Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Doświadczanie życia w przemocy przez kobiety w starszym wieku

100%

Halicka M. , Halicki J. , Uniwersytet w Białymstoku

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2013

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tom 297

EN

The aim of the article is to present a part of the research done within the project: Intimate Partner Violence against Older Women. In particular, these are the opinions of the research subjects on violence and a characteristic of analyzed cases of female victims of intimate partner violence. The duration, causes and forms of aggressive behaviors are presented. An attempt is also made at characterizing the female victims of violence, who have a passive attitude towards their situation.

2

Brutalities in Anti-Imperial Revolts. Commonalities and Differences in Distinct yet Overlapping Forms of Violence by Peripheral Ethnic-Indigenous Communities and Imperial Powers in Classical, Medieval and Modern (Industrial) Times

80%

ten Dam C. , Polanski T.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2015

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nr 1(31/2)

199-230

EN

In order to understand and resolve internal armed conflicts one must comprehend why and how people revolt, and under what conditions they brutalise i.e. increasingly resort to terrorism, banditry, brigandry, “gangsterism” and other forms of violence that violate contemporary local and/or present‑day international norms that I believe are, in the final analysis, all based on the principles of conscience, empathy and honour. Contemporary “global” or regional norms distinct from those of the rebelling community, and the norms of the regime community and/or colonial power, are also considered. My pessimistically formulated and thereby quite testable brutalisation theory combines theorising elements of disciplines ranging from cultural anthropology to military psychology, so as to better explain rebellions or any armed conflicts and their morally corrosive effects. The theory’s main variables are: violence‑values (my composite term) on proper and improper violence; conflict‑inducing motivations, in particular grievances, avarices, interests and ideologies, that bring about i.e. cause or trigger the conflict; combat‑stresses like fear, fatigue and rage resulting from or leading to traumas (and hypothetically to brutalities as well); and conflict‑induced motivations, in particular grievances, avarices, interest and ideologies, that happen by, through and during the conflict. The present paper is an exploratory introduction to an ambitious research project, succinctly titled “Brutalisation in Anti‑Imperial Revolts”, with advice and support from Professor Tomasz Polanski. The paper addresses the project’s relevance and its epistemological and methodological challenges. The project seeks to explain rebellion, banditry and other forms of violence that may or may not be inherently brutal. It seeks to ascertain the causes and degrees of any brutalisations i.e. increasing violations of norms during rebellions by peripheral, marginalised ethnic (indigenous) communities against their overlords in classical, medieval and “modern” (industrial) times. It introduces seven selected cases of “peripheral‑ethnic revolts” by indigenous communities – as (semi‑) state actors, non‑state actors or both (yet possessing at least residual ruling capabilities) – against Imperial powers across the ages, with a special focus on banditry, “brigandry” (brigandage), guerrilla and other forms of irregular warfare. The first stage of the research will analyse and compare the causes i.e. motivations and involved norms, sorts of violence and degrees of brutalisation in these seven cases.

3

Thinking Under Extreme Conditions: From Political Philosophy to the Forcing of Politics. A Contemporary Reflection on Book VI of Plato’s Republic

80%

Gava J.-F.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2016

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nr 1

145-154

EN

According to Aristotle, rhetoric stands in the midst of reason and violence. In con-temporary coordinates, this means that there is a mode of action extraneous to reason, which is violence. Up to now, one could plea that the very exercise of reason was noth-ing but action, autotelic activity. Thus the opposition between action and thought was a fake one. Repatriating à la Oswald Ducrot all reason to practical reason allowed us to think on thought as acting. This was the answer to the impracticability of violence. However, action as a mere discourse conceived as auto/hetero transformational practice in itself will not help. We need to take back into consideration action as something ex-traneous to pure/practical reason, to discourse. But this is not violence of the old type. Both the old irenism of the workers’ movement and the armed counter-state as the spec-ular image of the state, supposed to wipe away the latter from the historical stage in the name of universal emancipation, are impracticable. Modern barbarity will soon get rid of the human species unless a new form of vio-lence is found able to compete with the state, without turning into a new form a state. This new form is authoritative, legitimate intimidation. But what are the conditions to speak out authoritatively? Are they not distinctive state conditions? Moreover, does authority lie in the form of discourse? If not, because consentment has superseded mere submission, which are the authoritative sources of discourse which, though neither overtly nor primarily conflicting with the state, nor with corporations, could somehow not completely coincide with the interests of it and even work against it, though like it? We would like to examine all those questions.

