Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Wielonurtowość polonistycznych badań językoznawczych. Próba typologii

100%

Pastuch M.

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

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2016

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nr 2(18)

135-144

EN

The article aims at creating a schema that can be used to structure Polonistic linguistic research. The author suggests basic categories, such as METHODOLOGY and METHOD, SUBJECT and SOURCES. Each category, though derived from a different area has specific and relevant information. Each research project described according to such categories would be clearly depicted and placed in an appropriate position within Polonistic linguistics.

2

The alchemy of human variation: Race, ethnicity and Manoiloff's blood reaction

100%

Naidoo N. , Štrkalj G. , Daly T.

Anthropological Review

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2007

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tom 70

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nr 1

37-43

EN

This paper examines the research on race determination conducted by Russian biochemist E.O. Manoiloff in the 1920s. Manoiloff claimed to have discovered a method which detected racial identity of an individual by a simple chemical reaction performed on a subject's blood sample. The method was published in one of the leading anthropological journals and it was not questioned for some time. It is obvious today that Manoiloff's claims were nothing short of ridiculous. The present study, based on the experimental history of sciences, tries to elucidate Manoiloff's procedures and reasons for his ‘success’. His experiments were repeated using both original and modern equipment. It has been demonstrated that Manoiloff's procedures, although rigorous at first glance, were highly arbitrary and methodologically flawed. It would appear that the socio-political and scientific contexts of the early twentieth century which favoured belief in the existence of clearly distinguishable racial types played a crucial role in the initial positive response to Manoiloff's research.

PL

Artykuł omawia metodę badań przynależności rasowej ludzi, jakie prowadził w latach 20. ubiegłego wieku rosyjski biochemik E.O. Manoiloff. Badacz ten twierdził, że odkrył sposób określania "rasy" osobnika przy użyciu prostych reakcji chemicznych wykonanych w próbce jego krwi. Z dzisiejszej perspektywy pomysł Manoiloffa wydaje się po prostu śmieszny, jednak na początku XX w. sprawę tę traktowano całkiem poważnie. Metoda, o której mowa, została opublikowana wAmerican Journal of Physical Anhropology, jednym z najważniejszych amerykańskich czasopism antropologicznych i przez długi czas pozostawała niezakwestionowana.W przedstawianym artykule autorzy omawiają historię "odkrycia" Manoiloffa i późniejszej jego falsyfikacji z wykorzystaniem nowoczesnej aparatury i metod. Badania Manoiloffa są charakterystycznym przykładem słabości rozwijanej w początkach XX w nauki o rasach, kiedy to, ze względu na stan wiedzy przyrodniczej i warunki socjo-polityczne, nawet tak absurdalne wyniki spotkały się początkowo z pozytywną reakcją środowiska naukowego.

3

Typologia form naczyń kultury pucharów lejkowatych z obszaru Dolnego Śląska

100%

Dreczko E.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2016

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tom 64

5-28

EN

The lack of a unified system of description of vessels types of the Funnel Beaker culture in Lower Silesia means that heterogeneous terminology prevents precise classification of ceramic forms found at sites of the culture. The paper presents a proposition of a classification of vessels types of the Funnel Beaker culture developed on the basis of analyses of artefacts from Lower Silesian sites. It has been constructed in a way that enables its complement in case of new discoveries, not falling within the present scope.

4

Typological Distance Between Korean And The Other Languages Of Asia

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Tambovtsev Y.

