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EN
The article presents an analysis of the results obtained from the testing of simply supported reinforced concrete beams subjected to four-point bending. The beams, with two levels of steel reinforcement (ρs1=1.26%, ρs2=0.71%), and dimensions of 0.12x0.30x3.30m, were subjected to loading involving a sudden increase in force with multiple unloading cycles to zero. The study included comparative analysis of deflection results obtained from experimental tests (calculated based on the curvature of the element and readings from measurement devices) with deflection values obtained through calculations based on two selected standards. Real values of ultimate bending moments were also compared with theoretical values. Additionally, compressive strength tests were conducted on eight cubic concrete specimens with a side length of b=150mm, obtained for each concrete batch. They constitute accompanying studies. Using standard procedures, strength and statistical parameters were estimated and evaluated, taking into account the assessment of the quality of the concrete production used to make the reinforced concrete beams. Ensuring compliance with the process of producing full-sized reinforced concrete beams with existing standard procedures, as well as attention to the quality of concrete production, contributed to achieving satisfactory results in the experimental tests. Knowledge about the impact of loading on mechanical properties enables effective management of factors shaping quality to obtain a construction material with optimal parameters.
EN
Purpose: Managing the areas of occupational health and safety is a complex topic and requires a lot of knowledge from the management staff in relation to management sciences. The issue of human factor management is based on human behavioral factors. It refers to the psychological aspect of a given individual and often requires adjusting the way of expression and content to the level of the recipient of a given training. Therefore, the person conducting the training should have a large amount of knowledge and have many tools to both increase the effectiveness of the training and its verification can be done using various methods such as: tests (Kojnoková et al., 2023). Design/methodology/approach It contained fifteen questions (the first five related to the metrics of respondents, the next five questions related to training in the field of occupational health and safety, the last five questions referred to the impact of training on the level of safety) ranks of factors according to the Likert scale has been presented. The part of research was the introduction of data into the enclosure sheet and the determination of mutual correlations using the correlation function. Findings: The research showed a large relationship between the frequency of training and the level of safety among respondents. In addition, studies have shown that training conducted using methods that activate employees increases their effectiveness. Originality/value: The article shows the forms of matching training in the field of occupational health and safety in steel plants. Due to the high risk occurring in the areas of steel mills, training plays a key role in the safety of employees. The content of the article is addressed both to academics who can obtain information on increasing the effectiveness of training in the areas of steel mills and to people training metallurgists to transfer knowledge as effectively as possible.
EN
The paper presents the results of research on the impact of the acidity of the environment on the corrosion resistance of X6CrNiTi18-10 steel after the boronizing process. The assessment of the corrosion resistance of the surface layer was carried out using the method of progressive thinning, which consists in performing corrosion tests on increasingly deeper areas of the layer. The use of such methodology in corrosion tests allows to track changes in individual parameters read from the potentiokinetic polarization curves and, consequently, to plot their depth profiles. The resistance of the boronized layer to general corrosion was tested in acidified sulphate solutions with three pH values: 1, 2 and 4. The structure and properties of the resulting surface layer were assessed on the basis of structural tests and microhardness changes on the cross-section of the surface-treated material. It has been found that the corrosion rate of the general surface layer is 3–4 times higher than the corrosion rate of core material, but only for strongly acidic environments. The characteristics of the passive state of steel deteriorate in particular, which is visible by the increase in the value of the critical passivation current, the minimum current in the passive range and by limiting the tendency to secondary passivation. For less acidic environments, boronization generally leads to deterioration of corrosion resistance, however, this deterioration is less than expected.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wpływu kwasowości środowiska na odporność korozyjną warstwy wierzchniej na stali typu X6CrNiTi18-10 po procesie naborowywania. Ocenę odporności korozyj nej warstwy przeprowadzono, wykorzystując metodę postępującego ścieniania, która polega na wykonywaniu testów korozyjnych na coraz głębiej położonych obszarach warstwy. Zastosowanie takiej metodyki w badaniach korozyjnych pozwala śledzić zmiany poszczególnych parametrów odczytywanych z potencjokinetycznych krzywych polaryzacji oraz wykreślić ich profile głębokościowe. Badania odporności na korozję ogólną warstwy naborowanej wykonano w zakwaszonych roztworach siarczanowych o trzech wartościach pH: 1, 2 i 4. Budowę i własności powstałej warstwy wierzchniej oceniono na podstawie badań strukturalnych oraz zmian mikrotwardości na przekroju poprzecznym obrobionego powierzchniowo materiału. Stwierdzono, że szybkość korozji ogólnej warstwy wierzchniej jest 3–4-krotnie większa niż szybkość korozji osnowy tylko dla silnie kwaśnych środowisk. Szczególnemu pogorszeniu ulegają charakterystyki stanu pasywnego stali, co uwidacznia się przez wzrost wartości krytycznego prądu pasywacji, minimalnego prądu w zakresie pasywnym oraz przez ograniczenie tendencji do pasywacji wtórnej. W wypadku środowisk mniej kwaśnych naborowanie prowadzi generalnie do pogorszenia odporności korozyjnej, jednak pogorszenie to jest mniejsze od oczekiwanego.
