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PL
Ocenę wylęgowości przeprowadzono na 133 jajach strusich, które w zależności od masy podzielono na 3 grupy: I – jaja o masie od 1300 do 1450 g, II – jaja o masie od 1451 do 1600 g, III – jaja o masie od 1601 do 1750 g. Największy odsetek zarodków zamarłych (30%) stwierdzono w grupie I, natomiast w pozostałych dwóch wskaźnik ten był mniejszy, odpowiednio o 22,6 i 12,4%. Najwyższe wskaźniki wylęgowości zarówno z jaj nałożonych, jak i zapłodnionych stwierdzono w grupie II, odpowiednio 66,6 i 88,8%. Optimum masy strusich jaj wylęgowych winno mieścić się w przedziale 1451–1600 g.
EN
Hatchability evaluation was performed on 133 ostrich eggs which, according to their weight, were divided into 3 groups: group I – with eggs weighing 1300 to 1450 g, group II – with eggs weighing 1451 to 1600 g, and group III – with eggs weighing 1601 to 1750 g. The largest percentage of dead embryos (30%) was found in group I, whereas this rate in two other ones was smaller by 22.6 and 12.4%, respectively. Largest hatchability rates both from set and ferilised eggs were found in group II, i.e. 66.6 and 88.8%, respectively. The optimum of ostrich egg weight should be within the range of 1451–1600 g.
PL
Celem pracy było zbadanie, czy preparaty używane do dezynfekcji jaj, w których podstawowymi substancjami czynnymi są: czwartorzędowe związki amoniowe (Amino-Steril); stabilizowany kwas nadoctowy i nadtlenek wodoru (Oxydion); aldehyd glutarowy, chlorek didecylodimetyloamoniowy, czwartorzędowe związki amoniowe i benzyl-C12-C16-alkilodimetyl (Viron FF); stabilizowany nadtlenek wodoru (Hydro-Clean), nie wykazują toksycznego działania na tkanki rozwijającego się zarodka kurzego. Badania przeprowadzono na jajach wylęgowych pochodzących od stada rodzicielskiego zestawu Ross 308. Ewentualne szkodliwe działanie wodnych roztworów preparatów dezynfekcyjnych oceniano in vitro, stosując test błony omoczniowo-kosmówkowej zarodka kurzego (ang. Hen’s Egg Test – Chorioallantoic Membrane; HET-CAM). Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzono w badaniach in vivo, analizując wylęgowość dezynfekowanych jaj. W badaniu in vitro wodne roztwory preparatów o stężeniu 1%, 0,5%, 0,25% i 0,125% nakrapiano na uprzednio wypreparowaną błonę omoczniowo-kosmówkową żywego ośmiodniowego zarodka kurzego (n = 8 zarodków/preparat/stężenie). Toksyczność substancji oceniano na podstawie wystąpienia przekrwienia, wylewów i koagulacji naczyń krwionośnych błony po 0,5, 2 i 5 minutach, i odnoszono do 21-punktowej skali Luepke. Badanie in vivo obejmowały dwa doświadczenia przeprowadzone w warunkach produkcyjnych, podczas których wykorzystano jaja od stad w szczytowej (37. tydzień życia) i schyłkowej (54. tydzień życia) fazie nieśności. Oprysk jaj 1% wodnym roztworem preparatu dezynfekcyjnego (400 jaj/preparat/doświadczenie) przeprowadzano na ok. 2 godziny przed rozpoczęciem inkubacji. Oceniano wyniki lęgu, fazę rozwojową zarodków w chwili zamarcia oraz ewentualne przypadki zakażeń. W badaniach metodą HET-CAM stwierdzono, że 1% roztwory preparatów powodowały reakcję silną (Hydro-Clean), umiarkowaną (Oxydion i Amino-Steril) oraz słabą (Viron FF). Natomiast dla stężenia 0,125% stwierdzono słabą reakcję lub jej brak. Analiza wyników lęgu nie wykazała wpływu użytych preparatów dezynfekcyjnych na końcowe wyniki lęgu. Jednak w przypadku jaj pochodzących od niosek w końcowym okresie produkcji można zaobserwować, że oprysk wodnymi rozworami każdego ze środków zmniejszał straty spowodowane wczesną zamieralnością zarodków. Podsumowując, badane środki dezynfekcyjne mogą być bezpiecznie stosowane w zakładach wylęgu drobiu.
