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EN
In mineral raw materials used in the production of building materials natural radionuclides (potassium - 40, radium - 226, thorium - 228) occur. If ionizing radiation exceeds the annual natural background doses, then the danger of the human health is to be feared. The effect of this radiation within buildings is presented as well as the existing legal regulations dealing with the limitation of the adverse effects of the radiation of building materials. Recently some new regulations concerning the protection against the danger due to radon radiation have also appeared.
RU
В минеральных сырьях применяемых в производстве строительных материалов выступают натуральные радионуклиды (калий - 40, радий - 226, торий - 228). Если йонизирующее излучение превышает годичные дозы с натурального фона, тогда появляется опасность для здоровья человека. В статье представлено влияние этого излучения внутри зданий а тоже существующее до сих пор правные положения ограничивающие отрицательные последствия радиоактивности строительных материалов. В последнее время появились новые положения имеющие в виду охрану перед угрожением со стороны радона.
PL
Gwałtowne zamieranie lasów sprawiło, że wzrosło zainteresowanie innymi, poza dwutlenkiem siarki i tlenkami azotu, zanieczyszczeniami powietrza. Zwrócono uwagę na zanieczyszczenia wtórne, przede wszystkim na ozon. Jak wykazują prowadzone od 40 lat badania, jego zawartość w dolnej atmosferze wzrasta o ok. 2% rocznie. Szkodliwość ozonu zależna jest od gatunku roślin i stężenia skażeń. Oddziałuje on na całą roślinę, od systemu biochemicznego i fizjologicznego, przez zaburzenia wzrostu, zmniejszenie owocowania i pogorszenie jakości owoców — aż do zaburzeń w ekosystemach (zamieranie lasów). U zwierząt powoduje natomiast groźne zmiany w systemie oddychania.
EN
A rapid process of forest death brought attention to some air pollutants other than sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Secondary pollutants, most of all ozone have become the focus for research efforts. More than 40 years of research indicate that ozone concentration in the lower layer of the atmosphere increases at a rate of about 2% per year. Harmful effects of ozone on plants depend on plant species and actual concentration of pollutants. Ozone affects the whole plant, its biochemical and physiological systems alike, disturbs growth and fruit formation and adversely affects fruit quality. It also affects the entire ecosystems (causing forest decline). In animals, ozone causes lesions in the respiratory system.
EN
The study comprises an analysis of the growth rate of C. albicans and C. stellatoidea strains isolated from the respiratory system and incubated on Nickerson's and Sabouraud's agar in the dark and by light. The property to form hyphae and pseudohyphae by both species was used to evaluate the growth rate. The increase in their growth allowed to isolate the stages characteristic for growth and development of most fungi. Disturbances appeared with the fungi exposed to light which is the factor definitely setting back the growth. Faster growth and development was observed with C. stellatoidea.
EN
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infections in poultry are an important epidemiological and economic problem in poultry production all over the world. The differences between M. synoviae strains are related to the pathogenicity and the course of the disease. In recent years, the pathogenicity of M. synoviae strains has increased, and some of them are capable of causing serious infections. Both horizontal and vertical transmission routes play an important role in MS infection in flocks. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of infection with selected MS strains obtained from chickens showing a clinical form of MS infection on SPF chicken embryos. Ten strains of M. synoviae were used for this purpose. The strains were isolated from the respiratory tract and the oviduct of chickens with symptoms typical of infection with this pathogen. Genetic material isolated from liquid cultures of these strains was confirmed by molecular (PCR and LAMP) and microbiological methods. The selected M. synoviae strains belonged to six different genotypes. Significant differences in virulence between the strains were demonstrated. In nine infected groups of embryos, M. synoviae strains caused weight loss, and in seven groups they produced anatomopathological changes characteristic of mycoplasma infections. The most pathogenic for SPF chicken embryos turned out to be strains characterized as genotype F isolated from the chicken oviduct and strains of genotype C isolated from the respiratory tract. One strain of genotype H isolated from the respiratory tract showed no pathogenic effect on SPF chicken embryos. The study showed that infections with M. synoviae can have a significant impact on the production of chicken chicks in commercial hatcheries and the economy of the poultry industry.
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