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EN
The article presents the results of empirical studies about quality of life (Stras-Romanowska, 2007) and vital exhaustion (Kop, Hamulyak, Pernot, Appels, 1998) in the group of working men and women. Research shows that more than half of respondents declare vital exhaustion. The higher level of vital exhaustion occurs among women. The overall result of quality of life is not differentiated by gender and professional activity, but higher scores in the subjective sphere of quality of life occur among entrepreneurs. Workers in state-owned companies have higher level of the metaphysical sphere of quality of life. There is also a negative correlation (r = -0,34; p < 0,01) between quality of life and vital exhaustion.
EN
In this paper, I explain passages in Aristophanes’ Wasps and Peace, in which double-meaning jokes are made with reference to the female pubic region. In particular, I claim that the jokes do not simply refer to pubic hair, but instead are intended to refer to the stubble that would remain after depilation.
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Content available remote Effect of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Fatigue Resistance in Men and Women
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EN
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hypertrophy-type resistance training (RT) on upper limb fatigue resistance in young adult men and women. Fifty-eight men (22.7±3.7 years, 70.6±9.3 kg, and 176.8±6.4 cm) and 65 women (21.6±3.7 years, 58.8±11.9 kg, and 162.6±6.2 cm) underwent RT for 16 weeks. Training consisted of 10-12 whole body exercises with 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions maximum performed 3 times per week. Before and after the RT intervention participants were submitted to 1RM testing, as well as a fatigue protocol consisting of 4 sets at 80% 1RM on bench press (BP) and arm curl (AC). The sum of the number of repetitions accomplished in the 4 sets in each exercise was used to indicate fatigue resistance. There was a significant (p<0.05) time-by-group interaction in 1RM BP (men=+16%, women=+26%), however in 1RM AC no significant time-by-group interaction was observed (men=+14%, women=+23%). For the total number of repetitions, men and women showed a significant increase in BP (men=+16.3%, women=+10.5%) with no time-by-group interaction. The results suggest that the adaptation in maximal strength is influenced by sex in BP. On the other hand, for fatigue resistance, the individual’s sex does not seem to influence outcomes either in BP or AC
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The purpose of this paper is to answer the question: are there any substantial arguments justifying the label given to the city of Łódź as the “city of women”? This seems especially relevant because the term/phrase can be interpreted in at least two ways. First, it may be a statement stressing that the town “belongs” to women and, unlike in a community based on patriarchy, “the second sex” dominates. This line of reasoning raises the question of the grounds (quantitative and/ or qualitative) for asserting women’s preponderance in Łódź. Secondly, the label also allows for advancing a thesis about the “feminine” nature of the city, i.e. the gender of its community empirically identified as female. This paper presents an analysis of both propositions, using the statistical data and the results of empirical sociological research conducted on a representative sample of the broader urban community, that is among the inhabitants of Łódź and the voivodeship (Province), as well as the findings of studies carried out on a random sample of 18,000 students from all primary, middle and secondary schools in the Łódź region (excluding private schools and those managed by foundations or associations). The article is an attempt to respond to the following hypothesis: The “city of women” is not the same concept as a “feminine city”. Łódź is a “women’s town” due to their numerical predominance in the population and because it is women who have accumulated more and better (basic) human capital resources. However, empirically defined gender patterns of the community in the city and the region, i.e. personality orientations and the psychological sex of the inhabitants, together with personality traits revealed in the process of fulfilling social roles, which are of a key importance from the point of view of the cultural models of femininity and masculinity, need not confirm the feminine nature of the city.
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The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in social physique anxiety among competitive athletes, exercisers and non-exercisers. The present study was also aimed to examine the sex differences in social physique anxiety between men and women. Two hundred and fifty-five exercisers, 261 competitive athletes and 350 non-exercisers voluntarily participated in this study. Social Physique Anxiety Scale (Hart, Leary and Rejeski, 1989) was used as the measure of social physique anxiety. Results of the present study indicated significant differences in social physique anxiety with regard to sex and level of sport involvement. Men had lower scores on social physique anxiety than women, and competitive athletes and exercisers had lower social physique anxiety scores than non-exercisers. Social physique anxiety of males and females did not differ with regard to level of sport involvement.
