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1
Content available Śmieci i odpady w architekturze
100%
PL
Tematem artykułu są współczesne nurty antyestetyczne w architekturze: architektura śmieci i odpadów, związany z nimi świadome formy twórczości w oparciu o upcykling i pseudorecykling oraz moda na architekturę biedy i przypadku – architektura bez udziału architektów.
EN
The subjects of this paper are contemporary anti-aesthetic trends in architecture: architecture of waste and garbage, related with them conscious forms of design, based on up-cycling and pseudo-recycling, and fashion for poor and accidental architecture – architecture without the participation of architects.
PL
W ostatnim piętnastoleciu Górny Śląsk, którego rozwój opierał się od początku XIX wieku na przemyśle ciężkim, stał się miejscem radykalnych przekształceń obejmujących sferę gospodarczą, społeczno-kulturową. Procesy te znalazły jaskrawe odbicie w przeobrażeniach przestrzeni miejskiej, której historyczna geneza tkwi w dziewiętnastowiecznej industrializacji regionu. W jej wyniku zakłady przemysłowe zostały otoczone zabudową rozrastających się organizmów miejskich lub wpłynęły na przekształcenie wsi i osad w nowe ośrodki. Duże zakłady przemysłowe znalazły się w obrębie miast, także w ich ścisłych centrach. W nowej rzeczywistości gospodarczej przestrzeń ta stała się polem działań, mających na celu nadanie im nowej funkcji. Niestety poza nielicznymi wyjątkami proces ten przebiegał w sposób chaotyczny, przynosząc katastrofalne skutki dla ciągłości historycznej i spójności przestrzeni miejskiej. Przykładem opisanego procesu jest centrum Zabrza, na terenie, którego do niedawna funkcjonowało kilka dużych zakładów przemysłowych. W drugiej połowie lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku na obszarze największego, centralnie położonego zakładu - Huty Zabrze, rozpoczęto nowe inwestycje, które całkowicie zmieniły krajobraz architektoniczny tej części miasta.
EN
Since 19th century the development of Upper Silesia depended on heavy industry. However, for the last 15 years this region has undergone radical changes in the economic, cultural and social fields. The processes of transformation have been starkly reflected in the urban space, the origins of which go back to the 19th century industrialization, when industrial establishments were surrounded by spreading urban settlements or transformed villages and small settlements into new town centres. Huge industrial settlements were located within the city boundaries, often in the very centres. In recent years, in the face of new economic reality, attempts have been made to create new functions for such forms of urban space. Unfortunately, despite few successful cases, chaotic processes of alteration brought about catastrophic effects to the historic continuity and cohesion of urban space. The centre of Zabrze, which until recently accommodated several big industrial establishments, is a good example of such effects. New investments initiated at the site of the biggest centrally-located Zabrze steelworks in the late 1990s have completely altered the architectural character of the city district.
EN
Time goals, becoming shorter and shorter, and increasing demands for quality for the development of vehicles and their components ask for new methods to handle the various tasks in this area. The growing complexity of those tasks requires very good support for the users and operators by involved tools and systems. Ideally, those systems are highly integrated and build a closed, seamlessly cooperating chain of tools to support the entire development process. Besides the activities directly related to the test cell, an increasing number of administrative and overall tasks come into focus more and more. This paper introduces today's and tomorrow's requirements to a test cell and its environment combined with a discussion of appropriate solutions. The variability of a modern diesel engine, the positioning of the systems in the company overview, error indicators and problem reporting in a modern automation system such as FEV's TestCellManager, a modular approach for a test cell automation system, the general situation in a test cell based on appropriate system architecture, the systems in a test field according to functional layers, a modular approach for test field management systems, test field overview provided by the FEV's TestFieldManager are presented in the paper.
EN
A three-layer optical model of the MOS structure: (1) Al₂O₃, (2) A1 with Al₂O₃ or void content, (3) SiO₂ on a Si substrate has been applied earlier in spectroscopic ellipsometry. This model enabled a good fit of the calculated and measured spectral ellipsometric characteristic. However the S i0₂ layer thicknesses and gate layer thicknesses determined by other methods were not always identical with the ones obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Penetration of A1 into SiO₂ was directly confirmed by cross-sectional TEM observations. Applying a more advanced, five-layer model with two intermediate layers (50% Al₂O₃-50%AI and 50% Al-50% SiO₂) for calculations in spectroscopic ellipsometry, made it possible both to determine the thicknesses of individual layers and to confirm the penetration of A1 into SiO₂ in most of the samples. Photoelectric characteristics calculated using the optical parameters of the system determined in this way were compared with the experimental ones. Good agreement of SiO₂ thicknesses used in calculation and obtained from other measurements supports the presented optical model of the Al-SiO₂-Si structure.