EN
Companies are increasingly aware that employees are an important factor in success, so they pay more and more attention to them. Because of that, organizational culture and normative commitment are also included as extremely important factors. The research includes a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature and at the same time obtaining and analysing data from practice through a survey. The research focuses on employees from the logistics departments in the supply chain of electronic component production and supply. Group of companies across Europe were included in the survey (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia and Ukraine). The research demonstrates the realization that the types of classification of organizational culture have different effects on direct and indirect normative commitment. Gender differences were also found. The research-based on the calculated average mean values shows the classifications of organizational culture and normative commitment. The latter follows the organizational culture with minor deviations. The order of classification of organizational culture follows the current economic situation, where according to the studied criteria, the first is a culture of the market. The research shows that men’s rate of normative commitment is better than women's, while in organizational culture the situation is exactly the opposite. One of the most significant findings is based on the Pearson correlation coefficient with the SPSS program was found that, according to the classification, Hierarchy culture has a positive effect on indirect normative commitment.
EN
The sudden introduction of restrictions related to the pandemic situation caused by the new SARS-COV-2 of virus causing COVID-19 had a significant impact on people's lives. Limited access to products and services has caused chaos in the market. The goal of this paper is to find out the opinion on the resulting limitations in access to everyday products - during the period of partial lockdown. Based on the research, it was found that during the lockdown caused by the epidemic situation (COVID-19), people feel limited access to some products of everyday life, which in turn has an impact on their sense of anxiety and security. People noted the greatest limited availability of food products and in particular fresh fruit and vegetables, also reported limited access to pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, people confirmed that as the main reasons for anxiety and insecurity are the limited access to food products and to pharmaceuticals.
EN
The article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the content of key functional strategies of companies in the real sector of the economy. The purpose of the article is to assess the changes in the economic behaviour of companies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, to analyse business practices in adapting functional strategies to new risks, and to determine the directions for transforming functional strategies. An analysis of companies’ business practices showed that the pandemic had a significant impact on the economic behaviour of companies, transforming not only their tactics, but also their strategy. The functional strategies of the companies have undergone significant changes - marketing, production, personnel management strategies. The transformation of the marketing sphere is due to new trends in the sphere of consumption that have arisen as a result of the introduction of restrictive measures by states. The changed conditions of production activities necessitated accelerated digitalization and robotization of production, restructuring of supply chains and determined the need for the formation of innovative production strategies that meet the conditions of the Industry 4.0 era. The strategy and tactics of personnel management of companies are adapting to the conditions of the epidemic using a remote work format, digitalization of processes and tasks, and the use of new approaches in management. Based on the results of the study, the authors concluded that the pandemic has highlighted problems in the ability of companies to learn quickly in a rapidly changing environment. Today, the surviving companies are those that have been able to best adapt to unforeseen threats. For them, the coronavirus pandemic is not the cause of the crisis, but a turning point and a unique opportunity to develop in a highly competitive environment.
EN
Business process management is a very important factor in assessing the effectiveness of production systems (entire enterprises or departments). And while the planning and management of business processes is mastered, it is difficult to create relationships between coexisting processes within one production system. Usually, business process management refers to extracted (isolated) processes, in this case relationships between different processes were looked for. This paper is devoted to the assessment and analysis of the interaction of business processes related to the implementation of one engineering project. The paper presents the results of research carried out in relation to four coexisting business processes in a manufacturing company - with assumption that the four analyzed business processes are located within one project. Business processes were defined on the basis of areas determined in the Big Picture analysis (in Value Stream Mapping analysis). As indicators of the impact of business process elements, the correlation coefficient was taken into account, the value of which determined the impact (or lack of impact) between the components of the various business processes. It has been noticed that the attributes from process 1 (Launching the project implementation) and process 2 (Scheduling and project management) show a very strong and strong correlation with the attributes in other processes 3 (Management and supply of materials) and 4 (Production and distribution). On the basis of the presented results, the critical points of the information / decision flow between the coexisting business processes have been indicated.
