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EN
Suitable and complete sets of stress-strain curves significantly affected by dynamic recrystallization were analyzed for 11 different iron, copper, magnesium, titanium or nickel based alloys. Using the same methodology, apparent hot deformation activation energy Qp and Qss values were calculated for each alloy based on peak stress and steady-state stress values. Linear dependence between quantities Qp and Qss was found, while Qp values are on average only about 6% higher. This should not be essential in predicting true stress of a specific material depending on the temperature-compensated strain rate and strain.
EN
The paper presents the results of tests concerning the effect of the extrusion process in the complex strain state on the microstructure and properties of one of magnesium alloy with aluminium, zinc and manganese, designated AZ61. Due to its specific gravity, it is increasingly being used in the automotive and aerospace industries to reduce the weight of structural elements. As a result of plastic deformation processes, rods with a diameter of 8, 6 and 4 mm were obtained from AZ61 magnesium alloy. The microstructure analysis was performed using light and electron microscopy (STEM) techniques in the initial state and afterplastic deformation. Microstructure studies were supplemented with a quantitative analysis using the Metilo program. A number of stereological parameters were determined: average diameter of grain, shape factor. A static tensile test was carried out at 250ºC and 300ºC, at deformation rates of 0.01, 0.001 and 0.0001 m·s-1. Better plastic properties after deformation using KoBo methodwere obtained than with conventional extrusion.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu parametrów procesu walcowania na podatność do plastycznego odkształcania, właściwości mechaniczne i strukturę stali gatunku 23MnB4, 30MnB4, C45 i C70 przeznaczonych do walcowania walcówki w nowoczesnej walcowni ciągłej. Ocenę plastyczności dokonano w próbie skręcania na gorąco przy użyciu plastometru skrętnego, w zakresie temperatury walcowania walcówki od 850 do 1150oC z prędkością odkształcenia 0,1, 1 i 10 s-1. Określono zależności naprężenia uplastyczniającego od odkształcenia oraz wielkości charakteryzujące podatność takie, jak: maksymalne naprężenie uplastyczniające, wartość odkształcenia odpowiadająca maksymalnemu naprężeniu oraz odkształcenie do zniszczenia. Wielkości te uzależniono od temperatury i prędkości odkształcenia oraz od energii aktywacji i parametru Zenera–Hollomona. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań plastometrycznych dla stali 23MnB4, 30MnB4, C45 i C70 stwierdzono, że charakteryzują się dużą odkształcalnością – sięgającą wartości odkształcenia granicznego ɛg powyżej wartości 20 w najniższej temperaturze odkształcania – i ciągłym zwiększaniem odkształcalności ze wzrostem temperatury. Natomiast wartości maksymalnego naprężenia uplastyczniającego są zróżnicowane w zależności od gatunku badanej stali, a w większym stopniu zależy od temperatury i prędkości odkształcania. Badania dotyczące wpływu parametrów walcowania i chłodzenia na ilościowe cechy mikrostruktury perlitu i właściwości mechaniczne walcówki realizowano na modelowych walcarkach w VSB Ostrawa. Badania mikrostruktury badanych stali 23MnB4, 30MnB4, C45 i C70 po badaniach plastometrycznych oraz próbach walcowania przeprowadzono przy użyciu technik mikroskopii świetlnej i skaningowej. Dodatkowo ilościową analizę mikrostruktury stali perlitycznej wykonano z zastosowaniem nowego programu komputerowego „PILS” – Perlite Inter-Lamellar Spacing.