EN
The retroesophageal right subclavian artery is an anatomical abnormality encountered by anatomists and pathologists and recently interventional cardiologists and thoracic surgeons have also come across this phenomenon. We report a case of a retroesophageal right subclavian artery arising from a normally located left aortic arch in a young male autopsied in the Department of Forensic Service of Warsaw Medical University. In addition to the aforementioned anomaly, the presence of a right non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve was noticed. The possible embryonic development of these branching patterns and their clinical significance is discussed.
EN
The heart, as we know, is a muscular tissue supported by collagenous structures forming the fibrous skeleton of the heart. A structure by the name of the tendon of infundibulum appeared in the literature with no definite information about its structure or even its existence. The tendon of infundibulum was described as a strip of fibrous tissue structure situated between the aortic root and pulmonary trunk. Our study involved 30, formalin fixed, adult human hearts ranging from 18 to 81 years. Classical macroscopic anatomical methods were applied to observe macroscopically all the connections between the aorto-pulmonary trunk, together with serial transverse histological sections, through roots of the aorta and pulmonary trunk, using eosin-hematoxylin and van Gieson staining. All the hearts seemed to encompass many fascial bands attended by connective tissue. However these fascial bands are not concrete structures and cannot be termed tendons. In our investigation we have been unable to demonstrate macroscopically or histologically any structure which could be significantly approximating to the initial description of the literature. However, as far as we are able to judge, the term tendon of infundibulum has erroneously been introduced into many medical textbooks since the literature cannot still prove its existence.
11
Content available Modeling of KERENA emergency condenser
38%
EN
KERENA is an innovative boiling water reactor concept equipped with several passive safety systems. For the experimental verification of performance of the systems and for codes validation, the Integral Test Stand Karlstein (INKA) was built in Karlstein, Germany. The emergency condenser (EC) system transfers heat from the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) to the core flooding pool in case of water level decrease in the RPV. EC is composed of a large number of slightly inclined tubes. During accident conditions, steam enters into the tubes and condenses due to the contact of the tubes with cold water at the secondary side. The condensed water flows then back to the RPV due to gravity. In this paper two approaches for modeling of condensation in slightly inclined tubes are compared and verified against experiments. The first approach is based on the flow regime map. Depending on the regime, heat transfer coefficient is calculated according to specific semi-empirical correlation. The second approach uses a general, fully-empirical correlation. The models are developed with utilization of the object-oriented Modelica language and the open-source OpenModelica environment. The results are compared with data obtained during a large scale integral test, simulating loss of coolant accident performed at Integral Test Stand Karlstein (INKA). The comparison shows a good agreement. Due to the modularity of models, both of them may be used in the future in systems incorporating condensation in horizontal or slightly inclined tubes. Depending on his preferences, the modeller may choose one-equation based approach or more sophisticated model composed of several exchangeable semi-empirical correlations.
EN
The heart is a muscular organ supported by collagenous tissue. The collagenous tissue is condensed in certain areas to form a supporting framework, often called the fibrous skeleton. The so-called tendon of the infundibulum has previously been described as part of this skeleton, but its structure and incidence remain ill defined. The tendon was initially described as a strip of fibrous tissue running between the aortic root and the pulmonary trunk. Since information on its structure is vague, we sought to evaluate its existence in 100 formalin-fixed adult human hearts obtained from subjects ranging in age from 22 to 86 years, in 20 hearts from infants and children aged from 2 months to 6 years at the time of their death and in 10 cattle hearts. We used classical macroscopic anatomical techniques to demonstrate all the possible connections between the sinuses of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. We then supplemented the macroscopic techniques with serial transverse histological sections taken through the vascular roots, staining the sections with the haematoxylin-eosin, van Gieson, Masson trichrome and orcein staining methods. Fascial bands surrounded by connective tissue were observed in all hearts. In 80 adult hearts and in 16 neonatal hearts we found fascial bands or strips, which connected the aortic and pulmonary roots. Only in two hearts, however, were we able to identify tendon-like structures, and histology revealed that these were formed by tightly packed collagen fibres intermingled with fat, most likely due to advanced age. Thus in those cases where a “tendon” was present it was no more than condensed fascial bands joining together the apposing sinuses of the arterial trunks. In our opinion, therefore, accounts in the literature describing the “tendon of the infundibulum” as a tendinous structure connecting the aortic and pulmonary roots do not accurately represent this anatomical structure.
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