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PL
Przedstawiono skalę ubóstwa w Polsce w latach dziewięćdziesiątych. Ponadto, wskazano na bezpośrednie i pośrednie, tj. odległe w czasie skutki ubóstwa.
EN
The first direct and the most felt result of poverty is inability of fending household's essential needs (food, health security, education, and culture). Poverty, which is suffered nowadays, rise not only directly results, but also cause results in the future for example weak society as well intellectually as physically.
PL
Przeanalizowano warunki bytu ludności gospodarstw domowych żyjących w sferze ubóstwa w Polsce. W celu pokazania zróżnicowania skali konsumpcji w tychże gospodarstwach wyliczono współczynnik zmienności (zróżnicowania) dla wydatków oraz ilościowego spożycia podstawowych produktów żywnościowych.
EN
In Poland, in the period of system transformation, poverty becomes one of the biggest social and economical problems. In relatively short period of time many people from different professional groups became poor. The most felt a result of poverty is inability of fending household s essential needs (food, health security, education and culture).
EN
In Poland, in the transition period unemployment became one of the biggest social and economical problems. In relatively short period many people of different professional groups have lost their jobs. Rising unemployment which reached the level of 3 millions people is not alone but the main reason of the widening sphere of poverty. Variation in relationship between poverty and unemployment is particularly evident according to regional location of households. Unemployment and poverty rates in Poland had been highest in these macro-regions where numerous of the former state farms were located as well as in many small towns. The study results show that the unemployment determinates the major areas of poverty, deficiency or destitution.
PL
Aby ograniczyć stosowanie dodatków chemicznych w przemyśle spo- żywczym, rośnie zainteresowanie połączeniami folii biopolimerowych z olejkami eterycznymi o właściwościach przeciwbakteryjnych i prze- ciwutleniających, które nie mają negatywnego wpływu na zdrowie ludzi. Zmiany w kierunku włączenia środków przeciwdrobnoustrojowych do opakowania, a nie bezpośrednio do produktów żywnościowych, spowo- dowały zwiększenie aktywności badań nad tego typu opakowaniami. W pracy przeglądowej przedstawiono zastosowanie olejków eterycznych do folii na bazie biopolimerów.
EN
By striving for a limited use of chemical additives in the food industry, one can observe an increasing interest in combining biopolymer films with essential oils of bactericidal and anti-oxidative properties which have no negative influence on human life. The changes towards incorporating anti-microbials into a packaging and not directly into food products have resulted in an increased number of studies on such packagings. This paper provides the review of literature on the application of biopolymers films with essential oils.
EN
It has been clearly demonstrated in several studies that zona pellucida is modificated during oogenesis and folliculogenesis, important stages of mammalian oocytes maturation. However, little is known to date about differential expression and various distributions of proteins involved in fertilization, e.g. zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (pZP3), integrin-beta-2 (ITGB2) within the porcine oocytes. Since the morphology of the female gamete significantly influences the ability of oocytes for maturation and fertilization, this study aimed to investigate the distribution of pZP3 and ITGB2 in four morphologically different porcine oocytes using confocal microscopic observations. The porcine COC’s were morphologically evaluated in a four graded scale with special relation to colorization of cytoplasm and cumulus cell layers, cultured in culture medium NCSU-23 for 44 h at 38°C, and then subsequently fixed with anti-pZP3 and anti-ITGB2 antibodies, and analyzed using confocal microscopic observations. Consequently, we found that pZP3 protein was localized in oocytes graded as I and II in zona pellucida and cytoplasm. In oocytes graded as III and IV, pZP3 was distributed in the cytoplasm. Regarding the ITGB2, in oocytes graded as I the zona pellucida localization was observed. In the other grades of oocytes a strong cytoplasmic expression of ITGB2 was detected. In conclusion, the expression of both pZP3 and ITGB2 proteins as well as the differential distribution of these proteins within the female gamete are associated with the morphological type of porcine oocytes.
