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EN
Purpose: of this paper is on-line identification of the machinability based on the theory of energy quanta power spectra of the measured signal of the cutting force. Identification method is supported by measurements of the instantaneous temperature in the cutting zone for workpieces with the same chemical composition but different microstructure and mechanical properties. Design/methodology/approach: For measuring the temperature in the cutting zone the direct IFT (Instantly Formed Thermo element) method was used. Findings: Low carbon steel with a previously cold-deformed microstructure has a better machinability in lower cutting force, smaller energy quanta and lower temperature in the cutting zone as low carbon steel with the normalized microstructure. Research limitations/implications: The theory of energy quanta as a basis for on-line identification of cutting parameters for optimization and adaptive control of the cutting process in the industry praxis is not yet in use. But it was developed in laboratory research up to the stage when testing in the industry is already possible, where are because of high productivity the demands on work load of machines and the quality of final products much higher. Originality/value: The method on-line identification on the theory of energy quanta used for that has to be accomplished in real time and has to have the required reliability. The choice of the measured parameter has to be suitable and relevant.
EN
In the paper, the experimental investigations related with longitudinal turning of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy (Grade 23) typically used in aeronautics industry have been presented. The main goal was to determinate the influence of changes in a selected cutting parameters (vc and f) for total cutting force Fc and its components. In this case, the analysis of the components of cutting force Fc measured during workshop experimental investigations was carried out. Next, the measured values were compared with the values calculated on the basis of formulas available in the literature. This allowed one to state that universal theoretical formulas can also be used to determine the components of the total cutting force F in the longitudinal turning process of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodykę oraz wyniki pomiaru badań procesu cięcia buraka ćwikłowego Beta vulgaris L. w warunkach laboratoryjnych, gdzie analizowano wartości maksymalnej siły cięcia tkanek korzenia buraka ćwikłowego pobranych z określonych warstw (warstwa górna, warstwa środkowa, dolna). Parametrami zmiennymi w doświadczeniu były: kąt zaostrzenia noża (2,5°; 7,5º; 12,5° i 17,5°) oraz prędkość jego przemieszczania (0,83 mm·s-1, 1,66 mm·s-1, 2,49 mm·s-1, 4,15 mm·s-1 i 10 mm·s-1). Uzyskane dane poddano analizie matematycznej korzystając z programu Excel i Statistica 6.0. Analiza statystyczna wyników wykazała istotną zależność wartości maksymalnej siły cięcia od zmian cech mechanicznych tkanek zależnie od miejsca pobrania próbek, kąta zaostrzenia noża i jego przemieszczenia. Największą wartość siły uzyskano podczas cięcia nożem o kącie zaostrzenia f=17,5°, a najmniejszą podczas użycia noża o f =2,5°. Wraz ze wzrostem prędkości przemieszczenia noża siła cięcia malała. Najlepszą jakość przeciętych próbek otrzymano przy zastosowaniu prędkości wynoszących 2,49 mm·s-1 i 4,15 mm·s-1 nożami o kącie zaostrzenia 2,5° i 7,5°.
EN
The paper presents methodology and results of the measurement of the research on the process of cutting a beetroot Beta vulgaris L in laboratory conditions, where values of the maximum cutting force of beetroot tissues collected from specific layers (upper layer, central layer, lower layer) were analysed. Variable parameters in the experiment were: angle of knife sharpening (2.5°; 7.5°; 12.5° and 17.5°) and velocity of its relocation (0.83 mm·s-1, 1.66 mm·s-1, 2.49 mm·s-1, 4.15 mm·s-1 and 10 mm·s-1). The obtained data were subject to mathematical analysis with the use of Excel and Statistica 6.0 software. Statistical analysis of results proved significant dependence of the value of the maximum cutting force on the changes of mechanical properties of tissues in relation to the place of collecting samples, angle of knife sharpening and its relocation. The highest value of force was obtained during cutting with a knife of the sharpening angle f =17.5° and the lowest during the use of a knife with f =2.5°. Along with the increase of the velocity of knife relocation, the cutting force decreased. The best quality of samples was obtained with the use of the velocity which was 2.49 mm·s-1 and 4.15 mm·s-1 with knives with a cutting angle 2.5° and 7.5°.