PL
Zarządzanie procesami biznesowymi jest bardzo ważnym czynnikiem w ocenie efektywności systemów produkcyjnych (całych przedsiębiorstw lub działów). I o ile planowanie i zarządzanie procesami biznesowymi jest opanowane, trudno jest tworzyć relacje między współistniejącymi procesami w ramach jednego systemu produkcyjnego. Zazwyczaj zarządzanie procesami biznesowymi odnosi się do wyodrębnionych (wyizolowanych) procesów, w tym przypadku poszukiwano relacji pomiędzy różnymi procesami. Artykuł poświęcony jest ocenie i analizie interakcji procesów biznesowych związanych z realizacją jednego projektu inżynierskiego. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w odniesieniu do czterech współistniejących procesów biznesowych w przedsiębiorstwie produkcyjnym - przy założeniu, że cztery analizowane procesy biznesowe są ulokowane w ramach jednego projektu. Procesy biznesowe zostały zdefiniowane na podstawie obszarów określonych w analizie Big Picture (w analizie Mapowania Strumienia Wartości). Jako wskaźniki wpływu elementów procesu biznesowego brano pod uwagę współczynnik korelacji, którego wartość określała wpływ (lub brak wpływu) pomiędzy komponentami różnych procesów biznesowych. Zauważono, że atrybuty z procesu 1 (Uruchomienie realizacji projektu) i procesu2 (Planowanie i zarządzanie projektami) wykazują bardzo silną i silną korelację z atrybutami w innych procesach 3 (Zarządzanie i dostawa materiałów) i 4 (Produkcja i dystrybucja). Na podstawie przedstawionych wyników wskazano krytyczne punkty przepływu informacji/decyzji pomiędzy współistniejącymi procesami biznesowymi.
EN
In general, the production processes are more and more complex. This is the result of more and more sophisticated materials used, the pressure to save them as well as other production resources (ecological perspective), also the tendency to buy mobile products lighter and less power consuming than before. In previous years using highly specialized technology was very costly for the company. Nowadays, this situation is possible to be changed because of emerging types of modern micro-controllers and variety of compatible sensors. Some of those micro-controllers are more power saving, some are more powerful in terms of computing power. The common denominator is that both purchasing them as well as programming is possible for ordinary person, a hobbyist building DIY projects. This sheds new light to the professional usage of modern micro-controllers-based solutions that can become possible to offer comparable level of precision at the fraction of cost. The authors recognized the strong potential in modern micro-controllers and made the research among professionals in the area of production companies. The outcome of research showed that the professionals share the opinion of the authors. Therefore, the outbreak of usage of such inexpensive solutions in professional applications is expected. However, the research showed, that there is possible to find single situations, where usage of modern micro-controllers may be limited, for example in the company targeted to produce hand-made products or handicraft (manufacture).
EN
The limitations and new safety restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 had a strong impact on the functioning of numerous manufacturing companies. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted among employees of manufacturing companies. A preliminary comparison of the production efficiency (and volume) in terms of the size of enterprises was made – results obtained for micro, small and medium entrprise, as well as for large production enterprise. On the basis of the presented results, it was unequivocally stated that it was much easier for micro and small enterprises to adapt to the introduced changes. They easily expanded the range of products and thus recorded a slight increase in production. Large enterprises, due to the narrow scope of their operations, unfortunately recorded a significant decrease in production – which may also be caused by the discontinuity of the supply chain.
EN
Supply chain management is one of the most important elements of sustainable development. And due to the fact that the world market is driven by supply and demand, and the determinant of access to products is regional and international logistics, this paper focuses on the possibilities of implementing a green transport strategy in the context of sustainable development in logistic enterprises. This paper presents the results of the SWOT analysis pointing out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats of green vehicles market for the transport enterprises. It was noticed that the situation on the green vehicles market for the transport enterprises is characterized by the advantage of strengths and these strengths should be used to maximize the use of green vehicles. It emphasized that subsidies for green vehicles would allow to invest in a modern fleet, new solutions (e.g. own charging stations) can have an impact on the greater energy efficiency (self-sufficiency), increase of social awareness would force enterprises to take appropriate actions in the field of environmental protection and development of public transport based on green vehicles.