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2008

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tom 50

177-186

EN

The present typological study of the Korean language is based on the frequency of occurrence of consonants in comparison to sound chains of various languages of Asia. The article deals with the typological distances between Korean and some languages of Asia from the point of view of the frequency of occurrence of consonants in the speech sound chain, which creates the sound picture of any language. Actually, the chosen 8 phonetic features (labial, front. palatal, velar, sonorant, occlusive, fricative and voiced) are the most informative from the phonetic point of view, since they cover all the three main classifications of consonants: 1) the classification from the point of view of the work of the active organ of speech production, which is often called the place of articulation; 2) the classification by the manner of articulation; 3) the classification by the work of vocal cords. It was discovered that some languages are closer to Japanese and some to Korean. Though Japanese and Korean are considered isolated languages, Turkic languages are closer to Korean than the other languages. In fact, such Turkic languages as Tatar-Baraba (5.20), Turkish (5.64), Ujgur (5.70), Tatar-Chulym (6.24), Dolgan (7.31), Tatar-Crimean (7.71), Tatar-Kazan (7.53), Jakutian (7.58) are closer to Korean than Japanese (7.88). Therefore one can come to the conclusion, that those linguists who place Korean in to the Altaic language unity are quite correct.

5

Is the Taxon of Altaic Languages Natural or Artificial?

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Tambovtsev Y.

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2009

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tom 51

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nr 1

133-154

EN

The article considers if the taxon of Altaic languages natural enough to call it a good classification. The more compact a taxon, the more natural it is. The article deals with the peculiarities of functioning of labial consonants in the languages of the Altaic language unity and the peculiarities of functioning of labial consonants in subgroups, groups, families and other language taxa of world languages. The analysis is made with the help of such statistical methods as the coefficient of variance, the confidence interval, Chi-square and t-test. The linguistic conclusions on the similarity of functioning of labial consonants are made on the basis of the statistical criteria. It is possible to establish the typological distances between some language taxa (Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Tungus-Manchurian, Slavonic, etc.) on the values of the t-test.

6

Tocharians Who They Were, Where They Came From And Where They Lived

100%

Blažek V. , Schwarz M.

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2008

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tom 50

47-74

EN

In 2008 one century will be passed after the recognition of inhabitants of Tang’s Chinese Turkestan as speakers of until that time unknown original branch of Indo-European languages. So the eastern border of the Indo-European pre-colonial space passed even the 90th meridian eastwards from Greenwich (to be exact, in the same time also Indo-Iranian peoples overpassed this line in the area of contemporary Bangladesh and the Indian confederative state of Assam). Tocharians kept their Indo-European identity not only by their long trans-continental drift through Eurasia, but still some thousands years after their arrival to the Chinese border. Interesting is that they didn’t yield Chinese cultural and linguistic assimilation; on the contrary, the ancestors of Tocharians brought to the early Chinese civilization achievements from field of technology (war chariot), food (honey), knowledge of some exotic animals (lion) and religion (especially buddhism). Situation of the 9th (or 10th?) century, when the Tocharians became to disappear from the history of Central Asia, remains in darkness of informational vacuum. The only thing that we certainly know is that they didn’t yield sinization, but vanished away in expansion of the Turkic nations, represented in this area by Old Uyghurs.

7

The Sounds of Europe

100%

Stolz T. , Urdze A. , Otsuka H.

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2011

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tom 53

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nr 1

87-108

EN

This article is meant to demonstrate not only that it is possible technically but that it also makes sense linguistically to study phonological phenomena in a pan-European perspective. To prove our point, we employ the current comparative methodology associated with the framework of typologically-inspired areal linguistics. The data are evaluated quantitatively. We focus on the classes of velar and post-velar fricatives with phoneme status. Our investigation is based empirically on data drawn from a sample of 157 contemporary varieties spoken in Europe. Our results are indicative of a non-random distribution of the above classes of phonemes. Genetic, typological and areal factors are discussed as potential explanations of the observed geo-linguistic distribution of velar and post-velar fricatives on European soil. The general conclusion we draw is that it is high time to develop a research program which is dedicated to the continent-wide in-depth study of the phonological make-up of Europe.

8

Pierre Schaeffer’s Attempt to Create a Method of Electro-acoustic Music Analysis

100%

Lech M.