EN
The paper presents the tests results of influence of the rolling process parameters on the liability to plastic deformation, mechanical properties and structure of steel types 23MnB4, 30MnB4, C45 and C70 meant for rolling wire rods in a modern continuous mill. The plasticity assessment was conducted with the use of hot torsion test using torsial plastometer in rolling temperature range for the wire rod from 850 to 1150oC with deformation speed of 0.1, 1 and 10 s-1. The dependencies of yield stress to deformation were determined together with values characterising the liability such as: maximum yield stress, value of deformation equivalent to maximum stress and deformation to failure. Those values were dependent on temperature and speed of deformation as well as activation energy and Zener-Hollomon parameter. It was stated, on the basis of conducted plastometric tests of steel types 23MnB4, 30MnB4, C45 and C70 that they are characterised with big deformability reaching the value of boundary deformation ɛg above the value of 20 in the lowest deformation temperature and constant increase of deformability with the increase of temperature. However, the values of maximum yield stress vary de-pending on tested steel type and they are more dependent on temperature and speed of deformation. Tests concerning the influence of rolling parameters and cooling on the quantitative features of pearlite microstructure and mechanical properties of wire rods were conducted on model rolling mills in VSB Ostrava. Microstructure tests of steel types 23MnB4, 30MnB4, C45 and C70 after plastometric tests and rolling tests were conducted with the use of light and scanning microscopy. Additionally, quantitative analysis of microstructure of pearlitic steel was conducted with the use of new computer program “PILS” – Pearlite Inter-Lamellar Spacing.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki oceny struktury i właściwości mechanicznych wybranych stali konstrukcyjnych na różnym etapie walcowania z wsadów z ciągłego walcowania. Dokonano oceny makrostruktury wykorzystując próbę Baumana oraz próbę głębokiego trawienia. Na podstawie badań makro i mikrostruktury wykazano, że dla małych stopni przerobu plastycznego wlewków mogą wystąpić nieciągłości i wady wewnętrzne. Właściwości mechaniczne określone na podstawie statycznej próby rozciągania wskazują większy wpływ miejsca pobrania próbki niż stopienia przerobu plastycznego.
EN
The article presents the results of structure assessment and mechanical properties assessment of chosen structural steel types in different stages of rolling from charges in continuous rolling. An assessment of macrostructure was conducted on the basis of Baumann’s test method and macro-etching. It was shown, after the analysis of macrostructure and microstructure tests results that for small degrees of plastic working of ingots the discontinuities and inner defects can occur. The mechanical properties, determined on the basis of static tensile test have shown that the influence of the area of sample collection is bigger than the degree of plastic working.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu temperatury i czasu nagrzewania na ilość i skład fazowy powstałej zgorzeliny dla wybranych stali S355J2, C45 i 42CrMoS4, mających zastosowanie jako materiały wsadowe w walcowni wyrobów długich. Określone grubości zgorzeliny podczas nagrzewania w piecu komorowym porównano do grubości zgorzeliny w warunkach przemysłowych. Przy użyciu mikroskopu stereoskopowego dokonano oceny powierzchni zgorzeliny i stwierdzono pofałdowania powierzchni zgorzeliny. Przeprowadzono identyfikację faz metodą rentgenowską i wykazano, że zgorzelina składa się z tlenków: Fe2O3 (hematyt), Fe3O4 (magnetyt) i FeO (wustyt).
EN
The article presents the results of research on the influence of temperature and heating time on the quantity and phase composition of the formed cinder for selected steels S355J2, C45 and 42CrMoS4, applicable as feedstocks in the Long Product Rolling Mill. The specified thickness of the cinder during heating in the chamber furnace was compared to the thickness of the cinder under industrial conditions. Using a stereoscopic microscope, the surface area of the cinder was evaluated and the corrugation of the cinder surface was found. Phase identification was carried out using the X-ray method and it was shown that the cinder consists of oxides: Fe2O3 (hematite), Fe3O4 (magnetite) and FeO (wustite).
EN
The article presents tests results of the influence of extrusion process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy with lithium and rare earth elements with symbols LAE442 and LAE842. Microstructures of magnesium alloys after extrusion were compared with microstructure after casting and homogenisation. Presented results show the mechanical properties marked in static compression test in room temperature. It was stated that alloy LAE842 is characterised with better plasticity than the alloy LAE442.
