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International Survey in Eight Countries about Teachers and Teaching Profession

100%

Chistolini S.

tom 1

nr 2

67-86

An international team of experts from Belgium, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey and the USA employed a questionnaire to identify the deontology of teachers from infant to secondary school in eight countries. The survey was implemented between 2004 and 2007. The socio-cultural concept of Verstehen (understanding) as described in the work of Max Weber, points to the clear significance of being a teacher at this time in history. Qualitative and quantitative analysis allow for an understanding that the teacher is exactly that, in any context. The ideal typology of the teacher is the result of training at a university level and working in the school system. Phenomenal differentiations characterise the various situations and broaden the perspective of the study, including an identification of the shared features of the profession. The strong, common core is the responsibility towards fellow teachers balanced out by a weak, yet common note of regret regarding the scant social prestige of being a teacher. There seems to be a lack of communication between the personal and social aspects involved in shaping the professional identity. The social image of teachers weighs heavily on their professional status due to the inevitable political implications it results in and the considerable effect on institutional behaviour. Teachers listen, but they are not heard; teachers are committed, but remain unrecognised; teachers evaluate, but are evaluated in turn. The issue of the social importance of the profession of teachers in our societies emerges as a crucial point in the perspective of educating young generations.

Mit srebrnej łyżeczki? Przedmioty prestiżowe w szlacheckich inwentarzach majątkowych z ksiąg grodzkich województwa krakowskiego w czasach saskich

58%

Penkała-Jastrzębska A.

nr 1

Podjęta analiza ma na celu próbę charakterystyki i określenie skali wzmiankowania przedmiotów świadczących o prestiżu właścicieli w szlacheckich inwentarzach pośmiertnych z pierwszej połowy XVIII w. W ramach podjętych badań przestudiowano, w jaki sposób rzeczywiście postrzegano prestiż w kręgach magnackich oraz na ile średnia i uboższa szlachta – której inwentarze dominują w analizowanym materiale źródłowym – inspirowała się i wzorowała na stylu życia najzamożniejszych. Szczegółowa analiza zachowanych źródeł tego typu jest przyczynkiem do scharakteryzowania szlacheckiego standardu życia i próbą wyznaczenia rangi, jaką w szlacheckim świecie wiązano z posiadaniem określonych mobiliów.

The analysis conducted here is an attempt to characterize and determine the scale of references made to objects conferring prestige on their owners in noble post-mortem inventories from the first half of the eighteenth century. The autor has examined how prestige was regarded in magnate circles and to extent to which the middle and lower nobility – whose inventories dominate in the analysed source material – imitated the lifestyle of the most wealthy. A thorough analysis of the preserved sources is a contribution to the characterization of the standard of living of the nobility and an attempt to determine the importance attached to the possession of certain kinds of movable property.

Уход за младенцами: практики, тексты и культурные конфликты

58%

Pletneva A.

tom 1

249-269

To create the social history of Russia and the history of everyday life, one needs a description of local everyday practices. This article focuses on the everyday practices associated with the birth of a baby and care for it. The author proceeds from the fact that the 18th and 19th centuries in Russia saw the coexistence of two cultures and two household traditions – the culture of the educated classes and the peasant culture. At the level of everyday practices, they made a certain influence on each other. On the one hand, ethnographic materials were used as sources, and on the other hand – popular medical literature of the 19th century. The article analyzes the practices themselves and the mechanisms of their influence on each other, while it appears that the effect of the practices of educated social groups on people’s life was a conscious Kulturtraeger activity. The influence of peasant household traditions on the lifestyle of educated classes was carried out primarily through direct impact. The ubiquity of nurses who belonged to a different social group than the child’s parents, led to the fact that, despite the parents’ resistance, peasant childcare practices (baby-rocking, pacifier, sleeping together, etc.) were used quite actively.