Kwartalnik Młodych Muzykologów UJ

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2017

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nr 2(33) Eng

100-123

EN

Since the middle of the 20 th century, electro-acoustic music has become very important in the contemporary music landscape. Electronic elements have forced researchers focused on electro-acoustic music to develop analytical methods. Pierre Schaeffer was a pioneer in systematization of new sounds. His achievements in this area are fundamental, serving nowadays as a reference point for dynamically developing new concepts of electro-acoustic music analysis. The popularization of Pierre Schaeffer’s method in Poland began with Włodzimierz Kotoński who partially translated Traité des objets musicaux into Polish. In his Traité, Pierre Schaeffer coined one of the most important terms, i.e. a sound object, which is a unit of electro-acoustic music. A sound object is related to reduced listening and is purely perception-oriented. By using a sound object in the context of music, the composer creates a music object. Schaeffer’s goal in creating an analytical method was to design a new language which could be used in a discussion of “non-classical” sounds. In 1966 Schaeffer introduced his PROGREMU Programme de la Recherche Musicale, which covers the following five stages of musical research: typology, morphology, characterology, analysis, synthesis. In typology and morphology sound objects are isolated from the context, then classified and described—it is a detailed stage of unit systematization. In the next step, sounds are grouped in genres according to their character. Sound objects are analyzed and specified in their musical context. With this information, the composer can make a new musical object. Each stage has its specific function; however, musical composition maintains its primary role. Schaeffer’s method is dynamic in character and it is constantly developed because of new sounds.

9

La organización de los sistemas temporales del espanol y del polaco: análisis contrastivo de los tiempos verbales

100%

Nowikow W.

Studia Iberystyczne

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2012

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tom 11

119-134

EN

The paper discusses differences between Polish and Spanish tense systems. It takes into account parameters such as the quantity and the systemic organization of time (temporary relationship and reference), the existence of the compound tenses subsystem, temporal mono- and biaxiality; dislocation (displacement) of tenses. The comparison is performed by considering the typological differences between Spanish and Polish languages.

10

On Typology of Polish and French Imperfective

100%

Karolak M.

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2010

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tom 52

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nr 2

67-77

EN

The aim of this paper is to present a typology of Polish imperfective past tense forms in the factual use for the purpose of creating a set of guidelines for their translation into French language. Although descriptions of factual imperfective aspect is not new to linguistics, both Polish and international, equivalence of its forms in other languages pose problems to foreigners and native speakers alike. This is especially true in French, where Polish past imperfective forms could be expressed by a number of past tenses. In order to proceed with our task we are going to adopt a classification of Polish imperfective verbal forms based on the following criteria: general factual meaning or specific (concrete) factual meaning as a primary measure and imperfective or perfective intention of the imperfective form as a secondary measure. Such systematization of the phenomenon in Polish will allow us to formulate guidelines of equivalence with French past tenses.

11

Glottochronological Classification of Oromo Dialects

100%

Blažek V.

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2010

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tom 52

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nr 2

27-42

EN

The purpose of the present article is the classification of the Oromo dialect continuum. Firstly, the previous attempts are discussed. As a method the so-called ‘recalibrated glottochronology’ developed by Sergei Starostin was applied. The results confirm the mutual relation of the ‘mainstream’ dialects, Maca, Qottu and Borana. In the case of more peripheral dialects the differences are bigger in comparison with the ‘impressionistic’ model sketched in Ethnologue16 (Bender compared only those three dialects). The reason probably consists in the chosen method: although it is not explicitly said in Ethnologue16, the classification used combines the qualitative and geographical approaches, contrary to the present model based on strictly quantitative principles.

12

Euphony in World Languages

100%

Tambovtsev Y.

