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EN
Described recently and investigated intensively over the last years, β2 toxin (CPB2) is produced by all toxino-types of Clostridium perfringens. The ability of CPB2 production was found in C. perfringens strains isolated from humans and many species of domestic animals and wildlife. The cpb2 gene encoding CPB2 was found in strains isolated from pathological cases and from animals without clinical symptoms. Apart from the detection of cpb2 presence, the demonstration of the expression of the gene is critical for laboratory diagnosis. CPB2 is postulated to participate in the development of differing in intensity enteric inflammatory changes. Its contribution to other C. perfringens toxins through the facilitating of their absorption is also suggested. Current data concerning regulation of cpb2 expression, CPB2 structure, its properties and presumptive role in pathogenesis of C. perfringens infections were reviewed in the present paper. Additionally some case reports concerning the putative role of CPB2 were reviewed.
EN
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis delay apoptosis of bovine mammary gland lymphocytes following intramammary infusion and in in vitro studies with lymphocyte-bacteria ratio 1:1. In this study, we investigated the effect of different lymphocyte-bacteria ratios on apoptosis of bovine mammary gland lymphocytes in vitro. We found out that lymphocyte-bacteria (S. aureus or S. uberis) ratios 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 have different effect on apoptosis of lymphocytes than ratio 1:1. Lymphocyte apoptosis was induced 6 hours following incubation with S. aureus or S. uberis with mentioned ratios (1:10, 1:50 and 1:100). In our previous preliminary experiments focused on exploration of chemical components of bacteria on apoptosis of lymphocytes, we established the effect of muramyl dipeptide and lipopolysaccharide on lymphocyte apoptosis only in vitro. Therefore, in the second part of the present study we focused our experiments on investigation of the effect of Gram-negative bacterial toxin lipopolysaccharide on apoptosis of bovine mammary gland lymphocytes in vivo. The results of these experiments suggest that lipopolysaccharide induces apoptosis of lymphocytes following intramammary application. These data need next exploration to reveal detail effects of bacteria or bacterial toxins on lymphocyte programmed cell death in connection with inflammatory process.
EN
Bacteria of the species Clostridium botulinum are sporeforming, gram-positive, anaerobic rods which are able to produce the most potent toxins in nature. Botulinum toxins are the etiologic factor of botulism in humans and animals. A lethal dose of botulinum toxin for a mouse is about 0.3 ng/kg, whilst a lethal dose for a human ranges from 0.2 µg/kg to 2 µg/kg. Historically, the differentiation of Clostridium botulinum strains is based on their ability to produce one of the seven botulinum toxins marked with letters from A to G. Nowadays, the classification based on the ability to produce botulinum toxins is not the only taxonomic criterion. C. botulinum strains are also divided into four groups which have different metabolic and culture features. Although, botulism is a rare disease, the outbreaks of botulism are difficult to control and cause economic losses in livestock. The species most susceptible to botulism are cattle and birds. The aim of this article is the characteristic of Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxins, their action and botulism as a disease in some species of animals.
PL
Staphylococcal food poisoning results from ingestion of food contaminated with toxins produced by enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains. Common symptoms of this intoxication include vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Staphylococcal enterotoxins are resistant to heat and a number of environmental factors. Certain cheeses, milk powder, and whey powder are the only foodstuffs that are being routinely examined for the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA-SEE. The newly identified enterotoxins are not included in the current examination scheme. Enterotoxin-producing staphylococci were already isolated from meat, meat products, milk, dairy products, fermented food products, vegetables, pastries and fish products. It has been demonstrated that many environmental factors associated with food processing and storage can significantly influence the level of secreted enterotoxins by S. aureus strains. Nevertheless, only a few studies on the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins were conducted in foodstuffs. Most data on their expression is based on experiments performed with a low number of S. aureus strains, and usually only SEA-SEE enterotoxins are investigated. These results inclined many authors to the conclusion that milk and dairy products are unfavorable environments for expression of staphylococcal enterotoxins. However, recent research has indicated a significant heterogeneity in the ability of enterotoxin production in milk among S. aureus strains derived from diverse sources. S. aureus strains able to secrete high levels of enterotoxins in milk and meat juice were described. This research indicates that a high number of S. aureus strains should be used for studying staphylococcal enterotoxins expression in food. It seems to be the appropriate way to assess the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning.
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