4

Violence, suicidal attempts and relationships with parents in a group of adolescent girls. Pilot studies

80%

Makara-Studzińska M. , Łopuszańska U. , Sidor K. , Świder K. , Pac-Kożuchowska E.

Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna

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2017

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tom 17

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nr 3

172-178

EN

Aim of the study: An analysis of the correlation between experiencing peer violence and suicidal behaviours with regard to relationships with parents. Material and methods: The study included 43 girls (aged between 12 and 16 years) admitted to the Department of Paediatrics at the Prof. Antoni Gębala Children’s Hospital in Lublin due to suicidal attempts. The study group consisted of 17 girls who experienced peer violence, while the control group included 26 girls who attempted suicide for other reasons than peer violence. A sociodemographic questionnaire and a metric survey of own design, in which the girls specified the intensity of a given feature on a scale of 1–10, were used. Results: There were statistically significant differences between girls experiencing peer violence vs. control group in terms of the feeling of being unloved by parents (p < 0.04), receiving parental attention (p < 0.002), home safety (p < 0.05), the feeling of being abandoned by parents (p < 0.0003), the feeling of loneliness (p < 0.004), being disliked at school (p < 0.003), having friends (p < 0.01), the number of suicide attempts (p < 0.03), and having thoughts about preparing for an effective suicide attempt (p < 0.01). A strong conviction about having “cool” friends was correlated with a decrease in the number of suicidal thoughts (p < 0.02), belief that the suicide will be successful one day (p < 0.04), and the intensity of thinking about preparing for an effective suicide attempt (p < 0.03). Conclusions: Having friends can indirectly eliminate the consequences of parental failure to meet child’s basic needs as well as reduce suicidal thoughts and attempts. The quality of family relationships may affect the relationships with peers, which is associated with becoming potential victims of violence.

PL

Cel badań: Analiza zależności między doświadczaniem przemocy ze strony rówieśniczej a zachowaniami suicydalnymi w odniesieniu do relacji z rodzicami. Materiał i metody: Przebadano 43 dziewczęta (w wieku 12–16 lat), które zostały przyjęte na Oddział Ogólnodziecięcy w Klinice Pediatrii Uniwersyteckiego Szpitala Dziecięcego im. prof. Antoniego Gębali w Lublinie z powodu próby samobójczej. Grupę główną stanowiło 17 dziewcząt doświadczających przemocy ze strony rówieśników, natomiast grupę kontrolną – 26 dziewcząt, które targnęły się na swoje życie z innego powodu niż przemoc rówieśnicza. Badanie przeprowadzono przy pomocy przygotowanej ankiety socjodemograficznej oraz ankiety metryczkowej własnej konstrukcji, w której dziewczęta określały natężenie danej cechy w skali od 1 do 10. Wyniki: Wystąpiły istotne statystycznie różnice między dziewczętami doświadczającymi przemocy ze strony grupy rówieśniczej a grupą kontrolną w zakresie: poczucia bycia niekochanym ze strony rodziców (p < 0,04), otrzymywania uwagi ze strony rodziców (p < 0,002), poczucia bezpieczeństwa w domu (p < 0,05), poczucia bycia porzuconym przez rodziców (p < 0,0003), poczucia samotności (p < 0,004), bycia nielubianym w szkole (p < 0,003), posiadania przyjaciół (p < 0,01), liczby prób samobójczych (p < 0,03), myśli o przygotowywaniu się do popełnienia skutecznej próby samobójczej (p < 0,01). Wraz ze wzrostem przekonania o posiadaniu „fajnych” przyjaciół malały: liczba myśli o odebraniu sobie życia (p < 0,02), przekonanie, że kiedyś uda się zabić (p < 0,04), natężenie myśli o przygotowywaniu się do skutecznej próby samobójczej (p < 0,03). Wnioski: Posiadanie przyjaciół pośrednio niweluje skutki podstawowych potrzeb niezaspokojonych przez rodziców i może wpłynąć na zmniejszenie liczby myśli i prób samobójczych. Natomiast jakość relacji w rodzinie może mieć wpływ na związki z rówieśnikami, co łączy się z faktem bycia ofiarą przemocy.

5

Violent Incidents in Greek Basketball. Referees' Perspective on the Theoretical Models of Violence

80%

Koukouris K. , Stavros T.

