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Nannies “Bought” in Laconia: Slaves or Hired? A Note to Plutarch, Lycurgus, 16,5

100%

Paradiso A.

Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina

2013

tom 49

nr 1-2

48-53

This contribution deals with the presence in Attica of Spartan nannies, who were highly praised for their qualities and for the method that they practiced. They were either bought or hired. In Life of Lycurgus 16,5, Plutarch states that they were bought, but this seems to contradict what is known of the historical circumstances. We may consider emending the text, depending whether the mistake is a result of corruption in the manuscript tradition or derives from the author himself.

The Story of the Exodus and the Images of the Promised Land and Heaven in the Poetry of African American Spirituals

88%

Ziółek-Sowińska M.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

2017

tom 60

nr 4 (124)

33-47

Since the beginning of slavery blacks discovered in the Bible stories which provided not only narratives and language to delineate the difficulty of being a slave, but also hope for a better future in the afterlife. The Exodus was perceived as the Bible’s main argument that God denounced slavery and would come in a catastrophic event to judge those who mistreated blacks. This article is devoted to the exploration of the biblical figure of Exodus as a recurring trope in selected lyrics of slave spirituals and spirituals recorded by bluesmen. Scholars seem to agree that the Exodus is the migration narrative, but in this article I seek to demonstrate that it may also represent the theme of going on a spiritual journey to the other side in the hereafter or the end of time city the New Jerusalem.

Praca w życiu chrześcijanina. Stanowisko św. Jana Chryzostoma

51%

Szczur P.

Verbum Vitae

2014

tom 25

171-201

This article is a presentation of St. John Chrysostom’s social teaching on the value of work. This teaching is grounded in the Holy Scriptures. By describing Christ and certain biblical figures (e.g. St. Paul) as people of work, Chrysostom underscores the meaning and value of labor. He does so contrary to the opinion of the wealthy in the Antioch society, who despised both the physical labor and the people performing it. In the teaching of the Archbishop of Constantinople, physical work is a cooperation with God in the effort of transforming the world. It is an element which ennobles a human being, provides him with the means necessary to support his life and enabling him to undertake the works of mercy. St. John also highlights the difficult situation of many peasants, craftsmen and merchants, and in this way he tries to direct the attention of the wealthy to this social problem. It can be deduced from Chrysostom’s writing that the life of slaves, which constituted a large portion of the late antique society, was generally modest and filled with work – especially the most onerous one. In giving instructions to slaves, St. John admonishes them to be submissive to their masters and do their work well. In speaking to the masters, however, he recommended that their relationships with slaves were humanitarian and shaped according to the Gospel. It is noteworthy to see that the element of love of one’s neighbor (philanthropy) and forgiving mercy brought new quality into the social structures of the time, especially between a master and a slave.