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1

Cybersecurity of autonomous vehicles – threats and mitigation

Szymonik Artur

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2024

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Vol. 56, No. 1(211)

77--96

EN

The aim of this article is to draw attention to the growing problem of cybersecurity in the field of autonomous vehicles. A notable aspect is the use of autonomous vehicles to enhance the quality of decision-making processes as well as flexibility and efficiency. The implementation of new solutions will lead to improvements not just in transportation and delivery, but also in warehouse management. The growing demand for autonomous solutions, both in the industry and in the daily life of an average consumer, necessitates efforts to ensure their safe operation and use. The present literature review synthetically describes the history of the development of autonomous vehicles and machines. The standards and norms that should be met by products allowed for use as well as threats to cybersecurity, along with examples, are presented herein. The analysis of the collected materials leads to the conclusion that with the development of new technologies and the growth in the importance of autonomous solutions, the number of threats and the importance of systems securing the functioning of devices in cyberspace are increasing. Research on the problem also leads to the conclusion that legal systems do not fully keep up with technological developments, resulting in a lack of normative acts regulating this matter.

PL

Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na rosnący problem cyberbezpieczeństwa w dziedzinie pojazdów autonomicznych. Istotnym aspektem jest wykorzystanie pojazdów autonomicznych do poprawy jakości procesów decyzyjnych oraz zwiększenia ich elastyczności i efektywności. Wdrożenie nowych technologii poprawi nie tylko procesy transportowe i dostawy, ale także zarządzanie magazynami. Rosnące zapotrzebowanie na rozwiązania autonomiczne, zarówno w przemyśle, jak i w codziennym życiu przeciętnego konsumenta, prowadzi do konieczności zwiększenia wysiłków na rzecz zapewnienia ich bezpiecznej pracy i użytkowania. W przeglądzie literatury przedstawiono syntetycznie historię rozwoju pojazdów i maszyn autonomicznych, a także normy i standardy, jakie powinny spełniać produkty dopuszczone do użytku, a ponadto zagrożenia dla cyberbezpieczeństwa wraz z przykładami. Analiza zebranego materiału prowadzi do wniosku, że wraz z rozwojem nowych technologii i wzrostem znaczenia rozwiązań autonomicznych liczba zagrożeń oraz znaczenie systemów zabezpieczających funkcjonowanie urządzeń w cyberprzestrzeni wzrasta. Badania nad problemem prowadzą również do konkluzji, że systemy prawne nie nadążają za postępem technologicznym, co skutkuje brakiem aktów normatywnych regulujących przedmiotową kwestię.

2

Sztuczna inteligencja w przedsiębiorstwach przemysłu spożywczego – potencjał i wyzwania

Kasior Katarzyna

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2024

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T. 78, nr 2

12--17

PL

Artykuł zawiera przegląd możliwości wykorzystania sztucznej inteligencji (AI) w przedsiębiorstwach przemysłu spożywczego. Wskazuje równocześnie na główne wyzwania oraz problemy, jakie wiążą się z wdrażaniem tej technologii w przedsiębiorstwach sektora w Polsce. Prowadzone badania oraz studia przypadków potwierdzają, że szersze zastosowanie rozwiązań opartych na AI może poprawiać funkcjonowanie przedsiębiorstw sektora, wzmacniać ich konkurencyjność oraz wspierać realizację celów zrównoważonego rozwoju. Z drugiej strony AI może również pogłębiać istniejące nierówności w sektorze, faworyzując większe, technologicznie zaawansowane przedsiębiorstwa kosztem mniejszych podmiotów. W Polsce z rozwiązań AI w 2023 roku korzystało tylko 2,6% przedsiębiorstw przemysłu spożywczego zatrudniających 10 i więcej osób. Kluczowe staje się więc zwiększanie dostępności i promowanie korzystania z technologii AI z myślą o zapewnianiu równych warunków konkurencji w sektorze. W tym kontekście szczególnie istotne jest wdrożenie systemu zachęt i wsparcia dla małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw, które ze względu na ograniczone zasoby finansowe, kadrowe i technologiczne mają większe trudności w zakresie efektywnego pozyskiwania i wykorzystywania nowych technologii.