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EN
This paper performed a numerical analysis study of the cutting characteristics when drilling a taper hole whose upper and lower diameters are different, that is, a pilot hole. 3-dimensional drilling analysis was performed using a commercial code, and these results were used to determine analytically and compare the cutting temperature, the phenomenon of cutting chip formation, deformation and pressure, etc., for the tools, chips, and specimens during cutting. Also, cutting force and the required energy were calculated and compared. To verify the results of analysis, a cutting dynamometer was used to analyze 3-axis cutting force. Results of analysis showed that the specimen maintained a temperature of approximately 650°, with rapid cooling after chips were formed from the specimen. The tool reached a maximum of 700°, similarly to the chips. It is expected that these results will be utilized to optimize cutting processes and work conditions when drilling holes.
6
Content available remote Intelligent identification of cutting states by utilising Power Spectrum Density
84%
EN
Purpose: This paper presents an in-process monitoring and identification of cutting states in turning process in order to realize the intelligent machine tools. Design/methodology/approach: The developed method utilizes the power spectrum density, or PSD of dynamic cutting force measured during the cutting. The experimentally obtained results suggested that there are basically three types of patterns of PSD when the cutting states are the continuous chip formation, the broken chip formation, and the chatter. The broken chip formation is desired to realize safe and reliable machining. The method proposed introduces three ratios, which are calculated and obtained by taking the ratios of cumulative PSD for a certain frequency range of three dynamic cutting force components corresponding to those three states of cutting, to classify the cutting states. The algorithm was developed to calculate the values of three ratios during the process in order to obtain the proper threshold values for classification of the cutting states. Findings: The method developed has been proved by series of cutting experiments that the states of cutting are well identified regardless of the cutting conditions. The broken chips are easily obtained by changing the cutting conditions during the processes referring to the algorithm developed. Practical implications: There are still not many systems being used in practice mainly due to the lack of general applicability such as a requirement of automated machining systems regardless of the cutting conditions. The aim of this research is to develop an in-process monitoring system for identification of continuous chip, broken chip, and chatter regardless of the cutting conditions by spectrum analysis based on the power spectrum density, or PSD of dynamic cutting force measured during the cutting. Originality/value: The largest potential advantage of the method proposed in this paper is that the states of cutting can be readily identified during the in-process cutting under any cutting conditions by simply mapping the experimentally obtained values of parameters referring to the proper threshold values in the reference feature spaces.
PL
Celem pracy było porównanie wartości maksymalnej siły cięcia (Fmax) jedenastu mięśni: longissimus thoracis et. lumborum, psoas major, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, extensor digitorum, pochodzących z tylnej ćwierćtuszy wołowej. Mięśnie pozyskano z buhajów, mieszańców ras czarno-biała * limousin. Pomiar wartości maksymalnej siły cięcia poszczególnych mięśni wykonywano 48 h i 240 h post-mortem. Oznaczono także wielkość wycieku swobodnego i cieplnego. Rodzaj mięśnia i czas dojrzewania w znaczącym stopniu wpłynął na wartość maksymalnej siły cięcia. Na skutek zastosowania dziesięciodniowego okresu dojrzewania wartość siły cięcia uległa istotnemu obniżeniu w stosunku do wartości wyjściowej.
EN
The aim of this study was to compare a maximum value of Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) of eleven beef muscles: longissimus thoracis et. lumborum, psoas major, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and extensor digitorum originated from hindquarter of carcass. Muscles were removed from carcasses of Black-and-White x Limousin young bulls. Determination of shear force using the Warner-Bratzler Instron blade attached to the Instron Uniwersał testing machine was carried out at 48 hr and 240 hr post-mortem by. The drip and cooking losses were also evaluated. Muscle type and aging time decidedly influenced the shear force value. Prolonged aging time up to 10 days significantly decreased the shear force value in relation to the original one.
EN
The present paper presents comparative results of the forecasting of a cutting tool wear with the application of different methods of diagnostic deduction based on the measurement of cutting force components. The research was carried out during the milling of the Duralcan F3S.10S aluminum-ceramic composite. Prediction of the tool wear was based on one variable, two variables regression, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks. Forecasting the condition of the cutting tool on the basis of cutting forces has yielded very satisfactory results.