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tom 46

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nr 1

177-193

EN

During the last 30 years a significant body of knowledge has been accumulated around the issue of hooliganism in professional soccer. However, very little has been said about violence in basketball, a sport that has the most incidents of violence after soccer and perhaps handball in Europe. Although an increasing number of violent incidents in basketball are reported in the mass media, research is limited. The sample consisted of 16 top Greek basketball referees, several of whom were distinguished even at an international level. The top referees were interviewed in a hotel prior to matches. The criteria for the choice of leading referees was based on their top refereeing experience (A1 division). Officials provide support for the notion that basketball is hostage to personal interests and is used as a means of pressure for the service of other aims. The theory for the social roots of hooliganism as well as the theory of frustration - aggression provide sufficient explanations for the interpretation of violence in basketball. Under work and family pressures young people become more aggressive and unload their disappointment in the sports ground, which they consider to be a suitable outlet.

6

O przemocy w Starym Testamencie. Problemy interpretacyjne i literackokrytyczne Rdz 34.

80%

Slawik J.

Rocznik Teologiczny

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2011

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nr 53

31-68

DE

In dem Aufsatz wird die Frage nach der Gewalt im Alten Testament am Beispiel von Gen 34 behandelt. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass die Erzählung nicht einheitlich ist. Der ursprüngliche Text besteht aus V. 1 4.7a.8.10b.11*(ohne w> h'ybia' la,)-13a.14-15.17-21a.22aa.b-23ba.24(*?, vielleicht ohne Ary[i r[;v; yaec.yO lK' in V.24a).25a.26a ba.29b.26bβ (und vermutlich 35,5bβ). Sie wurde in Rahmen von der J-Komposition um V.30 ergänzt (siehe Gen 49,5-7) und schlieβlich vom Redaktor bearbeitet, der sich an Num 31,7-9; Dtn 7,3; 20,13-14; 2 Sam 13; Esr 9,11f und der deuteronomistischen Kritik der religiösen Hurerei (z.B. Dtn 31,16) orientiert. Die erste Fassung erzählt über die Gewalt der hochgestellten Machthaber (Dina’s Vergewaltigung von Sichem) und Manipulationen, die mit der blutigen Rache der zwei Söhne Jakobs endet. Die Mächtigen, die zur Gewalt greifen, werden zu den Opfern der Gewalt (eine Art von gerechter Vergeltung). Der Jahvist kritisieret diese Rache heftig, weil solche Gewalt nur zur schlimmeren Gewalt führen kann. Der Redaktor, der die Erzählung nach deuteronomistischen und chronistischen Geboten deutet, warnt vor dem Mischen mit den fremden Völkern, die Israel zum Götzendienst verführen. Am Beispiel aus der weit entfernten Vergangenheit, in dem die Gewalt gegen die Feinde und ihre Tötung leider positiv bewertet wurde, will er um die Gottestreue werben. Weil die Erzählung die Gewalt aus den verschiedenen Sichten betrachtet, kann sie nicht als die Befürwortung der Gewalt gelesen werden aber als die Warnung vor der Gewalt.

7

Małżeństwo i rodzina w opinii starszych kobiet doświadczających przemocy. Na podstawie analizy akt sądowych w województwie podlaskim

80%

Halicka M. , Halicki J. , Kramkowska E. , Szafranek A.

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tom 28

EN

Marriage and family are very important values in the life of every human being. They play an important role in shaping the personality of its members, since the family is not without reason called as the basic unit of society. The institution of marriage and family is also a place to experience different emotions. We expect from family members interest, support and help when necessary. Sometimes, however, people who are so close to us cause pain, inflict pain, contribute to our crying or sadness. An example of the second type of situation is domestic violence. It is much more painful experience because is experienced from those who are the microcosm, are the closest to each other. In the present text we present the specifics of the problem of violence sustained by older people from the side of a spouse / partner. On the basis of the elderly women’s statements – the victims – the feelings that accompany them in connection with the experienced violence was showed. Article also brings an answer to the question whether the disclosure of one experiences grievances to the authorities, affects the stability of the institutions of marriage and the family.

8

Emancypacja w czasach ołowiu. Herbert Marcuse a kwestia przemocy

80%

Pluciński P.