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2010

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tom 52

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nr 1

99-111

EN

There are many languages in the world but every language has its own sound picture. By the sound picture of a language we mean the distribution of its speech sounds in the speech sound chain. It is very interesting to find the languages which are melodical or euphonic and which are not. Melodicity or euphony is the total of the vowels and sonorant consonants in the speech sound chain of a language. It is also possible to call this total the vocalo-sonorant quotient. Thus, the degree of melodicity is the value of this quotient.Vowels and sonorant consonants constitute the vocalo-sonorant structure of the sound picture of any language. We take into consideration the basic features of sound classes and groups. The basic features consist of the frequency of occurrence of vowels and sonorant consonants in the speech chain. These basic features may be found in any world language. This is why, melodicity is one more language universal. Analysing the value of melodicity, one can construct the typology of distribution of language taxa according to this universal characteristic.Austronesian languages have a great concentration of vowels in the speech sound chain (e.g. maximum - 65.24% in Hawaiian and 69.75% in Samoan).Vocalo-sonorant quotient turned out to be bigger in the following language taxa: Sino-Tibetan family (Burmese - 75.67%), Bantu (Swahili - 76.29%), Afro-Asian family (Neo-Aramaic - 81.47%), Austronesian family (Hawaiian - 83.29%), languages of Australian aboriginals - Nunggubuyu - 85.14%). It means that 85.14% of the Nunggubuyu speech sound chain consists of vowels and sonorant consonants.On the other hand, some of the world languages have the minimum of the concentration of vowels. So, in the Itelmen language (Paleo-Asiatic family) vowels comprise only 32.61%.Let us consider the minimum of the vocalo-sonorant quotient. Thus, in the Adygian language (Caucasian family) this quotient reaches only 54.07%.It should be mentioned that on the average the Caucasian language family has a rather low vocalo-sonorant quotient - 61.66%. The ordered series of the average of the vocalo-sonorant quotient in different language taxa is the following: Baltic group of Indo-European family - 62.76%; Iranian group of the Indo-European family - 63.95%); Slavonic group - 64.64%; Germanic - 64.78%; Samoyedic family - 65.16%; Finno-Ugric family - 65.57%; Mongolic family - 66.06%; Balkan language unity - 66.18%; Indic group of the Indo-European family - 66.77%; Turkic family - 66.99%; Paleo-Asiatic family - 67.58%; Sino-Tebetan family - 67.63%; Roman group of I-E family - 68.57%; Afro-Asiatic family - 68.96%; Manchu-Tungusic family - 69.54%; Austronesian family - 73.16%; Bantu - 73.40%; Languages of Australian aboriginals - 80.51%.Melodicity, i.e. the total of vowels and sonorant consonants, may be considered a language universal.

13

On the Origin of the Lithuaniantačiaũ‘But, However, Yet’

100%

Ostrowski N.

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2011

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tom 53

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nr 2

75-81

EN

The present study is intended as a further contribution to our knowledge of the origin of the Lithuanian connective tačiaũ ‘but, however, yet’. Of two existing so far etymologies we speak in explanation of Pranas Skardžius. In his opinion tačiaũ traces back to the combination of deictic pronoun tat ‘this, that’ and postpositioned particle jau, strictly speaking jau functioning as an ‘emphatic assertion of identity’. Typological data presented below support such a possibility.

14

Jr.: Linguistic typology and the Indo-European causative

88%

Shields K.

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tom 18

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nr 3

147-152

EN

On the basis of formal correspondences and typological data, it is argued in this brief paper that an etymological connection probably exists between the Indo-European dative suffix *-ei and the Indo-European causative element *-ei- via a morpheme which Song (1996) describes as “PURP.” Most significantly, the paper demonstrates how typological data can serve a primary role in reconstruction rather than a merely evaluative one.

15

Non-metropolitan Industrial NUTS 3 Sub-regions in the European Union – Identification and Typology

88%

Dorocki S. , Sołtys J.

Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego

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2016

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tom Volume 30, Issue 2

55-71

EN

A common phenomenon of development is the big difference in its levels, especially between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Non-metropolitan areas are also very different. In some of them, industry plays a big role. European Union’s NUTS 3 non-metropolitan low developed sub-regions, whose gross domestic product per capita in 2011 was below 75% of the EU average, were the subject of research. It is based on the data and Principal Component Analysis used for the typology of 319 sub-regions prepared in 2014. The purposes of the research presented were to identify industrial sub-regions among aforementioned sub-regions, to investigate their diversity and to recognize more detailed sub-regions with the most developed industry. There was also a methodological purpose: to verify a concept for taking into account the weight of principal component in grouping sub-regions into types. As many as 53 sub-regions, in which the rate of gross value added in industry (in %) is 3 times bigger than average in the whole set of the sub-regions examined (that is more than 35%) were defined as industrial. Typology for these sub-regions was made by the cluster analysis using hierarchical method and grouping sub-regions into four types. More detailed characteristics of some sub-regions is the last part of this work.