EN

The article provides an overview of the possibilities of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the food industry enterprises. It also points out the main challenges and problems associated with implementing this technology in sector companies in Poland. Conducted research and case studies confirm that wider application of AI-based solutions can improve the functioning of sector companies, enhance their competitiveness, and support the achievement of sustainable development goals. On the other hand, AI can also exacerbate existing inequalities in the sector, favoring larger, technologically advanced companies at the expense of smaller entities. In Poland, only 2.6% of food industry companies employing 10 or more people used AI solutions in 2023. Therefore, increasing the availability and promoting the use of AI technology becomes crucial to ensure equal competition conditions in the sector. In this context, it is particularly important to implement a system of incentives and support for small and medium-sized enterprises, which, due to limited financial, human, and technological resources, face greater difficulties in effectively acquiring and implementing new technologies.

3

Przegląd możliwości wykorzystania sztucznej inteligencji w modelowaniu BIM

Zima Krzysztof, Wieczorek Damian

Przegląd Budowlany

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2024

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R. 95, nr 3

59--65

PL

Dokonując przeglądu stanu wiedzy nt. modelowania informacji o budynku – BIM (ang. Building Information Modelling) można zauważyć, że technologia BIM nie poczyniła ostatnio znacznych postępów, ponieważ sztuczna inteligencja – AI (ang. Artificial Intelligence) nie jest jeszcze w pełni wykorzystana. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie możliwości wykorzystania sztucznej inteligencji – AI w modelowaniu BIM. Autorzy dokonali analizy trendów rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji, która jest obecnie wykorzystywana w modelowaniu BIM. W artykule przedstawiono również możliwości wykorzystania AI powiązanej z modelem BIM, a także omówiono wybrane przykłady wspomagania modelowania informacji o budynku z wykorzystaniem głównych czterech grup wybranych technik AI.

EN

When reviewing the state of knowledge on building information modeling (BIM), it can be noted that BIM technology has not made significant progress recently because artificial intelligence (AI) has not been fully used. The purpose of this article is to present the possibilities of using artificial intelligence – AI in BIM modeling. The authors analyzed the trends in the development of artificial intelligence, which is currently used in BIM modeling. The article also presents the possibilities of using AI related to the BIM model, and discusses selected examples of supporting building information modeling using the main four groups of selected AI techniques.

4

Cybersecurity issue in the executive order on the safe, secure, and trustworthy development and use of artificial intelligence from October 30, 2023

Pelc Paweł

Cybersecurity and Law

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2024

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Vol. 11 (1)

47--57

EN

AI is a new tool with only limited regulation. One such attempt is the Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence from October 30, 2023, issued by the US President. As AI may be regulated from various angles, one of them is its influence on cybersecurity. AI Executive Order is much more concentrated on cybersecurity issues than other regulations or recommendations related to AI, like those issued in China, drafted in the EU or issued by international organisations like OECD and UNESCO. However, the strong focus on cybersecurity in the AI Executive Order is in line with the National Cybersecurity Strategy issued by the same US administration in March 2023.

PL

Sztuczna inteligencja jest nowym narzędziem, dotychczas jedynie w ograniczonym stopniu podlegającym regulacjom. Do prób takich należy zaliczyć „Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence” wydany przez Prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki 30 października 2023 roku. Regulacja dotycząca sztucznej inteligencji może być wydawana ze względu na zróżnicowane potrzeby, jedną z nich może być wpływ sztucznej inteligencji na cyberbezpieczeństwo. AI Executive Order jest zdecydowanie bardziej skoncentrowany na kwestiach cyberbezpieczeństwa niż inne regulacje i rekomendacje wydawane w odniesieniu do sztucznej inteligencji, takich jak wydane w Chinach, przygotowywane przez Unię Europejską czy wydane przez organizacje międzynarodowe takie jak OECD lub UNESCO. Jednakże ta koncentracja na kwestiach cyberbezpieczeństwa w „AI Executive Order...” jest spójna z „Narodową strategią cyberbezpieczeńtwa” wydaną przez tę samą administrację amerykańską w marcu 2023 roku.