EN
The aim of the study was to investigate whether egg disinfectants have a toxic effect on the tissues of the developing chicken embryo. The basic active ingredients of the disinfectants tested were quaternary ammonium compounds (Amino-Steril); stabilized peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (Oxydion); glutaraldehyde, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, quaternary ammonium compounds and benzyl-C12-C16-alkyldimethyl (Viron FF); and stabilized hydrogen peroxide (Hydro-Clean). The tests were performed on hatching eggs from Ross 308 parent stock. The potential adverse effects of aqueous solutions of the disinfectants were tested in vitro using the Hen’s Egg Test – Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM). The results were confirmed in in vivo tests by analysing the hatchability of disinfected eggs. In the in vitro tests, aqueous solutions of the disinfectants with concentrations of 1%, 0.5%, 0.25% and 0.125% were spotted onto previously prepared chorioallantoic membranes of live eight-day-old chicken embryos (n = 8 embryos/disinfectant/concentration). The toxicity of the substances was assessed on the basis of the occurrence of hyperaemia, haemorrhage, and coagulation of the blood vessels of the membrane after 0.5, 2 and 5 minutes, using the 21-point Luepke scale. The in vivo testing consisted of two experiments conducted under production conditions, using eggs from flocks in the peak (37th week of life) and the final (54th week) laying periods. The eggs were sprayed with a 1% aqueous solution of disinfectant (400 eggs/disinfectant/experiment) about 2 hours before incubation. Hatching results, the stage of embryonic development at the time of death and any cases of infection were evaluated. The HET-CAM tests showed that the 1% solutions of the disinfectants induced strong (Hydro-Clean), moderate (Oxydion and Amino-Steril) and weak (Viron FF) reactions, while the 0.125% concentration produced a weak reaction or none. Analysis of hatching results showed that they were not affected by the disinfectants. However, in the case of laying hens in their final production period, spraying with aqueous solutions of each agent reduced losses due to early embryo mortality. In conclusion, the disinfectants tested can be safely used in poultry hatcheries.
EN
The aim of this study was to assess the early embryonic development and hatchability of turkey eggs in relation to the age of layers. Analyses were performed at three-week intervals during a 24-week laying season. The first analysis was performed at week 33 of layers’ life (1st week of the laying season). The body conformation and development of embryos in the 64th hour of incubation, egg weight and hatching rates were determined at each stage of the study. The values of the blastodisc diameter were found to be higher in eggs laid by hens aged 45 weeks than in eggs laid by younger hens. Embryos in eggs from hens aged 39 weeks had a longer longitudinal axis and wider head region than in eggs laid by younger hens. The number of brain vesicles and somite pairs and the development of blood islands in embryos contained in eggs laid by hens aged 42 weeks and older were at a comparable level, while lower values were found in younger hens. The variation in embryo characteristics was high, which is typical of the early stage of embryo growth. Egg weight increased by 19.48 g between week 33 and 57 of layers’ life. The highest increase in egg weight was noted during the first 3 weeks of the laying season. The highest hatching rates (88.63-93.11%) were observed in the group of hens aged 39 to 48 weeks. The conducted research indicates that hatchability depends on the layer’s age, which determines the egg weight and embryonic development. A large increase of egg weight in the case of young hens and those at the end of their laying period caused a slower development of embryos and poorer hatchability.
EN
The objective of the present study was to evaluate embryonic development and hatchability of turkey eggs differing in shell structure characteristics. The experiment was conducted between 4 and 17 weeks of the laying season, on three groups of hatching eggs of heavy-type broad-breasted white turkeys, i.e. eggs with good quality shells, rough-shelled eggs and eggs without shell surface pigmentation. Twenty-five embryos of each group of hatching eggs were analyzed in the 64th hour of incubation. Six incubation series were carried out, each time using 126 eggs of each group (a total of 2 268 eggs), and hatchability traits were determined. Eggs in particular experimental groups did not differ with respect to the size of the germinal disk, the length of the longitudinal axis and the diameter of the tail region of embryos. The widest diameter of the head region of embryos was recorded in rough-shelled eggs (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to the average number of somites and brain vesicles in embryos, however it was the highest in eggs with normal quality shells. The hematopoietic system of embryos was more developed in eggs with rough shells and eggs without shell pigmentation. Fertilization rates, embryo viability to 26 days of incubation and hatchability were higher (p < 0.05 and 0.01) in eggs with shells of good quality and in rough-shelled eggs compared to eggs without shell surface pigmentation. Hatchability was found to be very low in the group of eggs without shell pigmentation, reaching only 72.93%. The results of the study indicate that in the 64th hour of incubation the embryos in all groups of eggs were at a similar stage of development, except for the fact that the head regions of embryos in rough-shelled eggs were wider in diameter. It may be concluded that eggs with rough shells and eggs without shell pigmentation are characterized by lower hatchability than eggs with good quality shells.
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