuwaniem fosforu. Badania prowadzono po wprowadzeniu do ścieków oczyszczanych dodatkowej ilości WWA w postaci standardowej mieszaniny. Następnie prowadzono proces utleniania zanieczyszczeń organicznych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zmian w stężeniu WWA, z wykorzystaniem nadtlenku wodoru. Utleniacz stosowano w postaci 30% roztworu w dawkach wynoszących 2,5 i 5 mg/dm3. Efektywność usuwania WWA określano z uwzględnieniem zawartości początkowej badanych związków oraz dodanej w postaci wzorca. Analizowano stężenia 16 WWA zgodnie z listą EPA. Oznaczenia jakościowo-ilościowe prowadzono z wykorzystaniem chromatografu gazowego ze spektrometrem masowym. W procesie utleniania odnotowano znaczny spadek stężenia badanych WWA w ściekach. Ubytek sumarycznej ilości WWA w ściekach wzbogaconych WWA był w zakresie od 61 do 74%, lecz dla poszczególnych węglowodorów efektywność usunięcia wahała się od 35 do 90%.

19

Wykorzystanie procesu elektroutleniania anodowego oraz koagulacji do podczyszczania zwrotnego płynu szczelinującego

Kucharska M. A., Ładyńska J. A., Mierzejewski H., Naumczyk J. H.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2018

|

Nr 7

263--268

PL

W prezentowanej pracy zaproponowano dwustopniowy proces usuwania związków organicznych w zwrotnym płynie szczelinującym w oparciu o proces koagulacji i elektroutleniania anodowego. Maksymalny stopień zmniejszania wartości ChZT - 76.7% uzyskano w przypadku FeCl3 przy pH 6,0 dla dawki 1250 mg/l Fe3+. Przy pH 8,5 był on słabszy - 62,8% (dawka 1000 mg/l Fe3+), ale objętość osadu pokoagulacyjnego była dwukrotnie mniejsza niż przy pH 6,0. Sumaryczny ubytek wartości ChZT dla procesu koagulacji + elektroutleniania anodowego wynosił: 75,3-80,3%. Wśród produktów elektroutleniania zidentyfikowano za pomocą GC-MS: 1,2,6-heksanotriol, 1,3-dibromo,3-metylo-butan, 7H-dibenzo[c,h]fenotiazyna, 1-chloro- 2-etenylo-1-metylo cyklopropan oraz 1,2-dibromo-1,2-dichloro etan.

EN

In presented studies a two-step process based on coagulation and anodic electrooxidation was proposed for pre-treatment of flow back fracturing fluid. The best results was obtained for FeCl3 at pH 6.0 and dose of coagulant 1250 mg/l Fe3+ - 76.7% reduction of COD. At pH 8.5 the COD removal was lower 62,8% (1000 mg/l Fe3+), but the volume of the sediment was two times lower. The total COD removal for combined processes coagulation + electoroxidation was 75,3-80,3%. Among products identified after electrooxidation by GC-MS were: 1,2,6-hexsane triol, 1,3-dibromo,3-methylo-butane, 7H-dibenzo[c,h] fenotiazyna, 1-chloro-2-etenylo-1-metylo cyklopropane and 1,2-dibromo-1,2-dichloro etane.

20

The use of sodium percarbonate in the fenton reaction for the PAHs oxidation

Kozak J., Włodarczyk-Makuła M.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

|

2018

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Vol. 28, no. 2

124--139

EN

The aim of the paper was to determine the effectiveness of the removal of 4, 5and 6 - ring PAHs from coking wastewater using sodium percarbonate Na2CO3∙1,5 H2O2 and iron sulphate in acid condition. The samples were exposing to ultraviolet rays. The source of UV-C radiation was a lamp emitting a wave of light with a length of λ = 264 nm, placed directly above the layer of the samples wastewater. The sodium percarbonate Na2CO3 1.5 H2O2 doses were determined on the basis of stoichiometric calculation. Ratio of iron ions to the hydrogen peroxide released in reaction was: 0.5; 0.4; 0.3; 0.2; 0.1. Before and after the oxidation process, COD and TOC value were determined and as well as concentrations of selected PAHs. The total concentration of tested PAHs before oxidation reached the value of 995 μg/L. The average content of organic pollutants determined by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 538 mg/L, while the average content of Total organic carbon (TOC) was 180 mg /L. The use of sodium percarbonate caused the oxidation of organic pollutants and lowering of COD and TOC in the following ranges: 22-46% and 10-30%. For individual PAHs the degradation efficiency was in the ranged from 95% to 99.9%. The degradation efficiency of 4 ring hydrocarbons caused 98% and 5 and 6 ring of hydrocarbons was 98.7% and 99.4%, respectively.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie efektywności usuwania 4, 5 i 6 pierścieniowych WWA z oczyszczonych ścieków koksowniczych z zastosowaniem nadwęglanu sodu Na2CO3 ∙ 1,5 H2O2 i siarczanu żelaza w środowisku kwaśnym. Próbki eksponowano na działanie promieni ultrafioletowych. Źródłem promieniowania UV-C była lampa emitująca fale o długości λ = 264 nm, umieszczona bezpośrednio nad warstwą próbek ścieków. Dawki nadwęglanu sodu Na2CO3 ∙ 1,5 H2O2 zostały określone na podstawie obliczeń stechiometrycznych. Stosunek jonów żelaza do nadtlenku wodoru uwalnianego podczas reakcji wynosił: 0,5; 0,4; 0,3; 0,2; 0,1. Przed i po procesie utleniania oznaczano wartość ChZT i OWO oraz stężenia wybranych WWA. Całkowite stężenie badanych WWA przed utlenianiem osiągnęło wartość 995 μg/L. Średnia zawartość zanieczyszczeń organicznych określona przez chemiczne zapotrzebowanie tlenu (ChZT) wynosiła 538 mg/L, podczas gdy średnia zawartość całkowitego węgla organicznego (OWO) wynosiła 180 mg/L. Podczas procesu odnotowano utlenianie zanieczyszczeń organicznych i obniżenie ChZT i OWO w następujących zakresach: 22-46% i 10-30%. Dla poszczególnych WWA wydajność degradacji wynosiła od ponad 95% do 99,9%. Efektywność degradacji 4- pierścieniowych węglowodorów wynosiła 98%, a 5 i 6 pierścieniowych odpowiednio 98,7% i 99,4%.