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Content available remote The Notion of the Body and Sex in Simone de Beauvoir's Philosophy
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Human Movement
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2012
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tom 13
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nr 1
78-85
EN
In her masterpiece The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir depicts the atrocities of a typical patriarchal society. The author assumes that every human being should have the opportunity to experience feelings of a conquest and of being conquered to fully appreciate freedom. The body, the essential condition of human existence, is equally an object and a subject. Unfortunately, as Beauvoir reveals, this ontological rule is not respected in a society dominated by men. Patriarchy juxtaposes a male body, the subject, with a female body, the object. The main purpose of the present article is to answer the question, which many interpreters of Beauvoir's text have posed themselves: does Beauvoir really blame only patriarchy for such an injustice or is she rather willing to admit that female biology also contributes to such a biased situation. Researchers have never been unanimous on this issue. However, deeper analysis of The Second Sex as presented in this article finds that Beauvoir does not explain the social situation of women as a result of their biology at any point. According to Beauvoir, the discrimination of women in society is totally undeserved. This article also illustrates the originality of Beauvoir's thoughts in relations to Jean-Paul Sartre's philosophy. In her times, Beauvoir was mainly known as a novelist and the publication of The Second Sex was, misleadingly, not regarded by critics as a philosophical work. In The Second Sex, Beauvoir presents her own theory of interpersonal relationship, different from the one created in Sartre's Being and Nothingness.
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Content available remote Sex Variation in Patellar Tendon Kinetics During Running
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EN
Purpose. The aim of the current investigation was to determine whether female recreational runners exhibit distinct patellar tendon loading patterns in relation to their male counterparts. Methods. Twelve male (age 26.55 ± 4.11 years, height 1.78 ± 0.11 m, mass 77.11 ± 5.06 kg) and twelve female (age 26.67 ± 5.34 years, height 1.67 ± 0.12 m, mass 63.28 ± 9.75 kg) runners ran over a force platform at 4.0 m · s-1. Lower limb kinematics were collected using an eight-camera optoelectric motion capture system which operated at 250 Hz. Patellar tendon loads were examined using a predictive algorithm. Sex differences in limb, knee and ankle joint stiffness were examined statistically using independent samples t tests. Results. The results indicate that patellar tendon force (male = 6.49 ± 2.28, female = 7.03 ± 1.35) and patelllar tendon loading rate (male = 92.41 ± 32.51, female = 111.05 ± 48.58) were significantly higher in female runners. Conclusions. Excessive tendon loading in female runners indicates that female runners may be at increased risk of patellar tendon pathologies.
EN
Aim: The study attempted to analyse selected parameters of sleep among students of secondary schools with taking into consideration the age and sex of the participants. Material: The study enrolled 125 students aged 12–18 from randomly selected secondary schools; 56% of the studied subjects were boys (n = 70), and 44% – girls (n = 55). Method: The students answered 18 questions included in the Sleep Disorders Assessment Questionnaire thus performing an independent, subjective assessment of sleep parameters and of their own behaviours which may affect sleep. Next, certain sleep parameters were compared between the group of girls and boys and between the group of early (12–14 years old) and late (15–18 years old) adolescents. Results: One in three surveyed persons reported the current or past occurrence of sleep disorders; over a half of these persons reported that these problems lasted for over a month. Over 50% of those surveyed declared that they sleep for less than 8 hours during one night. Nearly half of the students did not go to sleep at regular times and had prolonged sleep latency. The studied persons had the biggest problem with waking up in the morning. Nearly half of the study participants claimed that they wake up during the night, most frequently once or twice. Two third of those surveyed had the feeling that they sleep too short and over a half of them felt tired or sleepy during the day. More than 1/3 of the studied subjects had the feeling of too shallow sleep. Statistically significant differences were noted between girls and boys in terms of the feeling of too short sleep, the feeling of tiredness during the day and the feeling of sleepiness during the day – in case of each of these parameters girls more frequently reported the occurrence of unfavourable phenomena. Only one statistically significant difference was found among the compared age groups – it referred to using psychoactive substances which were much more frequently taken by older adolescents. Conclusions: Problems with sleep are noticeable already among school-age adolescents and they are frequently of chronic nature. They were more frequently observed among the group of girls, no differences in sleep parameters were noted between the groups of younger and older adolescents.