16

Evaluation of spatial differentiation in the Pilsen region from a socioeconomic perspective

88%

Novotná M. , Šlehoferová M. , Matušková A.

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series

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2016

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tom 34

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nr 34

73-90

EN

The main objective of this article is to evaluate spatial differentiation in the Pilsen region in the Czech Republic, to create a typology of territorial units, and to evaluate the potential for development and possible threats to development in relation to individual territorial types. To this end, municipal statistical indicators pertaining to population, employment, and economy, were gathered from each of the given territories. The Voronoi map technique was applied to interpolate the values of selected indicators. The typology was created using one of the multivariate statistical methods, namely, the cluster analysis. Furthermore, typological regions and strategies for their development were created.

17

Lat. servus ‘Diener, Sklave’, slav. *orbъ ‘Sklave, Waise, Kind’, slav. *sirota ‘Waise’

75%

Levickij V.

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tom 18

|

nr 2

83-90

EN

The oldest names for ‘slave’ in Indo-European languages are connected with the notions ‘captive’, ‘prisoner’, ‘tied’. Taking into consideration this typology we can assume that Lat. servus ‘servant, slave’ might go back to PIE *ser- ‘to tie, to bind’. PIE *or-bho-s, to which Proto-Slav. *orbъ ‘slave, child, orphan’ goes back, may have been formed from *er-/or- ‘to cut, to separate’ > ‘orphan’. The Proto-Slav. word *sirota ‘orphan’ may also have been formed after this pattern.

18

Sposób doboru próby badawczej gospodarstw ekologicznych na podstawie klasyfikacji opartej o wspólnotową typologię gospodarstw rolnych

75%

Janowska-Biernat J.

|

2007

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tom Vol. 52, nr 3

70-72

PL

W artykule podjęto próbę klasyfikacji małych gospodarstw ekologicznych położonych na terenie województwa świętokrzyskiego do typów rolniczych zgodnie z Wspólnotową Typologią Gospodarstw Rolnych (Decyzja Komisji Europejskiej nr 85/377/EWG z dnia 7 czerwca 1985 z późniejszymi zmianami). Typ rolniczy gospodarstwa określony został na podstawie udziału standardowej nadwyżki bezpośredniej poszczególnych rodzajów działalności produkcji realizowanych w gospodarstwie, w ogólnej wartości SGM (ang. Standard Gross Margin) tego gospodarstwa. Ustalenie działalności ekologicznej produkcji roślinnej i zwierzęcej oraz określenie rozmiaru poszczególnych rodzajów działalności realizowanych w gospodarstwach, zostało dokonane w oparciu o dostępne materiały pochodzące ze źródeł wtórnych tj. planów działalności rolnośrodowiskowej i wniosków o przyznanie płatności z tytułu realizacji przedsięwzięć rolnośrodowiskowych i poprawy dobrostanu zwierząt. Obliczenia standardowej nadwyżki bezpośredniej dokonano w oparciu o opracowane w Zakładzie Rachunkowości Rolnej IERiGŻ-PIB tabele regionalnych, zagregowanych współczynników standardowej nadwyżki bezpośredniej "2002" dla obowiązujących w krajach UE kodów FSS (ang. Farm Structure Surveys). Dokonana w artykule klasyfikacja ma na celu wyłonienie reprezentacyjnej próby gospodarstw ekologicznych specjalizujących się w produkcji warzywniczej i sadowniczej, zlokalizowanych na terenie województwa świętokrzyskiego.