5

Breast cancer diagnosis: A systematic review

Wen Xin, Guo Xing, Wang Shuihua, Lu Zhihai, Zhang Yudong

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 44, no. 1

119--148

EN

The second-leading cause of death for women is breast cancer. Consequently, a precise early diagnosis is essential. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, computer-aided diagnosis can efficiently assist radiologists in diagnosing breast problems. Mammography images, breast thermal images, and breast ultrasound images are the three ways to diagnose breast cancer. The paper will discuss some recent developments in machine learning and deep learning in three different breast cancer diagnosis methods. The three components of conventional machine learning methods are image preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and image classification. Deep learning includes convolutional neural networks, transfer learning, and other methods. Additionally, the benefits and drawbacks of different methods are thoroughly contrasted. Finally, we also provide a summary of the challenges and potential futures for breast cancer diagnosis.

6

Artificial intelligence in the chemical industry – risks and opportunities

Laska Mateusz, Karwala Izabela

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 172

403--416

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to review the literature on the risks and opportunities of implementing Industry 4.0 - Artificial Intelligence solutions in the chemical industry. Design/methodology/approach: The review was carried out using available scientific articles, popular science publications, and media reports from the world's largest companies in the chemical industry. Findings: The analysis indicates that there are more benefits than risks arising from the implementation of Artificial Intelligence solutions in the chemical industry. Research limitations/implications: The frequent lack of specific economic indicators makes it difficult to clearly indicate the implementation potential of a specific solution in other companies in the chemical industry. Social implications: The implementation of AI in chemical industry companies can reduce environmental pollution, raw material consumption, and optimize production processes. Originality/value: The article, based on real data, is aimed at middle and senior management of companies in the chemical industry, presenting the advantages and disadvantages of implementing AI solutions in the chemical industry.

7

Generative AI takes centre stage: revolutionizing productivity and reshaping industries

Sira Mariya

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2023

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Vol. 5, iss. 1

57--65

EN

The growing prominence of Generative AI in discussions on artificial intelligence has significant implications for productivity and industry dynamics. This article aims to examine the transformative role of Generative AI, specifically focusing on its revolutionary impact on productivity and its influence on various industries. The objectives of this article include conducting a detailed analysis of how systems have greatly enhanced efficiency for developers and knowledge workers. By examining both the positive and negative aspects of the Generative AI movement, this article aims to provide valuable insights into the innovations driven by Generative AI and the advancements that contribute to its evolution. Through this exploration, the goal is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape, highlighting the opportunities and challenges presented by the rise of Generative AI in the management sphere.

8

Zastosowanie metod sztucznej inteligencji (AI) w procesach produkcji stali

Frydrych Karol, Tomczak Maciej, Jasiński Jarosław, Papanikolaou Stefanos

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

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2023

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nr 7-8

8--14

PL

Sztuczna inteligencja jest narzędziem, dla którego wciąż odkrywamy nowe zastosowania. W jaki sposób może wesprzeć procesy produkcji czy też obróbki stali?

9

Jak chłodzić centra danych przy zerowym zużyciu energii nieodnawialnej?

Ryńska Joanna

Rynek Instalacyjny

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2023

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Nr 4

100--103

PL

Kiedy korzystamy z dużego zbioru danych, lodówka przypomina nam o zakupach lub pytamy komunikator sztucznej inteligencji: Czy serwerownie mogą zupełnie nie potrzebować energii nieodnawialnej?, przyczyniamy się do zwiększenia gęstości mocy obliczeniowej centrów danych. Chłodzenie intensywnie pracującej infrastruktury serwerowej, umożliwiającej powszechne wykorzystanie BigData, Al czy internetu rzeczy, wciąż pochłania ok. 40% energii zużywanej przez centra przetwarzania danych. Nie należy więc pytać, czy można zerować zużycie energii nieodnawialnej przez centra danych, tylko jak to zrobić przy dzisiejszych wyzwaniach, ale i możliwościach technicznych.