PL
Cel: W badaniu podjęto próbę analizy wybranych parametrów snu wśród uczniów szkół ponadpodstawowych z uwzględnieniem wieku i płci uczestników. Materiał: Przebadano 125 uczniów w wieku 12–18 lat z losowo dobranych szkół ponadpodstawowych; 56% osób stanowili chłopcy (n  =  70), a 44%  – dziewczęta (n  =  55). Metoda: Uczniowie odpowiadali na  18 pytań zawartych w Kwestionariuszu Oceny Zaburzeń Snu, dokonując samodzielnej, subiektywnej oceny parametrów snu i własnych zachowań mogących wpływać na sen. Następnie porównano określone parametry snu między grupą dziewcząt i chłopców oraz między grupą wczesnych (12–14 lat) i późnych adolescentów (15–18 lat). Wyniki: Co trzeci z ankietowanych zgłosił występowanie problemów ze snem; ponad połowa z tych osób podała, że problemy utrzymują się dłużej niż miesiąc. Ponad 50% ankietowanych zadeklarowało, iż sypia krócej niż 8 godzin w ciągu jednej nocy. Blisko połowa uczniów nie kładła się spać o regularnych porach i miała wydłużoną latencję snu. Największą trudność sprawiało badanym poranne budzenie się. Blisko połowa uczestników stwierdziła, że wybudza się w nocy, przeważnie raz bądź dwa razy. Dwie trzecie ankietowanych miało poczucie zbyt krótkiego snu, a ponad połowa z nich czuła się zmęczona bądź senna w ciągu dnia. Więcej niż 1/3 badanych miało poczucie zbyt płytkiego snu. Między dziewczętami i chłopcami odnotowano istotne statystycznie różnice w zakresie poczucia zbyt krótkiego snu, poczucia zmęczenia w ciągu dnia oraz poczucia senności w ciągu dnia – w przypadku każdego z tych parametrów dziewczęta częściej zgłaszały występowanie niekorzystnych zjawisk. W porównywanych grupach wiekowych wykazano tylko jedną różnicę istotną statystycznie – dotyczyła ona używania substancji psychoaktywnych, po które znacznie częściej sięgali starsi adolescenci. Wnioski: Problemy ze snem są zauważalne już wśród młodzieży szkolnej i niejednokrotnie mają charakter przewlekły. Częściej obserwowano je w grupie dziewcząt, nie odnotowano różnic w parametrach snu między grupami młodzieży młodszej i starszej.
EN
Relatively few publications have concerned characteristics of body trunk and feet. It is generally suggested that correlations exist between the characteristics of the developing foot and the spinal column. The purpose of the study was to show sexual dimorphism in frequency of incidence, as well as significant correlations concerning selected body trunk and feet parameters in the group of 4−6-year-old children. The examinations conducted in a group of children aged 4 to 6 allowed for recording 2,988 observations, including 1,482 girls and 1,506 boys, and values of 87 characteristics that described body trunk and feet. The test stands for the measurement of the selected parameters using the photogrammetric method consisted of a personal computer, software, screen and printer, and a projection-reception device with a camera. The general number of body trunk characteristics having significant correlations with feet parameters in females was slightly higher. The number of relationships in sagittal and frontal planes was the same in both sexes. The characteristics that differentiated males from females were found mainly in transverse and frontal planes. The number of feet characteristics that most often showed significant correlations with body trunk parameters was higher in girls than in boys. These were mainly characteristics concerning width and length, longitudinal arch and disorders in the position of the feet. The characteristics that differentiated boys described only the longitudinal arch of the feet.
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PL
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję ujmowania i badania kapitału ludzkiego z perspektywy płci kulturowej (gender): (i) zaproponowano, aby mianem podejścia genderowego określać wyłącznie te koncepcje badawcze, w których przyjmuje się, jako wstępne, założenie o fundamentalnym znaczeniu stratyfikacyjnym płci biologicznej we wszystkich społeczeństwach i kulturach oraz o patriarchalnym charakterze kultury tworzącej najstarszą i najszerszą ramę, w której funkcjonowały i funkcjonują społeczeństwa; (ii) zaakcentowano społeczną genezę kapitału ludzkiego, obok jego jednostkowego wymiaru; (iii) wskazano – jako główny czynnik warunkujący proces gromadzenia, wyceniania i inwestowania kapitału ludzkiego – posiadanie podstawowych praw człowieka, czyli praw i wolności osobistych; (iv) zaproponowano uwzględnienie w definicji kapitału ludzkiego (oprócz wykształcenia, praktycznych umiejętności i stanu zdrowia), również tych kategorii, w jakich społeczeństwo określa i różnicuje ludzi konstruując kulturowe koncepcje płci, tj. – cech osobowości człowieka i cech wyglądu; (v) wskazano konieczność postrzegania procesu gromadzenia, wyceniania i inwestowania kapitału ludzkiego w szerokim kontekście zachodzących równolegle i powiązanych ze sobą procesów: trwania/erozji patriarchatu i urzeczywistniania egalitaryzacji, a dokładniej – procesu podmiotowienia kobiet oraz redefinicji miejsca i roli mężczyzn w społeczeństwie wobec końca wyłączności ich statusu podmiotowego. Na zakończenie sformułowano hipotezę o pęknięciu, w społeczeństwie będącym egzemplifikacją „patriarchalnej demokracji”, monolitycznej w modelu patriarchalnym całości: płeć biologiczna (sex) – płeć kulturowa (gender).
