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1
Content available Charakterystyka żeli w układzie guma konjac – guma ksantanowa z wykorzystaniem wysokoamplitudowych oscylacji ścinających (LAOS)®
Kaczmarczyk K., Kruk J., Ptaszek P., Kabziński M.
Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego
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2018
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nr 1
5--8
PL
W artykule przedstawiono badania nieliniowych właściwości reologicznych przy zastosowaniu wysokoamplitudowych oscylacji ścinających. Badaniom poddano żele otrzymane z wodnych roztworów gumy konjac i gumy ksantanowej użytych w różnych proporcjach. Analiza otrzymanych figur Lissajous wykazała, że guma konjac i guma ksantanowa jedynie w określonych proporcjach, tj. odpowiednio 1:2, wykazują synergistyczne działanie w kształtowaniu właściwości relogicznych – struktury żelu.
EN
This article presents research on nonlinear rheological properties using large amplitude oscillatory shear. Gels were obtained from water solutions of konjac and xanthan gums used in different proportions. Analysis of obtained Lissajous figures demonstrated that konjac gum and xanthan gum showed synergistic effect in formation of rheological properties – gel structure, only in certain proportions, ie. 1:2.
2
Żele spożywcze struktura i właściwości. Badania teksturalne, reologiczne i termiczne
Krystyjan M., Ciesielski W.
Przemysł Spożywczy
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2016
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T. 70, nr 2
13--17
PL
Żele spożywcze to najczęściej układy złożone, których właściwości zmieniają się w czasie oraz pod wpływem różnych czynników. Aby dokładnie śledzić zachodzące w nich zmiany, celowe wydaje się wykorzystanie najnowszych metod pomiarowych, jakich dostarcza nam nauka. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania technik teksturalnych, reologicznych oraz termicznych do badania struktury i właściwości żeli spożywczych. Omówiono m.in. test przebijania, TPA oraz test ekstruzji wstecznej i współbieżnej w badaniach teksturalnych. Scharakteryzowano pomiary dynamiczne, pełzania i powrotu oraz reksację naprężeń jako metody reologiczne. W przypadku pomiarów termicznych poruszono takie zagadnienia, jak termograwimetria, termiczna analiza różnicowa, skaningowa kalorymetria różnicowa oraz metody kombinowane.
EN
Food gels are, most frequently, the complex systems the properties of which change over the time and under the influence of different factors. To accurately trace the changes that take place in them, it is advisable to use the newest methods of measurement, which are provided by the science. The paper presents the possibilities of the application of textural, rheological and thermal techniques to study the structure and properties of food gels. There have been discussed the following problems: puncture test, TPA and retrograde and concurrent extrusion tests in the texture studies. Dynamics, creeping and return measurements and strain relaxation as rheological methods were characterized. In case of thermal measurements, such problems as thermogravimetry (thermogravimetric analysis), differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were discussed.
3
Content available remote The texture of a binary AI2O3-GeO2 gel system
Kirszensztejn P., Marciniak P., Przekop R., Szymkowiak A., Kierzkowska A.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2006
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Vol. 8, nr 2
115-117
EN
A comprehensive comparative study of binary oxide systems obtained by the sol-gel chemistry has been made. Particular attention has been paid to the texture changes. Using germanium isopropoxide and aluminium isopropoxide, binary gels with mesoporous structure have been obtained. Binary gels show a monodispersive distribution and the major contribution to the pore volume comes from the pores of diameters similar to those in the pure alumina gel.
4
Content available remote Synthesis and properties of a binary Al2O3-GeO2 system obtained by sol-gel processes -TG-TA study in oxidizing atmosphere
Kirszensztejn P., Marciniak P., Przekop R., Szymkowiak A., Jurek K.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2006
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Vol. 8, nr 2
118-120
EN
The paper is a continuation of our earlier studies related to the modification of the gel aluminium oxide with the oxides of the carbon group elements and aimed at the determination of the effect of the changes in the co-gelating component on the final structure of the binary support. The transformations taking place in the bulk gel have been described on the basis of the thermogravimetric studies carried out in the oxidizing atmosphere. The thermogravimetric results have confirmed that the gelation conditions proposed in this paper lead to getting a homogeneous gel structure in which germanium oxide enhances the gel network stability.