Nowa Krytyka

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2011

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nr 26-27

357–364

EN

The article examines violence as a means of emancipatory action in the thought of Herbert Marcuse. Ambivalent character of the relation between radical social theory and radical action is presented as well as pragmatic justifications for potentially “purifying” function of violence.

9

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ПРОФІЛАКТИКА НАСИЛЬСТВА СТОСОВНО ЛЮДЕЙ ПОХИЛОГО ВІКУ В ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОМУ СУСПІЛЬСТВІ

80%

Лисенко Ю.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2017

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nr 8(72)

284-294

EN

The article addresses the problem of violence against the elderly people. The types of violence (physical, sexual, psychological, and economic) and their manifestations concerning this age category are revealed. It is noted that this phenomenon is latent, since official statistics is not available in the majority of European countries, and Ukraine in particular. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to prove the urgency and timely social-pedagogical prevention of violence against the elderly people, as well as to substantiate effective ways of its minimization, using the pro-social potential of the information society. In order to realize this goal, it is necessary to apply such methods of research as analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization of results in relation to the stated problem. An analysis of the regulatory framework provides grounds for concluding that it is extremely difficult to gather sufficient evidence to justify the prosecution in court, due to the weak legal framework and vague definitions of the offense in the specific articles of the relevant codes. In this regard, the offender’s guilt is difficult to prove. As a result, offenders often avoid punishment and continue to commit violence. Social-pedagogical prevention of violence is a complex of measures aimed at preventing the violation of human rights in respect to its honor, dignity and living conditions. Such work should be carried out with all age categories: with children in order to prevent peer violence and protection of childhood, among parents in order to identify adequate methods of raising children and developing interpersonal skills (parents, relatives, neighbors and others); with representatives of various social institutions serving this category of persons in order to enhance professionalism and prevent professional burnout, with the elderly people in order to train them to protect themselves from violent attacks and to help others with the “peer-to-peer” technology. The emphasis is made on the conditions of the information society, which influence the development or suppression of such a phenomenon. In particular, having the information on ways to avoid violence, the work of the relevant institutions and providing the necessary services to victims of violence, a person has the opportunity to protect himself and others. The prospect of further research is the study of the structure and content of social-pedagogical support for the elderly people in the conditions of the information society.

10

La trilogie du grand malentendu de Yasmina Khadra : implication plurielle des héros khadraïens

80%

PAWLICKI J.

Planeta Literatur. Journal of Global Literary Studies

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2014

|

nr 1. Europe - Maghreb: exchanged glances / L'Europe et le Maghreb: les regards croisés

103-122

FR

Au début du XXIe siècle, Yasmina Khadra (pseudonyme littéraire de l’écrivain algérien Mohammed Moulessehoul) a publié une série de romans sur les régions conflictuelles du monde contemporain, connue sous le nom de la trilogie du grand malentendu1. Dans Les hirondelles de Kaboul, L’attentat et Les sirènes de Bagdad, il a décrit les conditions propices au déclenchement de la violence et a analysé le phénomène du choc des cultures vécu par le monde arabo-musulman et l’Occident.

11

Przemoc w filmach gore albo o obrzydzeniu, które obnaża współczesne stosunki społeczne

80%

Lipowicz M.

Kwartalnik Filmowy

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2013

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nr 83-84

239-254

PL

Kwestia bezpośredniego przedstawiania przemocy w filmach od dawna budzi kontrowersje w świecie naukowym, jest też przedmiotem zainteresowania opinii publicznej. Od lat 60. subgatunek gore coraz śmielej wkracza do głównego nurtu kinematografii, a kino popularne coraz chętniej adaptuje estetykę przemocy właściwą filmom tego gatunku. Bezpośrednie przedstawianie destrukcji ludzkiego ciała stało się współcześnie częścią kultury masowej. Na tę problematykę należy zatem spojrzeć również z perspektywy socjologicznej. Przyjmując taki punkt wyjścia, autor pyta w swoim artykule o wpływ wirtualnej przemocy na jednostkę, a także o to, w jakim stopniu filmy gore odzwierciadlają najistotniejsze cechy współczesnego społeczeństwa. Na przykładzie trzech wybranych filmów gore Lipowicz stara się wykazać, że subgatunek ten wskazuje na fundamentalne problemy egzystencjalne oraz na kwestię integracji społecznej w dobie ponowoczesności.