10

Wykorzystanie technologii sztucznej inteligencji ChatGPT v4.0 do sporządzania planu BIOZ dla wybranych robót budowlanych

Drozd Wojciech, Kowalik Marcin

Przegląd Budowlany

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2023

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R. 94, nr 9-10

94--98

PL

W 2018 roku firma OpenAI opublikowała swój pierwszy model GPT w celu umożliwienia badaczom i inżynierom uczenia maszynowego lepszego zrozumienia możliwości tego rodzaju sztucznej inteligencji. Obecnie dostępna jest publicznie wersja 4.0. Zaawansowanie dostępnego oprogramowania pozwoliło podjąć próbę wykorzystania tego narzędzia jako pomoc w sporządzaniu planu BIOZ dla wybranych robót budowlanych. W artykule porównano istniejące, sporządzane przez kierowników budów, opracowania planów BIOZ oraz działania sztucznej inteligencji.

EN

In 2018, OpenAI published its first GPT model with the goal of enabling machine learning researchers and engineers to better understand the capabilities of this type of artificial intelligence. Version 4.0 is currently publicly available. The advancement of the available software allowed an attempt to use this tool as an aid in preparing a BIOZ plan for selected construction works. The article compares existing BIOZ plans prepared by construction managers and the activities of artificial intelligence.

11

Artificial intelligence versus natural intelligence in mineral processing

Özkan Şafak Gökhan

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 5

art. no. 167501

EN

This article aims to introduce the terms NI-Natural Intelligence, AI-Artificial Intelligence, ML-Machine Learning, DL-Deep Learning, ES-Expert Systems and etc. used by modern digital world to mining and mineral processing and to show the main differences between them. As well known, each scientific and technological step in mineral industry creates huge amount of raw data and there is a serious necessity to firstly classify them. Afterwards experts should find alternative solutions in order to get optimal results by using those parameters and relations between them using special simulation software platforms. Development of these simulation models for such complex operations is not only time consuming and lacks real time applicability but also requires integration of multiple software platforms, intensive process knowledge and extensive model validation. An example case study is also demonstrated and the results are discussed within the article covering the main inferences, comments and decision during NI use for the experimental parameters used in a flotation related postgraduate study and compares with possible AI use.

12

Rozwój transportu kolejowego w Polsce

Adamczak-Bugno Anna

Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne

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2023

|

Nr 4

20--31

PL

Z danych statystycznych Urzędu Transportu Kolejowego wynika, że kolej staje się realną konkurencją dla lotnictwa. Ten rodzaj komunikacji jest doceniany przez pasażerów przede wszystkim ze względu na niższe ceny, a niekiedy także krótszy czas podróży. Przemieszczanie się środkami komunikacji szynowej jest polecanym rozwiązaniem również ze względu na niski ślad węglowy eksploatowanych taborów.

13

Restoration of Remote Satellite Sensing Images using Machine and Deep Learning : a Survey

Abdellaoui Meriem, Benabdelkader Souad, Assas Ouarda

Machine Graphics and Vision

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2023

|

Vol. 32, No. 2

147--167

EN

Remote sensing satellite images are affected by different types of degradation, which poses an obstacle for remote sensing researchers to ensure a continuous and trouble-free observation of our space. This degradation can reduce the quality of information and its effect on the reliability of remote sensing research. To overcome this phenomenon, the methods of detecting and eliminating this degradation are used, which are the subject of our study. The original aim of this paper is that it proposes a state of art of recent decade (2012-2022) on advances in remote sensing image restoration using machine and deep learning, identified by this survey, including the databases used, the different categories of degradation, as well as the corresponding methods. Machine learning and deep learning based strategies for remote sensing satellite image restoration are recommended to achieve satisfactory improvements.