PL
Kształtowanie środowiska pracy w przestrzeni produkcyjnej to bardzo ważny aspekt z punktu widzenia zarówno bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy, jak i efektywności czy ciągłości procesów produkcyjnych. Modelowanie warunków na stanowisku pracy odnosi się przede wszystkim do przestrzegania zapisów prawnych i minimalizowania oddziaływania różnych czynników na pracownika. W świetle nowoczesnych technik zarządzania pełen pakiet rozwiązań do doskonalenia środowiska pracy zawiera koncepcja lean management, wspierana przez narzędzia, metody i koncepcje, takie jak: metoda 5S, kaizen czy ciągłe doskonalenie. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań mających na celu określenie poziomu zrozumienia podstawowych zasad lean management przez pracowników przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych.
EN
Shaping the working environment in the production space is a very important aspect both from the point of view of occupational health and safety, as well as efficiency and production processes continuity. Modeling conditions at the workplace relates primarily to compliance with legal provisions and minimizing the impact of various factors on the employee. In the light of modern management techniques, the full package of solutions for improving the work environment includes the concept of lean management supported by tools, methods and concepts, such as the 5S method, kaizen, continuous improvement. This paper presents the results of research aimed at determining the level of the lean management basic principles understanding by employees from manufacturing companies.
12
Content available Safety and automatization of machining line
EN
The paper deals with problematic of machining lines of machine components for the automotive industry. There is a current issue of increasing labor productivity and economic efficiency of production with full safety of production and environ-mental protection. Therefore, for a specific practical assignment, the replacement of existing machinery using manual workpiece handling is performed by a fully automated safety-accessible one. For this purpose, an analysis of the technical and operating parameters of the proposed NC machines has been prepared. Attention is paid to optimization of material flow and arrangement of individual workplaces of production machines including handling and transfer of material between individual workplaces. Particular attention is paid to the safety of workers and improves the environmental conditions of the production plant. Finally, the overall efficiency of the proposed solution is evaluated in detail compared to the current solution.
13
EN
The paper describes the method of producing a zinc coating on steel by electro-spark deposition technology. The technology of applying electro-spark zinc to the surface was presented. Microscopic observations and corrosion resistance tests were made. The possibilities of practical application of this type of coatings in the process of repairing zinc coatings, either damaged or with manufacturing defects, were analyzed.
EN
Digitalization and Industry 4.0 play a big role in the current world of globalized supply chains which are becoming more and more complex and require real time data based decisions to enable highly responsive measures needed to supply goods from point of origin to point of sale or use. Various concepts such as IoT, 3D printing, CPS, AR, autonomous driving etc. can be related to Industry 4.0. This paper focuses on examining and cross comparing eight technologies related to industry 4.0 that enables more responsive supply chain management activities. It also discusses the impact of industry 4.0 on future supply chains.
EN
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical used as an additive in conventional point-of-sale thermal paper receipts, in the production of many polycarbonate plastics, and epoxy resins lignin for food. BPA is xenoestrogen, a foreign compound that is not naturally produced in living organisms, but which acts similarly to natural 17-ß estradiol (natural estrogen). Due to its weak estrogenic activities, BPA exposure may influence multiple endocrine-related pathway, and is associated with prostate and breast cancer, neurobehavioral deficits, heart disease, and obesity. Furthermore, BPA may act as a DNA methylation agent and cause altered gene expression in the brain. Human exposure to bisphenol A is a matter of controversy. This review shows a potential risks in workplace resulting from contact with bisphenol A. The work presents the contribution of BPA exposure levels via dermal contact and the relationship between BPA exposure level and oxidative DNA damage.
16
Content available Eco-design processes in the automotive industry
EN
Every year approximately 70 million passenger cars are being produced and automotive industry is much bigger then just passenger cars. The impact of automotive industry on the environment is tremendous. From extracting raw materials through manufacturing and assembly processes, exploitation of the vehicle to the reprocessing irreversible, extensive environmental damage is done. The goal of this study is to show how implementing eco-design processes into supply chain management can reduce the impact of automotive industry on the environment by e.g. reducing the use of the fuel, increasing the use of recycled materials. Focus is on evaluation of current state, environmental impacts and potential improvements for design, raw materials, manufacturing and distribution and end-of-life phase.
