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1

Comparative analysis of the heat balance results of the selected Tier III-compliant gas-fuelled two-stroke main engines

Korlak Kamil

Combustion Engines

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2023

|

R. 62, nr 2

24--28

EN

Two-stroke engines are distinguished by the highest overall efficiency among all main engines. This is not only due to the low speed, and large piston stroke, but also to the high combustion temperature, which results in an increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. Technical solutions applied to bring main engines into compliance with current NOx emission standards set by the Tier III limits include the use of SCR and EGR systems, the implementation of the Otto cycle, and the application of liquified natural gas (LNG) as the low-emission fuel. Impact of the available Tier III-compliant technologies on the heat balance results is analysed using the example of the currently most popular dual-fuel main engines, i.e. WinGD X92DF and MAN G95ME-C10.5-GI. The possibilities of waste heat recovery in the electricity generation process and thereby improving the ship energy efficiency are discussed.

2

Potential application of CO2 for enhanced condensate recovery combined with geological storage in the depleted gas-condensate reservoirs

Burachok Oleksandr, Nistor Mariana Laura, Sosio Giovanni, Kondrat Oleksandr, Matkivskyi Serhii

Management Systems in Production Engineering

|

2021

|

nr 2 (29)

106--113

EN

CO2 emissions are considered to be the main contributor to global warming and climate change. One of the ways reducing the emissions to atmosphere is a proper capture and further geological storage of the carbon dioxide. In the oil industry, CO2 is used as one of the injection agents to displace oil and enhance its recovery. Due to the low multi-contact miscibility pressure between CO2 and hydrocarbons, fully miscible condition is quickly reached, leading to efficient displacement and high recovery factors. The utilization of the depleted gas fields for CO2 storage, however, is considered as the option that is more expensive compared to oil field, since the enhanced recovery of gas with CO2 is not effective. For this reason, our study considers the potential use of CO2 EOR in depleted gas-condensate fields. This potential is evaluated by performing numerical simulations for the typical-size gascondensate reservoirs with no active aquifer, in order to estimate both the storage efficiency and the additional oil recovery from condensed C5+ hydrocarbon fractions, that otherwise will be never recovered and lost in the reservoir. Obtained results indicate significant potential for CO2 storage and additional condensate recovery from the typical gas-condensate field of Eastern Ukraine.

3

Multiple symptomical analysis of fails in the EGR system of HDI engine

Cieślikowski Bogusław, Cygnar Mariusz

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 4

47--51

EN

The article presents the process of fault location in the HDR-rhr engine EGR system based on the characteristics obtained in the conditions of traction measurements using the ESI Tronic 2.0 program. The measurements were obtained using the licensed BOSCH KTS540 diagnostic tester. In the process of diagnostic inference the PWM signal coefficient has been analyzed in relation to the level of boost pressure, mass variability and air temperature in the intake system (based on MAF data) and EGR valve positioning for variable angular positions of the accelerator pedal. Analysis of the characteristics allowed for proper identification of faults previously stored in the system with OBDII error codes. Attention was paid to the issue of sediment formation in the EGR valve channels as a result of using diesel oil with the participation of biocomponents. Sludge analysis was carried out in a certified laboratory using infrared spectroscopy methods. Conclusions have been drawn for the presence of non-oxidized components of organic origin precipitated in the channels of the EGR system.

4

Measurement of flame temperature and soot amount for effective NOx and PM reduction in a heavy duty diesel engine

Aoyagi Yuzo

Combustion Engines

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2019

|

R. 58, nr 4

32--39

EN

To reduce exhaust NOx and smoke, it is important to measure flame temperature and soot amount in combustion chamber. In diesel combustion it is effective to use the two-color method for the measurement of the flame temperature and KL factor, which is related with soot concentration. The diesel flame was directly and continuously observed from the combustion chamber at running engine condition by using a bore scope and a high-speed video camera. The experimental single cylinder engine has 2.0-liter displacement and has the ability with up to five times of the boost pressure than the naturally aspirated engine by external super-charger. The devices of High Boost, Wide Range and High EGR rate at keeping a relatively high excess air ratio were installed in this research engine in order to reduce exhaust NOx emission without smoke deterioration from diesel engines. The video camera nac GX-1 was used in this study. From observed data under the changing EGR rates, the flame temperature and KL factor were obtained by the software of two-color method analysis. The diesel combustion processes are understood well by analyzing high-speed movies of the diesel flame motion and its temperature. The NOx and smoke are mutually related to maximum flame temperature and also it is possible to reduce simultaneously both NOx and soot emissions by high EGR rate in a single cylinder diesel engine.

