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Handel rolno-spożywczy Polski z Kanadą: bilans trzech lat umowy CETA

Ambroziak Łukasz

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2020

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T. 74, nr 9

5--9

PL

Celem artykułu jest ocena wpływu Kompleksowej Umowy Gospodarczo-Handlowej (CETA) na handel produktami rolno-spożywczymi Polski z Kanadą po trzech latach obowiązywania umowy. Liberalizacja obrotów w ramach umowy nie wiązała się z wyraźnym wzrostem polskiego eksportu żywności do Kanady. Więcej na umowie zyskali eksporterzy unijni. Mimo zniesienia ceł w przywozie do Kanady zmalał polski eksport wyrobów czekoladowych. Wzrosła m.in. sprzedaż gofrów i wafli, papierosów, syropów cukrowych, sardynek i szprotów w puszkach, serów oraz koncentratu jabłkowego. Duży wzrost eksportu odnotowano także w przypadku tych produktów, które już przed wejściem CETA w życie miały bezcłowy dostęp do rynku kanadyjskiego, m.in. herbaty czarnej, łososia wędzonego oraz przetworów na bazie kawy. Uzyskanie bezcłowego dostępu w przywozie do UE przyczyniło się do wzrostu polskiego importu z Kanady m.in. mrożonych owoców miękkich (np. żurawin i borówek), przetworzonych żurawin oraz soku żurawinowego.

EN

The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) on Poland’s agri-food trade with Canada three years after the CETA implementation. Trade liberalization under the agreement was not associated with a significant increase in Polish food exports to Canada. EU exporters benefited more from the CETA. Despite the abolition of customs duties on imports to Canada, Polish exports of chocolate products decreased. Increased, among others, sale of waffles and wafers, cigarettes, sugar syrups, canned sardines and sprats, cheese and apple concentrate. Significant increases in exports were also recorded for those products that had duty-free access to the Canadian market before the CETA came into force, including black tea, smoked salmon and coffee-based products. Obtaining duty-free access to EU imports contributed to the growth of Polish imports from Canada, among others frozen soft fruits (including cranberries and blueberries), processed cranberries, and cranberry juice.

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The Impact of Brexit on the Transport Industry

Kerridge M.

Logistics and Transport

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2018

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Vol. 40, No. 4

35--42

EN

By referendum on 23 June 2016, voters in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland voted narrowly to leave the EU. The vote was called for party political reasons, as the ruling Conservative party was divided on the issue of continued EU membership, and the Government expected that a national pro-EU popular vote would silence those who wanted to leave. When the result turned out to be the opposite of what the Government expected, the Prime Minister resigned, despite an earlier pledge that he would abide by and implement the result. The new Prime Minister – who had voted to remain in the EU – repeated the pledge, even though the referendum had been an advisory, not a binding, one. The subsequent period has been spent in trying to achieve an agreement that minimises the adverse socio-economic consequences, to both sides, of a UK departure from the EU, prior to the declared leaving date of 29 March 2019. This paper examines likely effects of Brexit on the transport industry. It starts by explaining the meaning of Brexit, the timetable for UK exit, and some of the possible reasons why the referendum vote turned out as it did. (There has been a surprising lack of research into this subject, and none was undertaken by the UK Government in the aftermath of the vote.) The paper then considers the possible trade and commercial alternatives that the UK has to EU membership. ‘Norway’ or ‘Canada’ (or Canada Plus) arrangements were part of the internal discussion in the UK in the period after the referendum (which had not included a question on alternatives). A UK Government insistence (‘red line’) that the UK would no longer be subject to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, which interprets EU law, limited the options available to the UK. The possible consequences to the UK, if it leaves the EU without a mutually acceptable withdrawal agreement, are then considered. Having set the background to this possible event, the paper then looks at how it may affect the transport industry. All modes of transport, other than inland waterway transport which has no direct connection between the UK and other EU countries, are examined. In each case new agreements will be needed to avoid serious disruption in the event of a ‘no-deal’ Brexit that removes the UK from the single market and customs union, with the UK then being regarded as a third country for trade and transport links. The final part of the paper examines the likely effect of Brexit on the economies of the UK and the remainder of the EU (and hence transport demand). It finds that Ireland may be the most affected EU country, but that the economy of the remaining EU-27 as a whole will suffer as a result of Brexit. After Ireland, the UK economy will be hit hardest, and we may never know if that is a result that the ‘leave’ voters in 2016 expected or not.

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Wpływ umowy CETA na handel rolno-spożywczy Polski z Kanadą

Ambroziak Ł.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2017

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T. 71, nr 3

2--6

PL

Celem artykułu jest ocena wpływu Kompleksowej Umowy Gospodarczo-Handlowej (CETA) na handel produktami rolno-spożywczymi Polski z Kanadą. Kanada ma obecnie niewielkie znaczenie zarówno w polskim eksporcie, jak i imporcie żywności. Polska eksportuje do Kanady m.in. wyroby czekoladowe, mięso wieprzowe, piwo, wódkę, wyroby cukiernicze, sery żółte dojrzewające, importuje zaś m.in. odpady i karmę dla zwierząt domowych, ryby, mrożone owoce, jaja i soczewicę. Wejście w życie umowy CETA może przyczynić się do wzrostu polskiego eksportu żywności na rynek kanadyjski. Dotyczy to głównie tych produktów, które są już obecne na tym rynku (np. wyroby czekoladowe i cukiernicze, sery żółte dojrzewające).

EN

The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) on Poland’s agri-food trade with Canada. Nowadays, Canada has a weak position in Polish agri-food exports and imports. Poland exports to Canada mainly preparations of chocolate, pork meat, beer, vodka, sugar confectionery and ripening cheeses. Whereas it imports mostly residues and feed for pets, fish, frozen fruit, eggs and lentils. Entry of the CETA onto force may contribute to an increase in Poland’s agri-food exports to Canada. This concerns mainly products which are already present on the Canadian market (e.g. chocolate products, sugar confectionery and ripening cheese).