EN
The article presents tests results of the influence of deformation methods on the microstructure and properties of alloy WE43. There were direct extrusion tests and extrusion with KoBo method performed. An assessment of the influence of the methods of deformation on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the achieved rods from alloy WE43 was conducted. There was an analysis of microstructure carried out with the use of light and scanning microscopy techniques in the initial state and after plastic deformation. Static tensile test was conducted in temperature of 350°C at a speed of 0.0001 m·s-1 and microhardness measurements were performed of HV0.2. On the basis of the achieved mechanical tests results it was stated that in the temperature of 350°C for samples deformed with the use of KoBo method there was an effect of superplastic flow found. The value of elongation achieved was 250% which was 3 times higher than in case of classic extrusion (80%).
EN
Two MgLiAl alloys of composition 4.5% Li and 1.5% Al (in wt.%) composed of α phase and of 9% Li, 1.5% Al composed of α (hcp) + β (bcc) phases were subjected to twist channel angular pressing (TCAP) deformation. Such deformation of α + β alloys caused less effective grain refinement than that of single α phase alloy. However, with increasing number of passes, grain size of single α phase alloy increased and that of β phase in two phase α + β alloy also grew, which suggested the effect of dynamic recrystallization. TEM studies allowed identifying particles of Li2MgAl phase of size of few μm. {001}<100> texture was observed in extruded alloy. Texture studies of extruded and TCAPed single phase hcp alloy indicated texture with {1010} plane perpendicular to the extrusion direction and {0002} plane parallel to the extrusion direction. Duplex α + β alloys showed poor texture development.
PL
Celem pracy było ustalenie optymalnych parametrów wyżarzania rekrystalizującego dla blach walcowanych na zimno wykonanych ze stali X60MnAl30-9. Badana stal odznacza się wysoką wytrzymałością i ciągliwością, zaś z uwagi na dodatek 9%Al spełnia kryterium tzw. „lekkiej stali” Mikrostruktura oraz właściwości blach zależą w głównej mierze od parametrów temperatury i czasu wyżarzania, który w procesach ciągłych powinien być możliwie najkrótszy. Badania mikrostruktury oraz właściwości mechanicznych dla dobranych parametrów umożliwiły dobór optymalnych parametrów procesu dla uzyskania optymalnej relacji właściwości wytrzymałościowych do plastycznych.
EN
The aim of the paper was to determine the parameters of recrystallization annealing for cold-rolled sheets prepared from steel X60MnAl30- 9. Tested steel is characterized with high resistance and ductility but due to the addition of 9%Al it meets the criterion of the so-called “light steel”. Microstructure and properties of metal sheets are mainly dependent on temperature and time of annealing which in continuous processes should be as short as possible. Tests of microstructure and mechanical properties for given parameters enabled the choice of the optimum parameters of the process to achieve the best possible relation of the resistance properties and the plastic properties.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań wpływu składu chemicznego na mikrostrukturę i właściwości mechaniczne ultralekkich stopów magnezu. Materiałem do badań były wlewki, które w swoim składzie chemicznym oprócz podstawowych pierwiastków takich jak Mg, Li, Ca zawierały modyfikatory tytan - bor (AlSr10) i stront (Al5Ti1B). Analizę zmian mikrostruktury w stanie wyjściowym i po odkształceniu plastycznym, wykonano przy użyciu technik mikroskopii świetlnej oraz elektronowej. W statycznej próbie ściskania w temperaturze pokojowej wyznaczono wytrzymałość na ściskanie oraz wartość odkształcenia względnego do pęknięcia. Stwierdzono, że stop Mg-Li-Ca-Sr charakteryzuje się większą plastycznością w porównaniu do stopów Mg-Li-Ca, Mg-Li-Ca-TiB.
EN
The article presents tests results of the influence of chemical composition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ultra-light magnesium alloys. The test materials were ingots which included, besides the basic elements such as Mg, Li and Ca, modifiers of titanium-boron (AlSr10) and strontium (Al5Ti1B) in their chemical composition. The analysis of microstructure changes in initial condition and after plastic deformation was conducted with the use of light and scanning microscopy. The compression strength and the value of true strain to cracking were marked in static compression test in room temperature. It was found that alloy Mg-Li-Ca-Sr is characterised with higher plasticity than alloys Mg-Li-Ca and Mg-Li-Ca-TiB.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wpływ parametrów odkształcenia na technologiczną plastyczność i mikrostrukturę stopu AZ31. Wykonano próby ciągłego, dwustopniowego oraz wielostopniowego odkształcenia na gorąco w celu analizy wpływu parametrów tj. temperatura nagrzewania, wielkość odkształcenia, prędkość odkształcenia oraz czas wytrzymania po odkształceniu na mikrostrukturę i plastyczność badanego stopu.