EN
Integrins are the major receptors within the extracellular matrix (ECM) that mediate several functions connected with cell life and metabolism, such as cell adhesion, migration, cytoskeletal organization, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. A vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most important angiogenic factors. It has been suggested that the expression of this gene may play crucial physiological roles in reproductive organs. All investigated endometrial tissues were isolated on day 10-12 after mating. Control bitches, used in this study, were in metestrus, which was determined according to the vaginal cytology and progesterone level in blood. Early pregnancy was verified by flushing the uterine horns with PBS. Total RNA was isolated from the bitches endometrium by means of the Chomczyński and Sacchi method, treated by DNase I, and reverse-transcribed into cDNA. A quantitative analysis of integrins α2b, β2 and β3, VEGF 164, 182 and 188 cDNA was performed by RT-PCR. In results we have shown an increased expression of all investigated genes (integrins α2b, β2 and β3, VEGF 164, 182, and 188) in pregnant bitches uterus as compared to non-pregnant females (P<0.001). Our results indicated that the expression of genes encoding integrins and vascular endothelial growth factors is different in relation to the time of the embryo implantation and it is increased in the first period of this process. This may be associated with the induction of specific mechanisms responsible for receptivity of uterus following the embryo attachment. In addition, all of investigated genes are up-regulated in a pregnancy-specific manner and the increased expression of these genes may regulate the uterus function during the implantation of canine embryos.
EN
Both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF) play an important physiological role in the processes of proliferation and differentiation of several different cell types. However, the expression profiles of these factors in domestic bitches endometrium are still poorly recognized. The aim of the present study was to identify and analyze the differential expression of these factors in various stages of the estrus cycle. Endometrial tissue from proestrus (n=17), estrus (n=10), day 10 diestrus (n=15), day 35 diestrus (n=18) and anestrus (n=25) was collected soon after ovariohysterectomy. Total RNA was isolated from the endometrium by means of Chomczyński and Sacchi method, treated by DNase I, and reverse- transcribed into cDNA. Quantitative analysis of EGF, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3 cDNA was performed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). EGF expression in canine endometrium was increased in the estrus stage as compared to proestrus (P<0.05), day 10 diestrus (P<0.05), day 35 diestrus (P<0.01) and anestrus (P<0.001). We also found the differences in EGF expression between day 10 and day 35 of estrus as well as between day 35 of estrus with anestrus (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively). The TGFf1 transcript contents were also higher in estrus as compared to other stages (P<0.01). The TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 in the estrus stage was increased compared to proestrus, day 10 diestrus, day 35 diestrus and anestrus (P<0.05). We proved that expression of EGF and TGFβ transcript isoforms is related to the phase of estrus in bitches and therefore may be regulated by specific hormone concentrations during these periods. Our results confirm the hypothesis that these growth factors play a role in the regulation of biochemical changes in the endometrial tissues during the estrus cycle.
EN
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether selected factors attributed to oocyte donors can affect the number and quality of canine cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COC). The following parameters were considered: female age and body mass, ovarian weight, presence of functional ovarian structures (eg. corpus luteum, visible follicles), and ovarian and uterine pathology. Altogether 10 077 COCs were collected, on average 125.6 per bitch. The number and quality of collected COCs was significantly affected by female age and the presence of functional ovarian structures. We found an increased total number of COCs in up to 8-month-old bitches as compared to up-to-3-year-old and up-to-7-year-old females (P < 0.001). Moreover, senile females produced more high quality COCs than the younger ones. However, the differences between those groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.469, P = 0.346). A higher number of COCs was collected from ovaries with a smooth surface (202.8) or with visible follicles (121.1), in comparison to ovaries with corpus luteum (97.6), bitches with pyometra and pathologies of the ovaries or the uterus (82.8). No influence of the bitch’s body mass and ovarian weight on the number of COCs was observed, although a higher number of oocytes was usually collected from the right ovary. The quantity and morphological quality of bitch COCs varied significantly among individual females in an age-dependent manner. The greater number of COCs, isolated from younger bitches, may be associated with a higher reproductive potential and hormonal activity of these females. The study suggests that the age affects the total number of collected COCs but has no influence on the quality of bitch oocytes.
19
Content available remote Lab-on-a-chip for quality classification of pig oocytes
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EN
The popular veterinarian method of qualitative selection of animals oocytes for artificial fertilization is based on morphological aspects of cells. Selection is done by the trained veterinarian specialists observing under a microscope oocytes "flowing" in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer. This is unsatisfactory selection method, one of the weakest points of agriculture breading industry, because it introduces large personal factor and cannot be automated. In this paper, the novel microspectrometry method for quality assessment of pig oocytes isolated from follicles of various size is described. Pig oocytes were successfully classified according to existing classification. We used a specially designed microfluidic chip for measurements. The chip was constructed of glass and silicon with integrated optical fiber. This is the first attempt of the lab-on-a-chip based methodology of quality assessment of oocytes of breeding animals.
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