Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Dynamic Meaning Membrane Systems: An Application to the Description of Semantic Change

100%

Bel-Enguix G. , Jiménez-López M. D.

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tom Vol. 76, nr 3

219-237

EN

An application of membrane systems to natural languages study is presented. Specifically, we show how language change can be explained by using a new variant of membrane systems: Dynamic Meaning Membrane Systems (DMMS). By using DMMS, we model the main concepts of semantics and explain the three basic types of changes in meaning: broadening, narrowing and shift. Finally, we relate the membrane systems' application to language evolution with the suggested application of the so-called cultural grammar systems to the same topic. Collaboration between the two frameworks may provide a useful formalism that, due to its naturalness and simplicity, might offer interesting results in a discipline traditionally far away from any formalization.

2

Some reflections on the lexical meaning

100%

Bursuc A.-M.

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nr 1

95-106

EN

The purpose of this article is to present some reflections on the problems and solutions concerning the lexical meaning determination. First, to determine the meaning of the words it is specified the status of conceptual layer in the semiotic triangle. According to the German linguist Jost Trier, it is emphasized that semantic changes concern not only the individual words but the whole lexical field to which they belong, and thus the entire vocabulary. Thus, the meaning of a word is a part of the language content and each language evaluates and organizes the reality according to its own laws. Some examples compare the organization of the language content in different languages. It is necessary to study the lexical meaning in relation with the language content.

3

Anglicisms in German – An Overview with Reference to the Neologismenwörterbuch in the Online-Wortschatz- Informationssystem Deutsch (OWID)

88%

Cantarini S.

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2023

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tom 35

1-18

EN

Neologisms indicate linguistic changes in the lexicon. Vocabulary is particularly prone to changes since language communities constantly need new words and phrases to denote new facts or circumstances or they require new expressions for concepts already established. New expressions are often borrowed from other languages. English has had a strong influence on German vocabulary in the last decades. Therefore, German has several English borrowings. These anglicisms differ in their degree of integration into the linguistic system and vary, for instance, with respect to usage, style, and diffusion in the language community. With the help of the Neologismenwörterbuch, it is possible to have an overview of neologisms of English origin in German that integrate different areas of language change.

4

Semantic Change in the Domain of Modality: English "must" and Polish "musieć"

88%

Lubańska M.

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2014

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nr 52

85 - 97

EN

The research on grammaticalisation has shown that morphosyntactic change is not necessarily unidirectional as originally postulated. Semantic change, however, tends to be unidirectional: the meaning undergoes subjectification, shifting from the speaker-external to the speaker-internal perspective, never the other way round. The analysis presented in this paper focuses on two modal verbs, English must and Polish musieć, and it shows that, semantically, both verbs developed in the same direction. To account for the changes, the author uses the Invited Inferencing Theory, as put forward in Traugott and Dasher (2005). The data presented clearly support the thesis that unidirectionality does hold at the semantic level.

5

Polish reż and English rye concealed in Polish rżysko: a case study of a pair of cognates and a root archaism

75%

Rychło M.

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tom 39

6

Coronajerga, covidioma, coronalengua: acerca de los cambios lingüísticos en tiempos de la pandemia

75%

Gwiazdowska A.

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2021

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tom 33

1-26

EN

The aim of this paper is to present how the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has changed our language and the way we communicate. The article focuses on the recent Spanish neologisms that have appeared during the pandemic year 2020 and attempts to analyze their word-formation process. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the classification of neologisms proposed by M.T. Cabré Castellví (2006). Firstly, the paper highlights semantic innovations, that is, neologisms which are formed through broadening, narrowing or change of the meaning of the base form. Secondly, different types of word formation mechanisms, such as affixations, compounding, conversion or shortening are discussed. The paper also gives new insights into the most creative ways that vocabulary related to coronavirus (COVID-19) has expanded (lexical borrowing, wordplay). The data were collected from articles, books, dictionaries, social media and various websites.

7

The morphosemantics of selected English doublets: Synchrony and diachrony

63%

Kamola-Uberman W.

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nr 15/2

9-39

EN

Doublets are “etymological siblings”, and, even though the term suggests it, they do not necessarily only form pairs. In English, where – because of its history of extensive influence exerted by speakers of different languages – the lexicon is extremely broad and complex, there are many cases of multiplets, i.e., whole word families with a common etymological root which can often be traced back to Proto-Indo-European. Usually their meanings are similar (e.g. fragile and frail), in other cases, though, the meaning can be very different or even opposite (e.g. host and guest). The aim of this paper is to highlight the scope of semantic evolution of lexemes of the same origin, as there is no place for absolute synonymy in a language. Similarities, or shared semantic scopes connecting the words, will also be provided.