EN
Food choices of professionally active men and women. Eating habits are an important factor that contributes to the diseases of affluence. Gender is an important explanatory variable for attitudes towards food, and a significant determinant of food behaviour. The purpose of this article is to address the question. Are there any significant differences between the food choices of working men and women? In order to answer this question, the study examined 100 men and 100 women using the Food Choice Questionnaire, as designed by the author. Study findings show that women are more likely to display nutritional behavior that is characteristic of health-conscious attitudes.
PL
Nawyki żywieniowe stanowią jeden z istotnych czynników wpływających na tzw. choroby cywilizacyjne. Płeć jest ważną zmienną wyjaśniającą postawy wobec żywności, uważana jest za istotną determinantę w zachowaniach żywieniowych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie: Czy preferencje żywieniowe mężczyzn i kobiet pracujących różnią się istotnie? Aby na nie odpowiedzieć, przebadano 100 mężczyzn i 100 kobiet autorskim (M. Churcha, J. Gorbaniuk) kwestionariuszem. Wyniki ujawniły, że kobiety przejawiają więcej zachowań żywieniowych świadczących o prozdrowotnych postawach.
EN
The paper deals with the discourse and argumentation of Czech women’s movement on the question of women’s suffrage. It focuses on the example of municipal women’s suffrage and aims to outline how the intersection of class and sex, as categories defining women’s location in the hierarchical power relations, influenced the framing of their argumentation, meaning of the used concepts and their perception of the “enemy”.
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Content available remote Osobnost a percepce zátěže mezi muži a ženami
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EN
This research focuses on the study of the psychological aspects of coping with stress in the interaction between personality and environment with regard to possible differences between men and women. At the centre of the author’s attention will be personality variables (five factors model) affecting perception of stress. These variables will then be analysed to reveal their potential connection with male/female differences.
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The period of Normalization in Czechoslovakia is often perceived as a grey “Eastern iceberg” where life stood still and uniformity governed. My analysis of sexological discourse, particularly of texts focused on perversity, juxtaposes the normalized ethos of the period with deviant sexual subjectivities. I analyze papers and debates presented at annual sexological conferences in the 1970s and 1980s. Sexuality, especially in its non-normal/deviant forms, was revealed as unstable, a quality sought to be “rectified” through gender which was perceived as binary. The family was interrogated as a source of deviance and also as a place of redress. While sexological writings in general tend to biologize sexuality, my analysis shows that sexologists attributed social genealogy to deviance, a finding that attests to rigid social conditions during Normalization.
EN
The issue of seniors’ sexuality, especially the aspect of sexual activity undertaken by people considered “old” is usually met with silence or even condemned. The stereotypical assumptions are that with age a person’s needs associated with feeling and realizing their own sexuality dissipate, and seniors are perceived as asexual beings. Only in the last decades of the XX century did this area of “taboo” become the subject of in-depth scientific interest and research. The average life span is increasing, and as research shows, so is the number of people who are sexually active and satisfied with intercourse at an elderly age. For hundreds of years, in Western culture, sexual health was equated with reproductive ability. The contemporary concept of health emphasizes that it is a value which allows a person to realize aspirations regardless of age. This article focuses on the content of guides which bring up the importance of seniors’ sexual health. The aestheticization characteristic of the late modern period forces a deconstruction of the concept of old age. In the rhetoric of the everyday and the narcissistic style of the realm of experts, experiencing old age simultaneously becomes a source of pleasure, as well as frustration on the road to an individual’s self-realization and self-creation.
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Content available remote Imagined Hierarchies as Conditionals of Gender in Aesthetics
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EN
The attributes of gender in the media are disputable. This can be explained by a conflict generated by culturally acquired alternative imagined hierarchies which are not compatible or may be even contradictory. This article is a philosophical enquiry that examines the representation of gender and the environment in which it is conditioned.