5

Solving the problem of air quality in Indian cities by retrofitting the EGR

Sroka Z. J., Walkowiak W., Reksa M., Kolanek C., Pillai C. V.

Combustion Engines

|

2018

|

R. 57, nr 2

61--66

EN

This paper touches problem of transportation pollution focusing on NOx reducing in the India. There were India country chosen for study as the second populated country and most polluted cities in the world. As from statistics, it is known that more than 65% of Indian cars are old and they are the main reason of air pollution. Most of the old cars do not have any control measures for eliminating deadliest gases. Dumping the old cars is not possible, as the poor owns most of the old cars. For eliminating the pollution from old cars, the possible remedy is to control the emission of pollutants. Comparing to all gases in exhaust, nitrogen oxides are the dangerous one. It can may cause up to death. The best method to control the NOx gas is EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) valves. This research mainly focuses on the possible ways of installing EGR in old engines and fabricate an EGR in one of the Indian cars. Maruti Suzuki 800 is best of for fabricating EGR, as it is a base model and most sold Indian car. As the result, there tremendous decreasing in NOx emission also the emission CO2 was reduced. The investigation about fabricating EGR in old vehicle results a positive output after calculated the cost of the fabrication, time consumption, work challenges and other facts. As Indian government adopt this concept, they can reduce the pollution from all types of vehicles to a great extend in few years of time with low investment.

6

Wpływ paliwa zanieczyszczonego chlorem na trwałość elementów kontroli emisji NOX w silniku o zapłonie samoczynnym

Faber J., Sala R., Krasowski J.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2018

|

R. 19, nr 6

414--420, CD

PL

W artykule podjęto temat oceny wpływu paliwa, celowo zanieczyszczonego chlorem, na elementy kontroli emisji tlenków azotu NOx w silniku z zapłonem samoczynnym. Jakość stosowanego paliwa ma kluczowe znaczenie dla bezawaryjnej pracy silnika. Do zanieczyszczenia paliwa może dojść głównie na etapie transportu lub przechowywania. Główną uwagę zwrócono na wymiennik ciepła (chłodnicę spalin) EGR, służący recyrkulacji spalin, będąc jednym ze sposobów ograniczenia emisji szkodliwych tlenków azotu. Badania prowadzono w warunkach laboratoryjnych (testy stanowiskowe) w cyklach badawczych składających się z czterech faz. Zastosowano paliwo celowo zanieczyszczone chlorem. Czas trwania badania wyniósł 250 godzin i został przerwany momencie wystąpienia awarii silnika i pojawienia się osadów na wymienniku ciepła EGR. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań składu chemicznego osadów, zastosowane metody analizy chemicznej oraz zidentyfikowano źródła i przyczynę pojawienia się osadów.

EN

In paper the impact of intentionally chlorine-contaminated fuel on nitrogen oxides emission control elements in compression engine was described. The quality of fuel used is of key importance for the failure-free operation of the engine. Fuel contamination can occur mainly at the transport or storage stage. The main attention was paid to the EGR heat exchanger, which is used for exhaust gases recirculation, being one of the ways to reduce the emission of harmful NOx. The tests were conducted under laboratory conditions (research engine stand tests) in cycles consisting of four phases. The fuel used was intentionally contaminated with chlorine. The test was interrupted after 250 hours at the engine failure and deposits appearance at the EGR heat exchanger. Test results of chemical composition of deposits, analytical methods used and sources and the cause of deposits appearance were described in present paper.

7

The influence of non-cooled exhaust gas recirculation on the diesel engine parameters

Cisek J.

