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PL
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the lexicalisation and pragmaticalisation process, as a result of which – in modern Polish – developing clauses, also called non-integrated appositive relative clauses, give rise to metatextual expressions, which comment on a statement/utterance (discourse markers) in the form co by nie / cokolwiek by nie (whatever you) with supplementations in the form of infi nitives mówić, powiedzieć, rzec (say). The expressions were subject to an analysis intended to determine their distribution, form and connectivity, as well as semantic and syntactic properties, including functions in the thematic-rhematic structure. The discussions allowed also for the possibility to interpret the described phenomenon in the categories of conventional implicature.
EN
The subject-matter of the analysis presented in the paper are Polish discourse and pragmatic markers homographic with adverbial participle forms, such as e.g. nie mówiąc o_(to say nothing of_, let alone_), nie wspominając o_ (not to mention_), nie wytykając_ (not to mention names), nie licząc (besides), nie ukrywając (not denying). The objective of the research was to determine semantic-syntactic changes accompanying the process of lexicalizalization / delexicalization and grammaticalization of expressions in question along with indicating semantic features of the verbs which participle forms are subject to this process. The role of the generalized conversational implicature in the process of interpreting the utterances with expressions in question was also taken into consideration.
PL
Przedmiotem analiz w artykule są wyrażenia metatekstowe homograficzne z formami imiesłowów przysłówkowych wybranych czasowników, takie jak np. nie mówiąc o_, nie wspominając o_, nie wytykając_, nie wdając się w_, nie schlebiając_, nie licząc_. Celem badań było ustalenie, jakie zmiany semantyczno-składniowe towarzyszą procesowi leksykalizacji/deleksykalizacji oraz gramatykalizacji tych wyrażeń, a także czy można wskazać klasy czasowników, których formy imiesłowowe są predystynowane do uczestniczenia w tym procesie. Uwzględniona została także rola wnioskowania opartego na uogólnionej implikaturze konwersacyjnej w interpretacji wypowiedzeń z tymi wyrażeniami.
EN
It is extremely important for the disabled people who have serious diffi culties communicating in a phonic language to be able to interact with the environment. The tools and aids available on the market are, however, often beyond an individual user’s fi nancial capacity or are not adapted to the needs of adults. This paper presents the principles for selecting vocabulary to match tools serving the purpose of augmentative and alternative communication as well as the vocabulary and rules for its combination in utterances, which should be introduced at the fi rst, initial, stage of implementing this means of communication. The excerpted vocabulary will be applicable mainly in the case of people with major limitations of communication, who have not used such tools yet (AAC systems) and who have required such a support since recently and as a result of an emergency
EN
The theoretical reflection on speech and language disorders called e.g. alalia, speech underdevelopment of cortical origin, aphasia in children, or specific language impairment was devoted a lot of space in the relevant literature. However, there are no therapeutic programmes or tools to aid speech therapists shape the language system in a child in an organised and consistent manner. The paper presents the attempts made to this date in order to create such a programme and theoretical assumptions of the author’s original proposition of such a therapy. The order and method of introducing individual language structures are specified and it is shown that vocabulary development with the simultaneous application and integration of various grammatical structures is more effective than introduction of vocabulary in isolation from such structures.
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