PL
Celem pracy było określenie wpływu rodzaju nawożenia dolistnego, przeprowadzonego dwukrotnie w czasie wegetacji pszenicy, na zmiany wartości siły cięcia pojedynczych ziaren pszenicy ozimej i pszenicy jarej, zebranych w pełnej dojrzałości, w porównaniu z ziarnem niepoddanym nawożeniu. Do badań wykorzystano ziarno pszenicy ozimej odm. Koksa i pszenicy jarej odm. Olivin. Przeprowadzono testy cięcia pojedynczych ziaren pszenicy. Pomiary siły prowadzono na urządzeniu Instron 4302. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że rodzaj stosowanego nawożenia dolistnego nie wpłynął w sposób statystycznie istotny na wartość siły cięcia ziarna pszenicy, zarówno ozimej jak i jarej.
EN
The purpose of the work was to determine the impact of the type of leaf fertilization carried out twice during wheat vegetation period on changes in the value of cutting force applied to single grains of winter wheat and spring wheat, gathered fully ripe, compared with unfertilised grain. Koksa variety winter wheat and Olivin variety spring wheat grain were used in the research. The research involved cutting tests for separate wheat grains. Force was measured using the Instron 4302 device. Obtained results allowed to state that the type of employed leaf fertilization had no statistically significant effect on cutting force value required for wheat grain, both winter and spring.
PL
W niniejszej pracy obróbce termicznej w piecu konwekcyjno-parowym poddawano główki kapusty brukselskiej. Obróbkę technologiczną prowadzono przy zmiennych parametrach procesu: temperaturze, czasie i ilości dodanej pary. Parametry ustalono na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań wstępnych. Po właściwej obróbce termicznej określano wartości siły cięcia próbek warzyw i ustalono ich zależności od czasu prowadzenia procesu oraz ilości dodanej pary, przy stałej temperaturze. Stwierdzono istotny wpływ czasu obróbki i ilości dodanej pary na zmiany wartości siły cięcia próbek obrobionych termicznie warzyw. Ustalono najkorzystniejsze parametry prowadzenia obróbki w piecu konwekcyjno-parowym dla główek brukselki.
EN
The study covers heat treatment of Brussels sprouts in convection-cum-steam furnace. Technological treatment was done at changing process parameters: temperature, time and quantity of added steam. Parameters were determined on the basis of preliminary studies. After proper heat treatment the values of cutting force of vegetable samples were determined and their dependence on time of the process and the quantity of added temperature at constant temperature were established. It was observed that time of processing and the amount of added steam had significant influence on the values of cutting force of samples of thermally treated vegetables. The most beneficial parameters of treatment of Brussels sprouts in convection-cum-steam furnace were determined.
PL
W niniejszej pracy określono wpływ obróbki termicznej na zmiany wartości siły cięcia i siły ściskania próbek marchwi po obróbce w piecu konwekcyjno-parowym. Obróbkę technologiczną prowadzono przy zmiennych parametrach procesu: czasie i ilości dodanej pary, przy stałej temperaturze. Parametry procesu obróbki ustalono na podstawie badań wstępnych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że czas obróbki termicznej marchwi i ilość dodanej pary mają istotny wpływ na zmiany wartości siły cięcia i siły ściskania. Im dłuższy czas obróbki termicznej i większa ilość dodanej pary tym szybciej maleją wartości siły cięcia i siły ściskania.
EN
In the present work, the impact of heat treatment on changes in cutting force and compression force acting on carrot samples after treatment in a convection steam oven has been examined. The technological treatment was carried out at variable process parameters: duration and quantity of steam added, at constant temperature. The treatment process parameters were established based on preliminary examinations. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the duration of heat treatment of carrot and the amount of steam added have an essential effect on changes in cutting force and compression force values. The longer the heat treatment duration and larger the quantity of the steam added is, the faster the cutting force and compression force values decrease.
PL
W niniejszej pracy badano wpływ obróbki termicznej na zmiany wartości siły cięcia i siły ściskania próbek ziemniaków. Po obróbce termicznej w piecu konwekcyjno-parowym określano wartości siły cięcia i siły ściskania próbek ziemniaków oraz ustalano ich zależności od czasu prowadzenia procesu oraz ilości dodanej pary, przy stałej temperaturze. Stwierdzono istotny wpływ czasu obróbki i ilości dodanej pary na zmiany wartości siły cięcia i siły ściskania próbek obrobionych termicznie ziemniaków.