Combustion Engines

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2017

|

R. 56, nr 4

269--273

EN

This paper presents the results of the diesel engine research on the energy performance, components of exhaust gases and smoke and parameters related to the supply system for VW 1.9 TDI working in 2 modes: with standard, non-cooled EGR system, and without this system. All of measurements were carried out on the some engine speed – 2000 rpm (speed of maximum engine torque) and various engine loads. It was found that the serial engine control unit switches the EGR system off above 150 Nm engine load (Momax = 295 Nm). In this range of load the engine running with EGR is characterized by higher fuel consumption (lower total efficiency) ca. 5%, compared with engine without EGR. Concentration of NOx in exhaust gases was lower up to 45% but, at the same time, exhaust gas smoke and concentration of carbon oxides were strongly increasing. It can be seen that EGR system increases the temperature (up to 110°C) and changes the composition of air-exhaust gas in the intake manifold. One of reason of this fact is self-changing start of injection. Additional effect of EGR is lower air pressure behind turbocharger, because the flow of exhaust gases (into EGR) is taken before the turbine.

8

The influence of non-cooled exhaust gas recirculation on the indicator diagrams and heat release parameters in diesel engine cylinder

Cisek J.

Combustion Engines

|

2017

|

R. 56, nr 4

283--288

EN

This paper presents the results of the diesel engine research on the indicator and heat realized diagrams for VW 1.9 TDI working in 2 modes: with standard, non-cooled EGR system, and without this system. All of measurement was carried out on the some engine speed – 2000 rpm (speed of maximum engine torque) and various engine load. Some of the analyzed parameters were read directly from the measurement systems (e.g. indicator diagrams) or engine controller (e.g. start of injection) and the rest of them had to be calculated. The calculation of rate of heat release (δQ/dα) was based on the well-known mathematical model. When the exhaust gas recirculation valve is open, the maximum of combustion pressure and rate of maximum kinetic heat release (δQk/dα)max are smaller than when the valve is closed. These facts are connected with the shorter self-combustion delay for engine working with EGR. But this is also associated with reduction of the rate of maximum diffusion heat release (δQd/dα)max, which means that more particulates (PM) are excreted into the atmosphere. This fact explains e.g. significantly higher smog of exhaust gases for diesel engine which works with EGR system. The analysis results show that exhaust gas recirculation system slightly deteriorates the energetic parameters of VW 1.9 TDI engine, but, at the same time, significantly reduces the level of toxic nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.

9

Optical identification of the combustion of air-fuel mixture surrounded by non-combustible gas in a rapid compression machine

Cieślik W., Pielecha I., Wisłocki K.

Archivum Combustionis

|

2017

|

Vol. 37 nr 2

93--106

EN

The influence of non-combustible gas injection on combustion rates in an engine cylinder with centrally positioned ignition point has been discussed. The flame temperature distribution and its changes were taken into account in this research. The analysis of the influence of exhaust gas content in the cylinder on the combustion process has been based on the interpretation of high speed camera images for the period from the ignition start to full flame coverage of the combustion chamber. Authors performed a comparative analysis of the combustion process thermodynamic parameters based on the obtained characteristics. In order to demonstrate the charge stratification influence and the proportion of flue gas in the cylinder, a flame propagation analysis was performed through high frequency image sampling and using the flame temperature distribution in the combustion volume. The two-color method was used for determining this temperature. A flame temperature distribution example at selected combustion process stages was presented as well as for the entire combustion process. A significant reduction in the area covered by the flame was shown to be the result of an increase in the flue gas proportion in the cylinder. The flame area reduction was found to be 46% when using a 25% EGR share, while with an EGR contribution of 40%, the flame area was decreased by 78%. The flame covered area reduction was the result of "fencing" of the flame from the cylinder walls by an exhaust gas layer. According to changes in the flame area, the largest share of high temperatures, in the range 1800-2000 K, has also decreased from around 19% to 23%.

10

Gas turbines – technological development and potential use in CAES systems

Jakowski D., Dzida M.