PL

Dublety są „etymologicznym rodzeństwem” i, mimo że sama nazwa to sugeruje, niekoniecznie występują jedynie w parach. W języku angielskim, którego słownictwo jest niezwykle bogate i zróżnicowane z powodu wieloletniego mieszania się języków zdobywców Anglii i autochtonów, występuje wiele przypadków multipletów, czyli całych rodzin słów o tej samej etymologii. Znaczenia dubletów są zazwyczaj podobne (np. frail ‘wątły, drobny’ i fragile ‘kruchy, delikatny’), lecz w niektórych przypadkach mogą się znacznie różnić, lub być nawet przeciwne (np. host ‘gospodarz’ i guest ‘gość’). W większości przy-padków możemy prześledzić pochodzenie tych słów aż do języka praindoeuropejskiego, który jest językiem-matką wszystkich dzisiejszych języków indoeuropejskich. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest unaocznienie zakresu zmian semantycznych pomiędzy słowami o tym samym pochodzeniu, gdyż nie ma w języku miejsca na absolutną synonimię. Podobieństwa i pojęcia łączące te słowa również zostaną podane.

8

Kartofle i ziemniaki w muzyce, czyli o twórczym wykorzystaniu potencjału językowego z perspektywy semantyki encyklopedycznej

63%

Taraszka-Drożdż B.

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2019

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tom 99

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nr 4

59-72

PL

Przedmiotem analizy są użycia leksemów kartofel i ziemniak, a także ich derywatów, występujące w języku współczesnych polskich muzyków. Analiza ma na celu opis tych użyć z punktu widzenia semantyki encyklopedycznej postulowanej w ramach gramatyki kognitywnej. Ujmując zmiany znaczenia w terminach rozszerzenia semantycznego oraz skupiając uwagę na pojęciu wiedzy encyklopedycznej użytkowników języka, artykuł jest próbą precyzyjnego określenia, na czym polega osadzenie rozszerzenia w tego typu wiedzy. Dokonane obserwacje pozwalają na wskazanie kluczowej roli, jaką odgrywa wiedza w procesie kategoryzacji stanowiącym podstawę zmiany semantycznej, w procesie utrwalania się złożonej struktury semantycznej stanowiącej nowe znaczenie oraz w dalszych twórczych procesach wykorzystania tej struktury.

EN

The object of analysis is the uses of lexemes kartofel i ziemniak and their derivations found in the language of contemporary Polish musicians. The analysis aims to describe these uses from the point of view of encyclopaedic semantics postulated by Cognitive Grammar. Describing the change of sense in terms of semantic extension and focusing on encyclopaedic knowledge, the paper attempts to specify what embedding extension in such knowledge is about. The analysis indicates the key role that this knowledge plays in the process of categorisation, the basis of semantic extension, in the process of entrenchment of the complex structure constituting the extended sense, and in further creative processes exploiting this structure.

9

The Tibetan Fiery Way to Nirvāṇa: Reflections on Old Tibetan mya ngan

51%

Białek J.

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nr 2

10

Tłumacz zdemaskowany. Wybrane teksty Dubravki Ugrešić w przekładzie Doroty Jovanki Ćirlić — spojrzenie krytyczne

38%

Jawoszek A.

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nr 1

158-171

HR

Na primjeru izabranih tekstova Dubravke Ugrešić prevedenih na poljski od strane Dorote Jovanke Ćirlić, najpopularnije ali i najčešće kritizirane od strane domaćih slavista, suvremene poljske prevoditeljice balkanske književnosti, razmotriti ćemo pitanje prisutnosti (ili odsutnosti) prevoditelja u tekstu. Na temelju prijevoda romana Štefica Cvek u raljama života i zbirke eseja Nikog nema doma analizirat ćemo prevodilačke strategije i pojedinačna translatorska rješenja kao i njihovo značenje u kontekstu prevodilačke slobode i njezinog utjecaja na postupak izgradnje pozicije autorice i recepcije njezinih tekstova u drugom kulturnom i jezičnom kontekstu.

EN

On the selected Dubravka Ugrešić’s texts translated into polish by Dorota Jovanka Ćirlić, on the one hand the most popular on the second hand the most criticized by the local Slavists, contemporary Polish translator of Balkan literature, we can analyze the question of a presence (or absence) of translators in the text. On the example of translation of the novel Stefica Cvek in the Jaws of Life and book of essay There is no one at home, we analyze the strategies of translation and individual translator’s solutions as well as their importance in the context of “freedom of translator” and its impact on the process of building author’s position and reception of texts in different cultural and linguistic context.