EN
Motherhood is a special kind of love, that connects with the child’s sex. We would like to think, that the relationship is unconditional, but having a child relates to some consequences and causes some projections, expectations, isn’t neutral. What happens when a child – equipped in particular gender – has a mental disability? What are the mothers feelings, how does she behave, when she is a mother of handicapped boy or a girl? This work contains the results of researches of psychosocial function of 115 mothers of handicapped children. Relationships between sex, coping, collective self-esteem of mothers and their personal self-esteem, social anxiety, consciousness of stigma (stereotypisation) was analyzed in this study. Results revealed, that child’s sex is meaningful for the mother. Mothers of handicapped sons have more problems than girl’s mothers. They have lower level of personal self-esteem, higher social anxiety, they show strong identification with the category of disability, feel worse in groups, prefer avoiding ways of coping, their attitude to the child’s therapy is negative.
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Content available remote An empirical approach about some important features of child labor in Turkey
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EN
The study examines effects of some factors on the child labor force in Turkey such as the level of education of household heads determining the child labor, the features of geographical region where the household live and sex of working children. It is a motivation tool of opting for this subject in a developing country having a young population that there are few empirical studies concerning the fact of child labor. The empirical results obtained from non-conditional probability and probit analyses show that the employment rates of boys are higher than that of girls in both urban and rural regions. The education level of decision-makers of household in rural areas is lower than that of in urban regions and accordingly child labor employment rates in rural regions is higher than the same rates in urban regions. These facts mean that the lower the level of education of household heads is, the higher the child labor becomes. That is, when the education level of decision-makers decreases in rural areas, the child labor becomes more common.
EN
The objective of this study was an attempt at evaluating the management style applied to a sports team by its coach as perceived by sixteen to eighteen year old male and female volleyball players. The criterion of sex is a significant factor in assessing the management style for the sports team as chosen by the coach. The assessment is probably the result of physical, physiological, and psychological differences between young men and women. Mutual relations seen in communications as well as atmosphere present during training and in the approach to team problems is determined by management style. The management style model should take into account the expectations of players, both male and female, not exclusively methods, forms, and means making possible good results. The role of the coach in the training process is not limited to rationalizing management decisions, but also in care over the implementation of coaching competencies.
PL
Celem badań była próba oceny stylu kierowania zespołem sportowym przez trenera w świadomości 16-18-letnich siatkarek i siatkarzy. Kryterium płci jest istotnym czynnikiem w ocenie stylu kierowania zespołem sportowym przez trenera. Ocena ta prawdopodobnie wynika z różnic fizycznych, fizjologicznych i psychologicznych pomiędzy młodymi kobietami i mężczyznami. Wzajemne relacje przejawiające się w komunikacji i atmosferze panującej na treningach oraz w podejściu do rozwiązywania problemów zespołu determinowane są stylem kierowania. Model stylu kierowania powinien uwzględniać oczekiwania zawodniczek i zawodników, a nie wyłącznie metody, formy i środki pozwalające uzyskiwać wysokie wyniki sportowe. Rolą trenera w procesie szkoleniowym jest nie tylko racjonalizacja decyzji kierowniczych, ale również dbałość o realizację kompetencji trenerskich.
PL
W pracy autorka dokonała analizy językowej wybranych, seksistowskich wypowiedzi Janusza Korwin-Mikkego, które dowiodły jak stereotypowo kobiety postrzegane są przez znanego polityka. Ten konserwatywny mężczyzna traktuje stereotypy jako dowód na ostoję dobrych porządków i walczy, by kobiety nie próbowały zmieniać tego, co przez tysiące lat zapewniało powszechny ład a także szczęście płci męskiej oraz, w jego przekonaniu, żeńskiej. Istotne dla autorki wystąpienia było znaczenie tekstów antyfeministy w aspekcie pragmatyczno-semiotycznym. Autorka koncentrowała się na wyraźnie językowym aspekcie – szczegółowo omówione zostały między innymi: sentencje oraz neologizmy stosowane przez kontrowersyjnego polityka. W pracy autorka starała się udowodnić, iż Janusz Korwin-Mikke swoim językiem przede wszystkim prowokuje i upokarza przeciwną płeć.
EN
In the following paper the author has performed a linguistic analysis of several chosen sexist remarks by Janusz Korwin-Mikke in order to prove how stereotypically women are regarded by the famous politician. This conservative man treats stereotypes as a proof of good orders and fights to prevent women from trying to change what for thousands of years has given the general order and happiness for male sex and, in his opinion, for female sex. Significant for the author’s paper has been the importance of antifeminist’s texts within pragmatic and semantic aspect. The paper has concentrated on solely the linguistic aspect - in detail there have been discussed among other things: aphorisms and neologisms which are used by the controversial politician. In the paper the author has tried to prove that J. Korwin-Mikke’s language provokes and insults the opposite sex.
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