Combustion Engines

|

2016

|

R. 55, nr 2

46--53

EN

This article briefly describes Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), focusing on the technological development of one of the key elements of such systems – the gas turbines. It presents the basic parameters and features of gas turbines, as well as turbine classes with example models. Main tendencies in the structural and technological development are discussed. Changes and trends on electric energy markets are becoming more and more dependent on sources with flexible operating characteristics, therefore, the advantages of gas turbines and the reasons for their development are listed as well.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono krótką charakterystykę magazynowania energii w sprężonym powietrzu (CAES), skupiając się na przeglądzie osiągnięć technologicznych jednego z podstawowych elementów tych układów – turbin gazowych. Opisano podstawowe parametry i cechy turbin gazowych, a następnie klasy turbin z przykładowymi modelami. Przedstawiono główne tendencje w rozwoju konstrukcyjnym i technologicznym. Zmiany i trendy na rynkach energii elektrycznej coraz bardziej zależą od źródeł o elastycznej charakterystyce pracy, dlatego zestawiono również zalety i powody rozwoju turbin gazowych.

11

Sposób pomiaru położenia zaworu EGR napędzanego silnikiem krokowym

Stępniewski M., Wołczyński Z.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

|

2016

|

R. 17, nr 12

1362--1365

PL

W artykule omówiony został sposób pomiaru i rejestracji chwilowego położenia zaworu EGR napędzanego silnikiem krokowym. Sposób ten może być wykorzystany zarówno w badaniach naukowych nad rozwojem systemów sterowania silnikiem spalinowym jak i w procesie dydaktycznym. Polega on na stałej obserwacji napięć na zaciskach silnika krokowego i za pomocą właściwego algorytmu wyznaczenia każdego ruchu silnika a zatem zmiany położenia zaworu EGR. Opracowano algorytm umożliwiający na podstawie zarejestrowanych sygnałów sterujących uzwojeniami silnika krokowego określenie stopnia otwarcia zaworu recyrkulacji spalin zastosowanego w silniku GDI samochodu Mitsubishi Carisma.

EN

The article shows the technique of measurement and registration of temporary position of EGR valve powered by stepper motor. This method can be used in both scientific research on the development of systems of internal combustion engine control and in didactical process. It consists in constant observation of voltage across the terminals of stepper motor and by means of the appropriate algorithm of the designation of each engine traffic and thus the change of the position of EGR valve. The algorithm was developed that on the basis of registered signals controlling the stepper motor windings enables to define the degree of opening exhaust gas recirculation valve used in GDI engine of the car Mitsubishi Carisma.

12

Monitorowanie usterek w układzie EGR silnika HDI RHR

Cieślikowski B., Cygnar M., Ślipek Z., Budzik G.

Logistyka

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2015

|

nr 5

85--91, CD1

PL

W artykule omówiony został proces lokalizacji usterek w układzie EGR z wykorzystaniem listy kodów w systemie OBD II. Analizując procesy wymiany ciepła i masy na odcinku układu dolotowego silnika zwrócono uwagę na szereg uproszczeń w opisie formalnym, prowadzących do ustalenia przedziału tolerancji chwilowej wartości stopnia recyrkulacji. Posłużono się przykładem monitorowania układu EGR pojazdów z silnikiem HDi RHR. Analiza funkcjonalna układu oraz znajomość procedur diagnostycznych pojazdu stanowi właściwe ukierunkowanie procesu lokalizacji uszkodzeń.

EN

In the article was discussed the location faults in the agreement EGR using list of fault codes OBD II. Analyzing the processes of heat and mass transfer over a distance of the engine intake system, called attention to a number of simplifications in the description of formal, leading to establish a temporary tolerance range of recirculation. As an example was used the monitoring system EGR of vehicle with an HDi RHR engine. Functional analysis system and knowledge diagnostic procedures, using selected recording car operating parameters, is the appropriate focus in the process location damage.

13

Numerical investigation on diesel combustion and emissions with a standard combustion model and detailed chemistry

Pyszczek R., Schmalhorst C., Teodorczyk A.