5
Content available remote Żele i substancje zagęszczające
Olszańska M., Ogonowski J., Ossowska K.
Chemik
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2003
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Vol. LVI, nr 2
36-43
PL
W pracy podano charakterystykę żeli i substancji zagęszczających stosowanych w chemii gospodarczej. Przedstawiono charakterystykę celulozy i jej pochodnych, gum roślinnych, hydrokoloidów wytwarzanych przez drobnoustroje, ekstraktów z wodorostów oraz skrobi.
EN
Gels and thikeners used in hausehold chemistry are featured. Characteristic of cellulose and its derivatives, plant gums, hydrocolloids created by microbes, extracts from seaweeds, and starch are presented.
6
Content available remote Hybrydowe szkła organiczno-nieorganiczne. Cz. II.
Łączka M., Cholewa-Kowalska K., Olejniczak Z.
Szkło i Ceramika
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2002
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R. 53, nr 6
3-7
7
Content available Methods of Assessing Efficiency of UV-Protecting Products
Kurpiewska J., Benczek K. M.
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
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2002
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Vol. 8, No. 1
117--120
EN
A few aspects of skin protection against ultraviolet (UV) light and methods of assessing efficacy of UV-protecting cream or gels have been discussed. UV-protection in cream and gels is not only a strategy of the cosmetic industry but a necessity because of human occupational activity and daily habits.
8
Content available remote Ład w bezładzie, czyli kompleksy jonów metali przejściowych w szkłach i żelach tlenkowych
Kłonkowski A.M.
Wiadomości Chemiczne
|
1998
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[Z] 52, 1-2
57-85
EN
The most basic difference between crystalline and non-crystalline solids is that a long range order (LORO) in the distribution of atoms (ions) or molecules exists only in crystalline materials [1]. This is indicated by diffraction patterns: the ideal crystal (the first extreme case) shows reflectants whose location and intensity obey three Laue conditions. The second extreme case is an ideally random structure. Scattering of radiation is impossible in the case of an ideally homogenous medium. Any real substance, including non-crystalline materials is inhomogenous regardless of its form or scale. Thus glasses can be thought of as assemblies of microcrystals (i.e. microcrystallites or paracrystals). Strain introduced due to lattice mismatch at grain boundaries, the presence of a disordered interfacial or matrix region, and defects such as dislocation, or stacking faults can be assumed to give rise to departures from periodicity at distances smaller than the average grain size [10]. In this sense glasses are interesting in the supramolecular science because they are intermediate objects in the way from random to organized matter [5]. The object of this article are such amorphous materials as inorganic oxide glasses with structural groups YO4, where Y = Si, P, and organically modified silicate gels. Among the studied glasses are ones of the type : R2O-SiO2 and R2O-Al2O3-SiO2, where R represents alkali atom (Li to Cs) [23, 25, 27], as well as M(II)O-P2O5, where M(II) is an alkaline earth atom (Mg to Ba) [28, 29, 32, 33]. Undoped glasses and those doped with copper (II) ions were investigated. These metal ions have played the role of probes. All the vitreous systems are classified according to their theoretical optical basicity [lambda] cal proposed by Duffy and Ingram [34]. Thanks to this method one can methodically observe and sensibly interpret changes of real measures of basicity as molar refractivity of oxide ions Ro (see Figs 9 and 10a), the so-called Imagawa's basicity (Fig.10b) and other physical and chemical properties of oxide glasses (Fig.11). The studied glasses are also classified according to their bond nature (Fig. 6)., taking into account their proximity to the onset of metallization [4]. Attention is also focused on the mixed alkali effect [22, 24]. A full understanding of the properties of colloids calls upon a wide range of physical and chemical ideas, while the multitude of colloidal systems presented to us in nature, and familiar in modern society, exhibits a daunting complexity. On the experimental side there is an ever-increasing emphasis on the application of modern physical techniques to colloidal problems. Colloid science is thus a truly interdisciplinary subject [3]. In the case of the xerogels there are described Cu(II) complexes existing on surface and in interior of the material [59-63]. Moreover, silica xerogels with immobilized supramolecular ligands show intensive luminescence (Fig. 17) which is effectively quenched by Cu(II) ions [64].
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