EN

The question of direct presentation of violence in films has long been controversial in the scientific world, and it is also of interest to the public. Since the 1960s the subgenre of gore is increasingly present in the mainstream cinematography, and the popular cinema is increasingly willing to adapt the aesthetic of violence typical for films belonging to this genre. Direct presentation of the destruction of human body has become part of contemporary popular culture. It is therefore an issue that should be considered from the sociological perspective. Accepting this as his starting point, the author asks in the article about the impact of virtual violence on the individual, and the extent to which gore films reflect the most important features of contemporary society. Using the example of three selected gore films Lipowicz tries to demonstrate, that the subgenre points to fundamental existential problems and questions of social integration in the era of postmodernity.

12

Skúsenosti s realizáciou preventívnej činnosti zameranej proti násilnostiam na štadiónoch v zahraničí

80%

Uhrin S. , Dworzecki J.

Securitologia

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2013

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nr 2(18)

19-28

EN

The article sets forward the experience of the Slovak Republic in the field of prevention of violence and aggression in football stadiums. The text discusses initiatives aiming at dimnishing this alarming and increasing in size phenomenon. The experiences stemming from preventive measures which have been taken in this regard in other European countries, have also been brought closer in the text.

13

Violent Incidents in Greek Basketball. Referees' Perspective on the Theoretical Models of Violence

80%

Koukouris K. , Stavros T.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

|

2009

|

tom 46

|

nr 1

177-193

EN

During the last 30 years a significant body of knowledge has been accumulated around the issue of hooliganism in professional soccer. However, very little has been said about violence in basketball, a sport that has the most incidents of violence after soccer and perhaps handball in Europe. Although an increasing number of violent incidents in basketball are reported in the mass media, research is limited. The sample consisted of 16 top Greek basketball referees, several of whom were distinguished even at an international level. The top referees were interviewed in a hotel prior to matches. The criteria for the choice of leading referees was based on their top refereeing experience (A1 division). Officials provide support for the notion that basketball is hostage to personal interests and is used as a means of pressure for the service of other aims. The theory for the social roots of hooliganism as well as the theory of frustration - aggression provide sufficient explanations for the interpretation of violence in basketball. Under work and family pressures young people become more aggressive and unload their disappointment in the sports ground, which they consider to be a suitable outlet.

14

Vision and Violence in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves

80%

Otto P. D. , University W. K. , Peggy Otto is assistant professor of English at Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green K.

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nr 2

EN

Virginia Woolf describes her artistic goal in The Waves as an attempt to create “an abstract mystical eyeless book.” Yet, in creating her eyeless book, one that eschews a single narrative perspective, Woolf amasses abundant visual details. For each of her six characters, visual images mark significant moments of being. In fact, Woolf emphasizes the characters’ capacity for sight as a vulnerability that allows them to be violated and wounded over and over. This article analyzes connections between visual imagery and themes of violence in the novel to demonstrate how they cohere into an extended metaphor for the ways in which acts of looking can elicit powerful emotions that threaten to fragment individual identity in painful ways. While Woolf’s novel has received critical commentary that focuses on the role of vision in the narrative and critics have also noted how violence in the text supports other themes, the explicit relationship between sight and violence has not yet been fully explored. A close examination of the visual imagery in key scenes of the novel demonstrates how Woolf engages the reader to participate in the characters’ deepening sense of fragmentation as they are repeatedly assaulted by experience, as the eyes themselves become symbols of the twin dynamics of desire and destruction.

15

Langage violent dans le rap français: caractéristique ou cliché ?

71%

Zubčeková H.

Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)

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2015

|

tom Special Issue: Le monde de la litérrature

293-303

EN

The paper treats the role of the vocabulary connected to violence in the French rap. We will verify the hypothesis that this kind of vocabulary (vulgarisms and words semantically associated with violence) in our corpus is predominantly accentuated in the lyrics by the means of homophonies. This hypothesis is based on the premise that words with some kind of homophony are naturally emphasized in the flow of the rapper (Barret 2008). We are going to use the corpus of 97 songs by three interprets — Diam’s, MC Solaar and Rohff. We will use three marks : first mark concerns the vulgarisms, the second words semantically associated with violence and the third all the homophonies in the corpus. If the hypothesis is confirmed, the conclusion, that violent aspects are objectively highlighted and therefore more prominent in French rap, follows.