Combustion Engines

|

2015

|

R. 54, nr 3

19--33

EN

The aim of this study was to determine possibilities of the soot and NOx emissions reduction from an existing heavy-duty compression-ignition (CI) engine based only on in-cylinder techniques. To that end numerical simulations of such processes as a multiphase fuel flow through injector nozzles, a liquid fuel jet breakup and evaporation, combustion and emissions formation were performed in AVL Fire 3D CFD software. The combustion process was calculated with the ECFM-3Z model and with the detailed n-heptane oxidation scheme that consisted of 76 species and 349 reactions. Both approaches of combustion modeling were validated against experimental data from the existing engine working under 75% and 100% loads. As for the reduction of the NOx emission an introduction of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was investigated. As for the soot concentration reduction such measures as an increased rail pressure, application of a post-injection and an increased injector nozzles conicity were investigated. Finally the ECFM-3Z model with emissions models, as well as the n-heptane mechanism predicted that it is possible to reach specified emissions limits with application of EGR, post-injection and increased nozzles conicity.

14

Wspomaganie wydobycia ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego z polskich złóż z wykorzystaniem CO2 i jego równoczesną sekwestracją

Lubaś J., Szott W., Wójcicki A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

|

nr 465

45--56

PL

Publikację przygotowano na podstawie wyników badań uzyskanych przez Konsorcjum, składające się z Instytutu Nafty i Gazu oraz Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego, w ramach projektu realizowanego na zamówienie Ministerstwa Środowiska pt. ,,Program wspomagania wydobycia ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego z krajowych złóż węglowodorów przy zastosowaniu podziemnego zatłaczania CO[sub]2[/sub]”. Wykonano badania symulacyjne efektywności zastosowania w wybranych złożach ropy i gazu procesów CO[sub]2[/sub]–EOR, EGR z równoczesną sekwestracją CO[sub]2[/sub]. W pierwszej części na przykładzie wytypowanych 10 złóż oceniono możliwości zwiększenia krajowych zasobów wydobywalnych ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego, przy wykorzystaniu omawianych metod. Następnie określono potencjał składowania CO[sub]2[/sub] w wytypowanych złożach węglowodorów z zastosowaniem metod CO[sub]2[/sub]–EOR, EGR Na zakończenie przeprowadzono wstępną analizę opłacalności ekonomicznej symulowanych metod.

EN

The paper was prepared based on the research results obtained by the consortium of Oil and Gas Institute and Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute within the project ordered by the Ministry of the Environment and entitled: “Program of Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery from Domestic Hydrocarbon Reservoirs by the Application of Underground CO2 Injection”. The effectiveness of the CO[sub]2[/sub]–EOR, EGR methods with simultaneous CO[sub]2[/sub] sequestration was studied usingreservoir simulations for selected oil and gas reservoirs in Poland. The first part of the paper includes an evaluation of the potential of the above methods to increase recoverable oil or gas reserves in 10 selected reservoirs. The second part of the paper includes an assessment of the CO[sub]2[/sub] storage potential of the same reservoirs using the studied methods. The paper concludes with the introductory economic analysis for the profitability of the simulated methods.

15

Investigations of engine exhaust gas emission with oxygen enriched mixture and high exhaust gas recirculation

Mitianiec W., Śliwiński K.

Journal of KONES

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2014

|

Vol. 21, No. 3

235--243

EN

The paper presents an explanation of the formation process of toxic exhaust gas components during combustion process of oxygen-enriched mixtures in SI engine. In order to explain this phenomenon the simulation process was carried out, in which the experimental data from dynamometer tests of the 4-stroke SI engine were used. The tests were done at different oxygen volumetric ratios and at increased exhaust gas recirculation ratios until the mixture of oxygen and exhaust gases has not contained any nitrogen. The EGR system was applied in order to decrease gas temperature in the cylinder. Simulation of engine combustion process with oxygen-enriched mixture and with different EGR ratios was carried out by using the program Kiva3v for calculation of full engine phenomena with simple combustion model. This combustion model took into account 10 kinetic and equilibrium chemical reactions. Both experimental and simulation test indicated nonlinear variation of mole fractions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide with increasing of oxygen amount in the charge from 21% to 32% by volume. The engine has higher emission of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in comparison to the emission of the engine filling with air-fuel mixture in normal conditions. The paper explains from chemical reactions point of view a non-linear change of CO and CO2 emission in a function of the charge oxygen mass ratio at constant oxygen excess ratio. The paper presents the graphs showing variations of emission and volumetric concentration of chosen chemical species in the charge in a function of crank angles and variation of the engine parameters at different EGR and oxygen ratios in the engine charge.

