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1

Wpływ warunków chlorowania wody na zawartość trihalogenometanów w wodzie do picia

100%

Hrynaszkiewicz T. , Kucharski M.

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tom Z. 19

169-188

PL

W przedstawionej pracy na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań zaproponowano model matematyczny do obliczania sumarycznego stężenia trihalogenometanów w wo-dzie po chlorowaniu.

EN

In this paper mathematical model for total trihalomethane concentration in water after chlorination has been proposed.

2

Chlorine and chlorine dioxide oxidation of natural organic matter in water treatment plants

75%

Özdemir K.

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tom Vol. 46, nr 4

87--97

EN

The formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorine (Cl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) treatment was investigated. Water samples were collected from three drinking water sources, namely, Büyükçekmece Lake water (BLW) in Istanbul City, Kızılcapınar Lake water (KLW), and Ulutan Lake water (ULW) in Zonguldak City, Turkey. The results of the study show that Cl2 treatment forms more THMs in all three water sources compared to ClO2treatment. Further, due to the Cl2treatment, the maximum THMs concentrations were observed in BLW (121.15 μg/dm3) samples, followed by KLW (97.26 μg/dm3) and ULW(88.52 μg/dm3) samples within the reaction time of 24 h for 5 mg/ dm3 of Cl2dose. However, it was found that the concentrations of THMs formed at three water sources with applied ClO2treatment under the same conditions were significantly reduced. As a result of the ClO2treatment at the end of the reaction time of 24h, THMs concentrations formed in BLW, KLW, and ULW were recorded as 30.26, 16.53, and 17.71 μg/ dm3, respectively. On chlorination, chloroform (CFM) was found the dominant THM species in all water sources. All THM species contents ranged from 1.98 μg/dm3 to 11.23 μg/ dm3 and the highest level of dibromochloromethane (BDCFM) was observed as the major THM species among all species in BLW due to the ClO2treatment. Also, the formation of inorganic DBPs such as chlorate (ClO3–) and chlorite ClO2–) was evaluated during Cl2oxidation. The levels ClO2– formed due to the ClO2 oxidation were higher than those of ClO3– levels for BLW, KLW, and ULW samples and varied from 19 to 55%, and from 37 to 60% of the applied ClO2 doses (2–10 mg/ dm3), respectively. On the other hand, ClO3– levels varied between 5 and 9% and 2 and 6% of the applied ClO2concentration for the KLW and ULW samples, respectively.

3

Badanie kinetyki powstawania trihalogenometanów. Model II. rzędu

75%

Hrynaszkiewicz T. , Kucharski M.

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tom Z. 19

161-168

PL

Przeprowadzone badania potwierdzają, że w początkowym przedziale czasowym (do 10 godzin) reakcja powstawania trihalogenometanów przebiega najprawdopodobniej zgodnie z modelem mieszanym I. i II. rzędu. Równocześnie ustalono, że w późniejszym okresie (powyżej 10 godzin) reakcję tę dobrze opisuje model zakładający kinetykę II. rzędu. Jako wynik badań i obliczeń zaproponowano równanie umożliwiające określanie sumarycznego stężenia trihalogenometanów z błędem względnym poniżej 1,5%.

EN

It was found that in initial time range (to 10 hours) reaction of trihalomethane formation most probably goes on according to mixed model of first and second order. Simultaneously, it was established that in future stage (after 10 hours) this reaction could be described by the model of second order kinetic. As a result of investigation and estimation the equation for trihalomethane concentration was proposed. The relative error of estimation does not exceed 1,5%.

4

Normatywy jakości wody przeznaczonej do konsumpcji

51%

Wichrowska B.

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1998

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tom T. 52, nr 6

5-9

PL

Źródłem zaopatrzenia w wodę do picia są wody podziemne oraz powierzchniowe. Zarówno jedne jak i drugie, aby nadawały się do celów konsumpcyjnych, muszą być odpowiednio uzdatnione. Wody podziemne powinny być pozbawione nadmiernych ilości Fe, Mn, NH3 i NO3. W wodach powierzchniowych największy problem zdrowotny stanowią produkty powstające w trakcie uzdatniania i dezynfekcji wody chlorem: trihalometany, chlorofenole i chloraminy. Testy określające mutagenność wody do picia jednoznacznie zdyskwalifikowały chlorowanie wstępne jako bezpieczny dla człowieka sposób uzdatniania. Chlor powinien być zastąpiony innymi utleniaczami, takimi jak ozon czy dwutlenek chloru. Wody silnie zanieczyszczone powinny być uprzednio poddane koagulacji, filtracji i sorpcji na węglu aktywnym i dopiero potem dezynfekowane. Podstawą systemu kontroli jest ustalenie norm oraz rozwój metod analitycznych pozwalających na wykrycie wszystkich możliwych zanieczyszczeń.

EN

As a source of drinking water, both underground and surface waters may be used. However, they must be treated before the use for consumption purposes. Excessive amount of Fe, Mn, NH3 and NO3 must be removed from underground waters. In surface waters the most dangerous for health are compounds, which are formed during upgrading and disinfection processes with chlorine: trihalomethane, chlorofenols and chloramine. Preliminary chlorination was discredited without any doubts as a safe treatment method by muthagenic investigations. Chlorine should be substituted with other oxidants such as ozone or chlorine dioxide. Strongly contaminated waters should be coagulated, filtered and sorbed on activated carbon before disinfectation. Establishment of normative and analytic methods allowing to detect alt possible pollutants is a base of control system.

5

Occurrence of trihalomethanes, particularly those containing bromine, in Polish drinking waters

51%

Luks-Betlej K. , Bodzek D.

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2002

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tom 11

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nr 3

EN

Trihalomethanes (methane derivatives containing chlorine and/or bromine) have been determined in drinking waters in Upper Silesia - the most industrious and most populated region in Poland. Halomethane content determination is based on Capillary Gas Chromatography (CGC) with Electron Capture Detector (ECD), while these compounds' isolation from waters by Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) is based on optical fibres coated with poly(dimethylsiloxane) phase. In liquid phase the microextraction technique was applied to extract the halogenated compounds from the drinking water coming from consumers' taps in the Upper Silesia region. This method showed precision in the range of 3-12% (R.S.D), depending on the compound. The volatile compounds were present in investigated water in the concentration range from a few ppb to sub ppb.