14

European legal framework for the use of artificial intelligence in publicly accessible space

Szpor Grażyna

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2023

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Vol. 3, no. 2

25--36

EN

The terms AI and AI systems are ambiguous but attempts are being made to agree on their definitions. International organizations and national public authorities are constructing legal acts and policy documents oriented toward maximizing benefits and reducing risks of the AI development and use. The EU draft AI Act prohibits the use of certain AI systems in the publicly accessible space. Therefore, it is important to clarify the definition of this category of the space and the scope of prohibited practices. The general principles applicable to all artificial intelligence systems introduced by the European Parliament in 2023 will affect the development and use of GIS in the publicly accessible space under the EU jurisdiction and their indirect impact may be even broader.

15

Towards Intelligent Automation (IA): literature review on the evolution of Robotic Process Automation (RPA), its challenges, and future trends

Siderska Julia, Aunimo Lili, Süße Thomas, von Stamm John, Kedziora Damian, Aini Suraya Nabilah Binti Mohd

Engineering Management in Production and Services

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2023

|

Vol. 15, no. 4

90--103

EN

Robotic Process Automation (RPA) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration offer great potential for the future of corporate automation and increased productivity. RPA rapidly evolves into Intelligent Process Automation (IPA) by incorporating advanced technologies and capabilities beyond simple task automation. The paper aims to identify the organisational, technological, and human-centred challenges that companies face in transitioning from RPA to IPA. The research process involved conducting the scientific literature search using the ResearchRabbit AI tool, which provided a set of reference papers relevant to the formulated research questions. As a result of the conducted literature review, the authors identified key challenges and possible countermeasures for companies transitioning from RPA to IPA. The resulting collection of reference scientific articles formed the basis for this study’s content and substantive analysis. Furthermore, this study contributes by identifying artificial intelligence techniques and algorithms, such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), predictive analytics, and others, that can be integrated with RPA to facilitate the transition to IPA. The paper also offers insights into potential future research areas.

16

Governance in Ethical and Trustworthy AI Systems: Extension of the ECCOLA Method for AI Ethics Governance Using GARP

Agbese Mamia, Alanen Hanna-Kaisa, Antikainen Jani, Erika Halme, Isomaki Hannakaisa, Jantunen Marianna, Kemell Kai-Kristian, Rousi Rebekah, Vainio-Pekka Heidi, Vakkuri Ville

e-Informatica Software Engineering Journal

|

2023

|

Vol. 17, nr 1

art. no. 230101

EN

Background: The continuous development of artificial intelligence (AI) and increasing rate of adoption by software startups calls for governance measures to be implemented at the design and development stages to help mitigate AI governance concerns. Most AI ethical design and development tools mainly rely on AI ethics principles as the primary governance and regulatory instrument for developing ethical AI that inform AI governance. However, AI ethics principles have been identified as insufficient for AI governance due to lack of information robustness, requiring the need for additional governance measures. Adaptive governance has been proposed to combine established governance practices with AI ethics principles for improved information and subsequent AI governance. Our study explores adaptive governance as a means to improve information robustness of AI ethical design and development tools. We combine information governance practices with AI ethics principles using ECCOLA, a tool for ethical AI software development at the early developmental stages. Aim: How can ECCOLA improve its robustness by adapting it with GARP® IG practices? Methods: We use ECCOLA as a case study and critically analyze its AI ethics principles with information governance practices of the Generally Accepted Recordkeeping principles (GARP®). Results: We found that ECCOLA’s robustness can be improved by adapting it with Information governance practices of retention and disposal. Conclusions: We propose an extension of ECCOLA by a new governance theme and card, # 21.

17

Sztuczna inteligencja w systemach wizyjnych

Dozór Techniczny

|

2023

|

z. 3

18--19

PL

Większa produktywność i wyższa jakość - jak systemy wizyjne oparte na sztucznej inteligencji mogą pomóc firmom łatwo zautomatyzować procesy produkcyjne. Najnowsze osiągnięcia w zakresie analizy obrazu opartej na AI sprawiły, że systemy wizyjne stały się dostępne dla wszystkich firm, również tych bez zaplecza technicznego czy wiedzy programistycznej.