16

Examination of the influence of multi-injection strategy on thermodynamic indexes of engine cycle and on the emission of toxic compounds

Czajka J., Wisłocki K., Pielecha I., Borowski P.

Combustion Engines

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2014

|

R. 53, nr 2

45--59

EN

The main target of this work was to investigate on the 1-cyl. research engine concerning practical realization possibilities of cold-flame-combustion when operating with high and very high Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) rates. After determining of possibilities of lowering NOx and Soot emissions for EGR rates ca. 40-60% some further investigation on optimization of SOIand CoC parameters were performed. Additionally, some preliminary investigations of the optimization of combustion parameters when applying various strategies of multi-injection have been conducted and analyzed.

PL

Głównym celem badań było uzyskanie efektu spalania niskotemperaturowego skutkującego zmniejszeniem emisji NOx wraz z jednoczesnym zmniejszeniem emisji sadzy (cząstek stałych) dzięki zastosowaniu dużego stopnia recyrkulowanych spalin. Po uzyskaniu możliwości obniżenia emisji NOx i sadzy przy zastosowaniu recyrkulacji spalin o udziale 40-60%, prowadzono dalsze badania nad optymalizacją parametrów SOI i CoC. Dodatkowo, prowadzono wybrane wstępne badania optymalizacyjne parametrów procesu spalania przy stosowaniu różnych strategii wtrysku wieloczęściowego.

17

Monitoring of the states of malfunction of the EGR system in TDCi engines fueled with Ekodiesel Ultra and B10 fuel

Cieślikowski B., Jakóbiec J.

Combustion Engines

|

2013

|

R. 52, nr 2

83--93

EN

The paper discusses the identification of malfunctions in the EGR system based on a list of OBD II error codes. The authors monitored EGR systems of vehicles fitted with DURATORQ TDCi engines. The Analysis of the processes of heat transfer and mass exchange in the engine intake system drew attention to a number of simplifications in the formal description introducing a wide range of tolerance for the instantaneous recirculation rate. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of diesel oil, Ekodiesel Ultra with biocomponents and B10 fuel used for the fueling of diesel engines on the formation of deposits in the EGR system. The analysis was performed in a laboratory utilizing the methods of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy.

PL

W artykule dokonano analizy procesu uszkodzeń oraz lokalizacji usterek w układzie EGR silników DURATORQ TDCi z udokumentowanym procesem eksploatacji, przeglądów technicznych i stosowanych rodzajów paliw. Analiza procesu wymiany ciepła i masy na odcinku układu dolotowego silnika zawiera szereg uproszczeń w opisie formalnym wprowadzając szeroki zakres tolerancji chwilowej wartości stopnia recyrkulacji. Wnioskowanie zwrócone zostało na potencjalny wpływ rodzaju paliw, stosowanych w procesie równoległej eksploatacji analizowanych silników na przyczyny powstawania osadów w układzie EGR prowadzących do występowania zapisanych błędów. Badania porównawcze przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem oleju napędowego Ekodiesel Ultra oraz paliwa B10 z udziałem biokomponentów. Analizy przeprowadzono w laboratorium akredytowanym z wykorzystaniem metod fluorescencji rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii oraz spektroskopii w podczerwieni.