EN
The article is presented the effect of deformation parameters on the plasticity and microstructure of alloy AZ31. Continuous, two-stage and multi-stage hot deformation tests were performed to analyze the effect of parameters such as heating temperature, deformation size, deformation speed and deformation time after deformation on the alloy microstructure and plasticity of the alloy.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu parametrów procesu walcowania na właściwości mechaniczne i mikrostrukturę stali C70D przeznaczonych na walcówkę. Proces walcowania przeprowadzono na półciągłej walcarce laboratoryjnej w VSB - Ostrawa. Badania ilościowe mikrostruktury stali perlitycznej wykonano z zastosowaniem nowego programu komputerowy „PILS” - Pearlite Inter-Lamellar Spacing. Wyniki przedstawionych badań będą wykorzystane do optymalizacji procesu walcowania na walcowni typu MORGAN wyposażonej w system regulowanego chłodzenia Stelmor.
EN
The article presents the results of tests of influence of the thermo-mechanical treatment parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel C70D for wire rod. The process of rolling was conducted in simulation in continuous finishing train arrangement of four rolling stands in a laboratory in VSB Ostrava. Quantitative analysis of microstructure pearlitic steel was determined using new computer program called PILS (from Pearlite Inter-Lamellar Spacing). Results of presented tests will be applied for optimisation of the rolling process on rolling mill type MORGAN equipped with a system of regulated cooling Stelmor.
EN
The paper presents the results of the influence of commercial TiBor and AlSr10 master alloys on the refine the grains size, hardness and crystallisation process based on the thermal-derivation analysis of light cast magnesium-lithium-aluminium alloys. The effects of TiBor and AlSr10 content on the characteristic parameters of the crystallisation process of Mg-Li-Al alloys were investigated by thermal-derivative analysis (TDA). Microstructural evaluations were identified by light microscope, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the addition of TiBor master alloy reduced the grain size of Mg-9Li-1.5Al cast alloy from 900 μm to 500 μm, while the addition of AlSr10 master alloy reduced the grain size of investigated cast alloy from 900 μm to 480 μm. Moreover, an addition of TiBor and AlSr10 simultaneously reduced the grain size from 900 μm to 430 μm. Results from the thermal-derivative analysis showed that the addition of grain refinement causes a decrease in nucleation temperature and solidus temperature.
EN
The article presents the results of plastic shaping tests of AZ61 and WE43 alloys. There were both classic extrusion tests as well as extrusion tests of KOBO method. An assessment was made of the influence of extrusion process parameters on the mechanical properties and the structure of the alloys. On the basis of achieved results of mechanical properties for alloys AZ31 and WE43 the susceptibility of those alloys to plastic shaping was determined. Quantitative tests of structure assessment in case of alloys AZ61 and WE43 after extrusion with the use of KOBO method were conducted with the use of METILO program. It has been shown that extrusion AZ61,WE43 alloys method KOBO leads to considerable fragmentation of grains.
EN
The article presents the results of tests of influence of the thermo-mechanical treatment parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel 23MnB4 for cold-upsetting. Measurements of the ferrite grains and pearlite colonies were conducted with the use of Met-Ilo program supplemented by additional procedures dedicated to structure analysis of ferritic-pearlitic steel. The process of rolling was conducted in simulation in semi-continuous finishing train arrangement with different temperature and cooling rate. Elaborated procedure of quantitative analysis of microstructure and conducted mechanical properties tests will be used during preparations of modified technologies of wire rod rolling to prepare products made of steel, the microstructure of which is characterised higher utility properties.