EN
In the present work, the impact of heat treatment on changes in cutting force and compression force values was examined by using potato samples. After the heat treatment in a convection steam oven, cutting force and compression force values acting on potato samples were determined and their relation to the process duration as well as the quantity of the added steam at constant temperature was established. A significant influence of treatment duration and quantity of added steam on changes in cutting force and compression force acting on potato samples that had undergone heat treatment was established.
PL
Celem pracy było określenie wpływu przedsiewnej biostymulacji magnetycznej ziaren pszenżyta i nowych rodów pszenżyta z kozieńcami na zmiany wartości siły cięcia i siły ściskania pojedynczych ziaren w porównaniu z ziarnem niepoddanym działaniu zmiennego pola magnetycznego. Do badań wykorzystano ziarno sześciu rodów mieszańcowych pszenżyta z kozieńcami oraz dwu odmian wzorcowych pszenżyta: Tewo i Fidelio. Część ziarna przeznaczoną do analizy poddano przed siewem działaniu zmiennego pola magnetycznego o indukcji magnetycznej 30 mT przez 60 sekund. Przeprowadzono testy cięcia i ściskania pojedynczych ziaren. Pomiary siły prowadzono na urządzeniu Instron 4302. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że przedsiewna biostymulacja magnetyczna nie wpłynęła w sposób statystycznie istotny na wartość siły cięcia i siły ściskania ziarna rodów mieszańcowych pszenżyta z kozieńcami.
EN
The purpose of the work was to determine the effect of the presowing magnetic biostimulation of wheat-rye grains and new wheat-rye varieties with azalea on changes of values of cutting and compression force of single grain compared to grains not put to alternate magnetic field effect. The tests were conducted using grain of six mix varieties of wheat-rye with azalea and two varieties of reference wheat-rye: Tewo and Fidelio. A part of grain intended for analysis before sowing was put to action of alternating magnetic field with magnetic induction of 30 mT for 60 seconds. Cutting and compression tests of single grains were conducted. Force measurements were conducted on Instron 4302. The obtained results demonstrated that presowing magnetic biostimulation did not have any effect of statistical significance on the value of cutting and compression force of grain of mixed varieties of wheat-rye with azalea.
PL
W pracy przeprowadzono instrumentalną ocenę tekstury mięsa wołowego, mieszańców rasy czarno-białej i limousin. Oznaczono indeks fragmentacji miofibryli (MFI), zmierzono wartość maksymalnej siły cięcia oraz wykonano profilową analizę tekstury (TPA). Przeprowadzono ponadto konsumencką ocenę organoleptyczną. Zaobserwowano wyraźny wpływ czasu dojrzewania na degradację struktury miofibryli. Odnotowano wysoce istotną korelację między wartością maksymalnej siły cięcia i wartością MFI, a także między ocenianą organoleptycznie kruchością i soczystością, a wartością MFI.
EN
The aim of this study was to carry out instrumental evaluation of beef texture from Polish Black-and-White x Limousin crossbreeds. Myofibrils fragmentation index (MFI), peak shear force and Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) were determined. Consumer sensory evaluation was also conducted. A significant effect of ageing time on the degradation of myofibrils structure was observed. A highly significant correlations between the peak shear force and MFI value, and also between organoleptically evaluated tenderness and the MFI value were observed.
EN
In this article, a novel approach to computer optimization of CNC toolpaths by adjustment of cutting speed vcand depth of cut apis presented. Available software works by the principle of adjusting feed rate on the basis of calculations and numerical simulation of the machining process. The authors wish to expand upon this approach by proposing toolpath optimization by altering two other basic process parameters. Intricacies and problems related totheadjustment of apand vcwere explained in the introductory part. Simulation of different variant of the same turning process with different parameter values were conducted to evaluate the effect of changes in depth of cut and cutting speed on process performance. Obtained results were investigated on the account of cutting force and tool life. The authors have found that depth of cut substantially affects cutting force, while the effect of cutting speed on it is minimal. An increase in both depth of cut and cutting speed affects tool life negatively, although the impact of cutting speed is much more severe. An increase in depth of cut allows for a more significant reduction of machining time, while affecting tool life less negatively. On the other hand, the adjustment of cutting speed helpsto reduce machining time without increasing cutting force component values and spindle load.
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