18

Exhaust gas dose uniformity in modern diesel engines

Krakowian K., Kaźmierczak A., Kaźmierczak A., Górniak A., Włostowski R, Błasiński T.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 2

259-262

EN

Currently, the environment protection challenges the designers and manufacturers of combustion engines due to the fact that the engine emits toxic compounds, which are hazardous to the life organisms. Increasingly strict regulations concerning emission of the exhaust gases forces application of the innovative technologies or improvement of the presently used. One of systems, which reduce the toxicity of the exhaust gases, is the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. This solution reverse part of the exhaust gases back into the manifold and mixes it with fresh inlet air. In consequence, the combustion temperature decreases. Less oxygen reacts with nitrogen and more connects with carbon and hydrogen. Presently there are two types of EGR system i.e. internal and external. In case of the first one part of the exhaust gases remains in the combustion chamber after the combustion but its construction is not complicated. The external EGR system uses one valve of the exhaust gas recirculation system located on the manifold. This location can result of the uneven portion of exhaust gases directed to the combustion chamber. In consequence, the decrease on the temperature is also uneven and therefore different portion of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gases.

19

Zmienność składu izotopowego węgla i wodoru w eksploatowanym złożu gazu ziemnego

Pleśniak Ł., Bucha M., Jędrysek M.-O.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy i Ochrona Środowiska w Górnictwie

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2012

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nr 12

28-34

PL

W celu zwiększenia efektywności wydobycia, w kopalniach gazu ziemnego stosuje się technologię wzmożonego pozyskania gazu (EGR), która bazuje na zatłaczaniu CO2 do złoża. Podczas takiego procesu należy spodziewać się efektów izotopowych. Badania objęły analizę składu trwałych izotopów węgla i wodoru w metanie ze złoża, w którym technologia EGR jest stosowana. Badania składu trwałych izotopów prowadzono od września 2009 r. Stwierdzona, zarówno przestrzenna, jak i czasowa zmienność tego składu pozwala stwierdzić, że cały układ jest bardzo dynamiczny. Wyraźnie da się zauważyć, że występują preferencyjne kierunki transportu metanu w złożu, co wpływa na efekty izotopowe, a front najwyższej prędkości migracji metanu jest znaczony przez najniższe stosunki składu trwałych izotopów węgla i wodoru z metanu.

EN

In order to increase recovery of gas and oil from deposits some technologies, called Enhanced Gas Recovery, with injection of C02 are used. In this process isotopic effects are expected. Therefore we have analyzed isotopic composition of carbon and hydrogen in methane in one EGR object. Carbon and hydrogen stable isotopic observations of methane from the EGR object have been carried out since September 2009. Both spatial and temporal variations in carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios in methane show that the system is very dynamie. It has been observed clearly that there are some preferential paths of methane transportation through the deposit, what resulted in isotopic effects. Namely, the carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios show that the front of the highest velocity of methane movement is marked by the lowest isotopic ratios.

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Ocena porównawcza stopnia zanieczyszczeń układu EGR silników TDCi

Cieślikowski B., Jakóbiec J.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2012

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R. 13, nr 10

62-66

PL

W artykule dokonano analizy porównawczej osadów w układzie EGR silników z ZS zasilanych olejem napędowym Ekodiesel Ultra oraz paliwem B10 z udziałem biokomponentów. Analizy przeprowadzono w laboratorium z wykorzystaniem metod fluorescencji rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii oraz metod spektroskopii w podczerwieni. Celem prowadzonych badań było określenie wpływu stosowania obu rodzajów paliw na proces tworzenia się osadów w strefie zaworu sterującego pracą układu EGR. Wnioskowanie ukierunkowano na ocenę zawartości wytrąconych składników nieutlenionych pochodzenia organicznego. Badany osad pochodził z układu EGR silników DURATORQ TDCi z udokumentowanym procesem eksploatacji, przeglądów technicznych i stosowanych rodzajów paliw.

EN

The article presents the issue of deposit formation in a EGR on diesel engine resulting from the use of diesel oil with biocomponents. Analysis was performed in a laboratory by means of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy methods. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of diesel oil with biocomponents used as a modern fuel to power diesel engines on the formation of deposits in the EGR. The inference focused on the analysis of the content of unoxidised organic ingredients. The subject of the study was the EGR of engine DURATORQ TDCi with a documented process of operating, servicing and the information about fuel types.