EN
A growing interest in wrought magnesium alloys has been noticed recently, mainly due to development of various SPD (severe plastic deformation) methods that enable significant refinement of the microstructure and – as a result – improvement of various functional properties of products. However, forming as-cast magnesium alloys with the increased aluminum content at room temperature is almost impossible. Therefore, application of heat treatment before forming or forming at elevated temperature is recommended for these alloys. The paper presents the influence of selected heat treatment conditions on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the as-cast AZ91 alloy. Deformation behaviour of the as-cast AZ61 alloy at elevated temperatures was analysed as well. The microstructure analysis was performed by means of both light microscopy and SEM. The latter one was used also for fracture analysis. Moreover, the effect of chemical composition modification by lithium addition on the microstructure of the AZ31-based alloy is presented. The test results can be helpful in preparation of the magnesium-aluminum alloys for further processing by means of SPD methods.
EN
The paper analyses the characteristics of plasticity and microstructure of magnesium alloys with lithium meant for hot plastic working with different lithium content. The alloys were prepared in conditions of vacuum smelting. Achieved ingots were subject to hot extrusion. Tests on Gleeble simulator were conducted to assess the susceptibility of tested alloys to plastic forming in conditions of hot plastic working. For tested alloy the activation energy was marked for hot plastic deformation and plasticity characteristics in function of Zener-Hollomon parameter. After the analysis of the influence of temperature on the deformability of tested alloys it was stated that the alloy containing 8%Li (LAZ831) has better susceptibility to plastic treatment than alloy containing 4%Li (LAZ431), but higher than in case of classic magnesium alloys - AZ31.
EN
The work presents an analysis of selected magnesium alloys as structural materials to be used in production of aircraft parts as well as their technological parameters in some manufacturing processes. Upsetting test, backward extrusion and Kobo extrusion of complex cross-sectional profiles and forging process were realized using magnesium alloys AZ31, AZ61, AZ80, WE 43 and Mg alloy with Li for production of thin – walled aircraft profiles and forged aviation parts. The range of temperatures and extrusion rate for the manufacturing these profiles were determined. Tests also covered the analysis of microstructure of Mg alloys in the initial state as well as after the extrusion process. It has been proved that the proper choice of parameters in the case of a specific profile extruded from magnesium alloys allows the manufacturing of products of complex cross-sections and the quality required in aerospace industry. This has been demonstrated on the examples of complex cross-sectional profiles using elements of varied wall thickness and examples of forged aviation parts: aircraft wheel hub and helicopter lever for control system.
EN
The article presents the results of tests of influence of the thermo-mechanical treatment parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel C70D for wire rod. The methodology of quantitative description of pearlite morphology in steels with the use of the method on which a new computer program “PILS” - Pearlite Inter-Lamellar Spacing is based was presented. In order to verify the method, some quantitative tests of microstructure in samples after physical simulation of heat-plastic treatment were conducted on a deformation dilatometer device with diverse cooling rate for steel C70D. The process of rolling was conducted in simulation in continuous finishing train arrangement. Elaborated program and conducted tests will be used during preparations of modified technologies of wire rod rolling to prepare products made of steel, the microstructure of which is characterised with smaller interlamellar spacing.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu parametrów procesu walcowania na właściwości mechaniczne i mikrostrukturę stali C70D przeznaczonych na walcówkę. Proces walcowania przeprowadzono na półciągłej walcarce laboratoryjnej w VSB − Ostrawa. Badania ilościowe mikrostruktury stali perlitycznej wykonano z zastosowaniem nowego programu komputerowego „PILS” − Pearlite Inter-Lamellar Spacing. Wyniki przedstawionych badań będą wykorzystane do optymalizacji procesu walcowania na walcowni typu MORGAN wyposażonej w system regulowanego chłodzenia Stelmor.
EN
The article presents the results of tests of influence of the thermo-mechanical treatment parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel C70D for wire rod. The process of rolling was conducted in simulation in continuous finishing train arrangement of four rolling stands in a laboratory in VSB Ostrava. Quantitative analysis of microstructure pearlitic steel was determined using new computer program called PILS (from Pearlite Inter-Lamellar Spacing). Results of presented tests will be applied for optimisation of the rolling process on rolling mill type MORGAN equipped with a system of regulated cooling Stelmor.
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