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tom Nr 73
213--224
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba znalezienia podejścia ułatwiającego projektowanie/dostosowanie nowoczesnych technologii dla osób powyżej 65 roku życia. Do projektowania zdecydowano się wykorzystać język korzyści i systemy ekspertowe. W pierwszej części artykułu opisano statystyki związane z użytkowaniem Internetu przez osoby starsze na przestrzeni siedmiu lat. Drugą i trzecią część poświęcono przybliżeniu pojęcia systemów ekspertowych i języka korzyści. W kolejnej, czwartej część przedstawiono proponowane przez autorkę rozwiązanie, które ma na celu ułatwienie i zachęcenie osób starszych do korzystania z urządzeń mobilnych i Internetu.
EN
The purpose of this article is to try to find an approach that facilitates the design / adaptation of modern technology to people over the age of 65. The design was decided to use benefits language and expert systems. The first part of the article describes the statistics related to the use of the Internet by older people over seven years. The second and third part was dedicated to approximating the concept of expert systems and benefits language. Another, fourth, presents the solution proposed by the author, which aims to facilitate and encourage older people to use mobile devices and the Internet.
2
Content available Czy chorobę Alzheimera można wyleczyć?
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tom 119
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nr 07-09
EN
Symptoms of Parkinson's disease (akinesia, muscle rigidity and tremor) result from degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. Furthermore, a shift of dopaminergic-glutamatergic balance towards overactivation of glutamatergic systems exists in this disease. Therefore, drugs which inhibit glutamatergic transmission were expected to have antiparkinsonian impact. Our studies showed that the blockade of the group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and 5) in the striatum decreased catalepsy and muscle rigidity in the haloperidol-induced animal models of parkinsonism, which seemed to be due to inhibition of the indirect striopallidal pathway. On the contrary, systemic injections of mGluR5 antagonists did not infl uence the tacrine-induced tremor and diminished functioning of the nigrostriatal pathway. Moreover, the mGluR1 antagonist strongly enhanced the tremor induced by harmaline. Agonists of groups II and III mGluRs exerted antiparkinsonianlike effects which differed depending on their brain targets. Agonists of the group II seemed to act at the level of the subthalamo-nigral glutamatergic synapses, but not in the striatum, whereas an antiakinetic effect of agonists of group III was strong in the globus pallidus and striatum, but weak or none in the substantia nigra. The above results seem to suggest that because of a wide distribution of mGluRs in the brain, ligands of these receptors may exhibit limited effi ciency as antiparkinsonian drugs in humans.
EN
Stanisław Wolfarth graduated at the Medical Academy in Kraków in 1963. He worked for over 40 years at the Institute of Pharmacology PAS, where he was a head of the Department of Neuropharmacology (1971–2003). Studies on the role of the basal ganglia in development of Parkinson’s disease became a passion of his life. One of his fi rst achievements was the fi nding that clinical relationship termed dopaminergic-cholinergic balance resulted from interactions of complex neuronal systems including the substantia nigra, striatum and other structures. He demonstrated that GABAergic pathways connecting the substantia nigra, thalamus and zona incerta - lateral hypothalamus controlled the muscle tone, and played a crucial role in initiation of movements. He was one of the authors of a prototypic device for objective measurement of the muscle tone of rat’s hind paw which is now the only apparatus of this type worldwide. Within the last 15 years he found antiparkinsonian properties of ligands of NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors in animal models, and discovered that muscle stiffness in the elderly had completely different pathophysiological basis than parkinsonian muscle rigidity. He was deeply involved in several international co-operations, was an author of over 90 scientifi c papers, and for his pioneer discoveries was highly prized by many scientifi c organizations. His works are characterized by amazing coherence of research objectives, consistency and up-to-dateness.
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Content available remote Płyny do prania
51%
PL
W pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę płynów do prania. Podano podstawowe składniki płynów do prania, ich właściwości i obszary stosowania.
EN
A variety of washing fluids are featured. Basic ingredients of washing fluids, their properties and application areas are given.
18
Content available remote Żele i substancje zagęszczające
51%
PL
W pracy podano charakterystykę żeli i substancji zagęszczających stosowanych w chemii gospodarczej. Przedstawiono charakterystykę celulozy i jej pochodnych, gum roślinnych, hydrokoloidów wytwarzanych przez drobnoustroje, ekstraktów z wodorostów oraz skrobi.
EN
Gels and thikeners used in hausehold chemistry are featured. Characteristic of cellulose and its derivatives, plant gums, hydrocolloids created by microbes, extracts from seaweeds, and starch are presented.
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