16

Thou Shalt Not Speak: Divine Violence in Serhiy Zhadan’s The Life of the Virgin Mary (2015)

70%

Domina N. , University of Western Ontario , Natalya Domina is a PhD student in Comparative Literature at the University of Western Ontario C. S. h. a. B. a. a. M. f. t. N. U. o. K.-M. A. N. s. r. i. i. u. d. , domina.nata@gmail.com

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2016

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tom 8

EN

Divine violence, says Walter Benjamin in his Critique of Violence, is “the sign and seal but never the means of sacred execution.” A Ukrainian writer Serhiy Zhadan in his 2015 collection of poetry and translations The Life of the Virgin Mary, frames his narrative of the war in Donbas as dystopia with divine violence being the driving force. The text also problematizes the possibility of a dialogue as the means to stop subjective violence.

PL

Boska przemoc jest, jak twierdzi Walter Benjamin w Krytyce Przemocy: znakiem i pieczęcią, ale nigdy środkiem świętej egzekucji. Ukraiński pisarz i poeta Serhij Żadan w wyda- nym w 2015 roku zbiorze poezji i przekładów pt. Żywot Maryi, wkomponowuje swą narrację o wojnie w Donbasie jako dystopii w ramy owej boskiej przemocy, stanowiącej jej siłę napędową. W tekście przedmiotem refleksji uczyniono także możliwość dialogu jako środ- ka powstrzymującego subiektywną przemoc.

17

CONSUMERISM AND THE AESTHETICISATION OF VIOLENCE IN J.G. BALLARD’S KINGDOM COME

70%

Macsiniuc C.

Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors: Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Cultural and Translation Strategies

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2016

|

tom 8

89-105

EN

Ballard’s late fiction explores obsessively the processes which engender uncontrollable violence and various forms of social psychopathology in the contemporary society of affluence. The present paper focuses on the representation, in his last novel, Kingdom Come, of consumerism as an aestheticised form of violence, with a fascist-like, totalitarian ethos, a characteristic product of an age of de-differentiation and loss of meaning, dominated by media-generated messiahs.

18

Sztuka odsłaniania w twórczości Francisa Bacona

70%

Góra S.

Estetyka i Krytyka

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2015

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nr 1(36)

55-69

EN

The article aims to investigate Francis Bacon’s works in the broader cultural and philosophical context. Tracking down the influence of other artists on Bacon’s art and the symbols visible in his paintings leads to valid conclusions related to the problems of the artists of the twentieth century. These are: human loneliness, abandonment by the Creator, reduction of human being to mere bodies and the question of the existence and location of an immortal soul.

19

Evidence of interpersonal violence or a special funeral rite in the Neolithic multiple burial from Koszyce in southern Poland – a forensic analysis

70%

Konopka T. , Szczepanek A. , Przybyła M. M. , Włodarczak P.

Anthropological Review

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2016

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tom 79

|

nr 1

69-85

EN

This study uses anthropological and forensic medical analyses to determine the cause of fractures found in the remains of 15 individuals buried at a site associated with the Globular Amphora Culture (2875-2670 BC). The intent was to determine the mechanism underlying the injuries and to indicate the types of tools that might have inflicted the blows. The fractures were diversified in their forms, but the majority of the injuries appear to have been inflicted by a flint axe, which is frequently found in graves of the Globular Amphora Culture. Apart from the forearm being severed in one of the victims, all the remaining skeletons showed from 1 to 4 injuries involving solely the skulls. The grave might contain victims attacked by invaders who executed the captives, or else the feature is ritual in character and it reflects the beliefs of the Neolithic community.

20

Sport a społeczeństwo: kapitał społeczny i kulturowy – wybrane zagadnienia

70%

Lukiewicz W.

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nr 1

97-106

EN

Modern sport in system of social relations of a society which has an exclusive place. It is connected with a number of specific functions which are inherent in it. Formally sports are focused on humanistic values, however, practice of human activity in this sphere quite often shows absolutely other approaches. The society as a whole tolerant enough to accept various deviations in sports which are based on violence, racism, xenophobia, religious intolerance. Formation of the human capital with necessity includes similar tendencies, that , finally, leads to unpredictable consequences. Sport substantially influences process of change of the essence of the human and cultural capital. Negative results of sports activity in many cases create danger in relations between representatives of different nationalities. Sports causes from time social pressure, raises negative emotions and inspires deviant behavior. The biggest sports competitions practically always are connected with the raised risk of social confrontation.