EN
Management of agricultural products export plays an increasingly important role in ensuring global food security, being one of the most balanced segments of the global market. The purpose of this paper is to monitor changes in global food exports management and to highlight some of the problems and challenges facing countries whose food economy depends on export management. In the paper, the particular attention to the need for export expansion of countries with limited growth in domestic demand for food has been paid. The paper presents the balance of forces and determinants of supply and demand on the global food market. It has been indicated that further development of food exports management is based on the implementation of an integrated approach to export expansion at the macro level - by improving the foreign economic and food policy and at the micro-level - by the development of resources, capabilities and competences and competitiveness increase on the global market.
PL
Zarządzanie eksportem produktów rolnych odgrywa coraz ważniejszą rolę w zapewnianiu bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego na świecie, będąc jednym z najbardziej zrównoważonych segmentów rynku światowego. Celem tego dokumentu jest monitorowanie zmian w zarządzaniu światowym eksportem żywności oraz podkreślenie niektórych problemów i wyzwań, przed którymi stoją kraje, których gospodarka żywnościowa zależy od zarządzania eksportem. W artykule zwrócono szczególną uwagę na potrzebę ekspansji eksportowej krajów o ograniczonym wzroście krajowego popytu na żywność. W pracy przedstawiono równowagę sił oraz determinanty podaży i popytu na globalnym rynku żywności. Wskazano, że dalszy rozwój zarządzania eksportem żywności opiera się na wdrożeniu zintegrowanego podejścia do ekspansji eksportu na poziomie makro - poprzez poprawę zagranicznej polityki gospodarczej i żywnościowej oraz na poziomie mikro - poprzez rozwój zasobów , możliwości i kompetencje oraz konkurencyjność rosną na rynku globalnym.
EN
Safety and quality management are very important elements of managing production and service processes. It is important not only to manage in itself, but above all to constantly improve processes and constantly strive for excellence. However, continuous improvement of the organization is one of the key principles of quality management, it states that improvement can be obtained from the analysis of existing processes or measurement results. In this paper the level of occupational health and safety in european enterprises providing transport and logistics services in terms of quality management principles. On the basis of the presented results it was found that in large enterprises safety management principles are respected, while in small and medium enterprises the level of safety does not look very promising. An interesting phenomenon was observed in the case of micro-enterprises (family businesses). Research shows that employees know and adhere to the safety principle, but they do not see too much change in improving the level of safety.
PL
Celem artykułu jest dokonanie oceny jakości cyfrowej usługi pocztowej z wykorzystaniem metody e-servqual. Pierwsza część opracowania zawiera analizę literatury z zakresu metody Servqual oraz powstałej na jej fundamentach metody E-Servqual- przedstawione zostały założenia tych metod, sposób ich praktycznego wykorzystania oraz zasady interpretacji wyników. Następnie w treści opracowania zawarto wyniki badań empirycznych- próbę dokonania oceny poziomu jakości cyfrowej usługi pocztowej z wykorzystaniem standardowych wymiarów metody E-Servqual.
EN
The objective of the article has been to present assessing the quality of the digital postal service using the E-Servqual method. The first part of the study contains the theoretical framework of the Servqual method and the E-Servqual method established on its foundations- the assumptions of these methods, their practical use and the rules for the interpretations of results have been presented. Afterwards, the context of the study includes the results of empirical research- an attempt to assess the quality level of the digital postal service using the standard dimensions of the E-Servqual method.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie znaczenia wybranych determinantów w kształtowaniu jakości cyfrowej usługi pocztowej. Pierwsza część opracowania zawiera teoretyczne ramy zarządzania jakością usług, charakterystykę rynku pocztowego oraz przybliżenie cyfrowych usług pocztowych. Następnie, przedstawione zostały wyniki anonimowej ankiety konsumenckiej, przeprowadzonej na grupie pięćdziesięciu klientów korzystających z cyfrowych usług pocztowych, które przyczyniły się do sformułowania wniosków z zakresu znaczenia poszczególnych determinantów jakości cyfrowej usługi pocztowej.
EN
The objective of the article is to present the meaning of the chosen determinants in shaping digital postal service quality. The first part contains the theoretical framework of service quality management, the characteristics of postal market and digital postal services. Afterwards, the results of empirical research have been presented. Anonymous survey, regarding the evaluation of digital postal service quality determinants, has been conducted among fifty customers using digital postal services. The results contributed to the formulations of conclusions on the validity of chosen determinants of the digital postal service quality.
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