EN

The author attempts to grade small organic agriculture farms located in the Świętokrzyskie region using the agricultural holdings farm type classification in accordance with the Community Typology of Agricultural Holdings (Commission Decision 85/377/EEC of 7th June 1985). The agricultural holdings farm type classification has been chosen on the basis of the standard relative contribution to overall profit in the general value of the Standard Gross Margin of a particular farm. The calculation of organic plant production and animal production, as well as the determination of farm size and the scale of each enterprise present on the farm, has been made on the basis of secondary sources, that is, plans of agricultural production and environmental activities conducted on the farm, as well as applications for both agricultural and environmental subsidies in virtue of activities performed, including those resulting from the improvement of animal well-being. The reckoning of standard relative contribution had been made on the basis of regional tables worked out by the Agricultural Accountancy Department of the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics - National Research Institute and aggregated coefficients of standard relative contribution in 2002 for Farm Structure Survey codes in force in European Union member countries. The classification made in the article is aimed at selecting a representative group of organic agriculture farms in the Świętokrzyskie region majoring in vegetable and horticultural production.

19

A Typological Discussion of the Predicates Expressing Possessive Meaning “to have” in Taiwan Mandarin and Czech — a Learner Corpus-Based Study

75%

Shih-hui Lin M.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

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2017

|

tom 8

|

nr 1

86-100

EN

The main purpose of this research paper is to investigate predicates expressing the possessive meaning “to have” in Taiwan Mandarin and Czech. In Taiwan Mandarin, the word you has the semantic meaning of “to have” and “to exist” (Huang, 1987; Her, 1991). Mít in Czech, however, has three main usages (Daneš, 1987; Karlík — Nekula — Rusínová, 1995; 1996; Čechová, 2000; Cvrček, 2010): it is used as a modal, an auxiliary or a possessive verb. According to the language data collected from Taiwanese students who study Czech, these students often use mít in Czech to express not only possessionbut also existence, or they incorrectly use it as an auxiliary — in other words — their knowledge of you in Taiwan Mandarin seems to interfere (Brown, 2007) with their usage of mít in Czech. In this paper, firstly, relevant literature dealing with the usages of you in Taiwan Mandarin and mít in Czech will be introduced; secondly, there will follow a discussion of the language data collected from the NCCU foreign language learner corpus; thirdly, the grammaticalization theory (Heine, 1997) will be applied to investigate Taiwan Mandarin you and Czech mít, which shall offer a number of explanations regarding the observable typological diversity across these two languages. In spite of the fact that there are similar research papers related to the expression of possessive meaning in these two languages, this paper assumes that the cross-linguistic typological discussion shall bring more insight into the characteristics of these two languages. Furthermore, apart from advancing the typological discussion of these two languages, it is expected that this paper will also aid the preparation of related textbooks and teaching materials.

20

Znaczenie partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego dla przedsięwzięć finansowanych z funduszy europejskich

75%

Pastuszka S.

Studia Regionalne i Lokalne

|

2005

|

nr 2(20)

63-73

PL

Polska stając się pełnoprawnym członkiem Unii Europejskiej, otrzymała szansę uczestnictwa w funduszach strukturalnych i Funduszu Spójności. Pełna i efektywna absorpcja tych funduszy w dużej mierze zależeć będzie od współpracy partnerów ze wszystkich sektorów życia społecznego i gospodarczego państwa, w tym prywatnego. Biorąc pod uwagę dość ograniczone możliwości finansowe wkładu własnego jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w projektach współfinansowanych przez fundusze strukturalne, obecność środków sektora prywatnego często może okazać się nieodzowna. W artykule analizowany jest zakres oraz typologia partnerstw publiczno-prywatnych PPP. Przedstawione są zarówno szanse, jak i zagrożenie mogące się pojawić podczas realizacji przedsięwzięć inwestycyjnych w ramach partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego.

EN

Poland as a rightful member of European Union has got a chance to participate in structural funds and Cohesion Fund as well. Taking into consideration the limited financial opportunities of territorial self-government units in projects co-financed by structural funds, presence of private sector means may be considered as a crucial factor. The scope and typology of public-private partnerships PPP have been presented in this study. The chances as well threats which may occur during the execution of investment ventures within the framework of public-private partnership have been presented there as well.