18

Environmental analysis of a product manufactured with the use of an additive technology – AI-based vs. traditional approaches

Dostatni Ewa, Dudkowiak Anna, Rojek Izabela, Mikołajewski Dariusz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2023

|

Vol. 71, nr 1

art. no. e144478

EN

This paper attempts to conduct a comparative life cycle environmental analysis of alternative versions of a product that was manufactured with the use of additive technologies. The aim of the paper was to compare the environmental assessment of an additive-manufactured product using two approaches: a traditional one, based on the use of SimaPro software, and the authors’ own concept of a newly developed artificial intelligence (AI) based approach. The structure of the product was identical and the research experiments consisted in changing the materials used in additive manufacturing (from polylactic acid (PLA) to acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)). The effects of these changes on the environmental factors were observed and a direct comparison of the effects in the different factors was made. SimaPro software with implemented databases was used for the analysis. Missing information on the environmental impact of additive manufacturing of PLA and ABS parts was taken from the literature for the purpose of the study. The novelty of the work lies in the results of a developing concurrent approach based on AI. The results showed that the artificial intelligence approach can be an effective way to analyze life cycle assessment (LCA) even in such complex cases as a 3D printed medical exoskeleton. This approach, which is becoming increasingly useful as the complexity of manufactured products increases, will be developed in future studies.

19

Regulating Deep Fakes in the Artificial Intelligence Act

Łabuz Mateusz

Applied Cybersecurity & Internet Governance

|

2023

|

Vol. 2, No. 1

1--42

EN

The Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) may be a milestone of regulating artificial intelligence by the European Union. Regulatory framework proposed by the European Commission has the potential to serve as a benchmark worldwide and strengthen the position of the EU as one of the main players of the technology market. One of the components of the regulation are the provisions on deep fakes, which include the definition, classification as a “specific risk” AI system and transparency obligations. Deep fakes rightly arouse controversy and are assessed as a complex phenomenon, the negative use of which significantly increases the risk of political manipulation, and at the same time contributes to disinformation, undermining trust in information or in the media. The AI Act may strengthen the protection of citizens against some of the negative consequences of misusing deep fakes, although the impact of the regulatory framework in its current form will be limited due to the specificity of creating and disseminating deep fakes. The effectiveness of the provisions will depend not only on the enforcement capabilities, but also on the precision of phrasing provisions to prevent misinterpretation and deliberate abuse of exceptions. At the same time, the AI Act will not cover a significant part of deep fakes, which, due to the malicious intentions of their creators, will not be subject to the protection in the form of transparency obligations. This study allows for the analysis of provisions relating to deep fakes in the AI Act and proposing improvements that will take into account the specificity of this phenomenon to a greater extent.

20

Using Fuzzy Logic to Make Decisions Based on the Data From Customer Relationship Management Systems

Bojanowska Agnieszka Barbara, Kulisz Monika

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 5

270--279

EN

The purpose of the article is to propose a fuzzy logic solution for decision-making based on data from CRM (Customer Relationship Management) systems to evaluate banking customer attractiveness. The article is based on theory about management IT systems, especially the CRM type. Based on the literature research, nine identified factors were proposed that can influence whether the relationship with the customer will be profitable for the bank. Factors that affect banking customer attractiveness are considered, including the share of the customer's wallet and the customer's tendency to express a positive opinion of the bank. Data allowing for the identification of these factors is collected in the bank's IT systems, among other CRMs. Based on the research, a model prepared in Simulink using a Mamdani-type Fuzzy Inference System was made. It is a decision model that provides a result in the form of a binary value of 0 or 1, where 1 means it is worth investing in a customer, while 0 means it is not. After considering the subjective opinions, competence and experience of specialists and confronting them with the results from the developed model, it can be confirmed that the model works as expected.