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1999
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tom vol. 73 nr 1
163-171
EN
For a number of examples strategies are developed and explained how structures of complex natural products, such as triterpene glycosides and related compouns, can be efficiently elucidated by application of modern one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques.
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2005
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tom Vol. 79 / nr 2
361-367
EN
3-O-Acetyl- and 28-O-acetyl-betulin were mannosylated with tetra-O-benzoyl-alfa-Dmannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate. Debenzoylation of the monosaccharide obtained followed by treatment with 2 equiv of tetra-O-benzoyl-alfa-D-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate selectively gave O-3,O-6-linked trimannosides.
3
Content available remote Analysis of gypsogenin saponins in homeopathic tinctures
100%
EN
A relatively simple and short procedure for the quantitative determination of gypsogenin saponins was performed to evaluate homeopathic tinctures in which those compounds can be regarded as one of the active constituents. This method comprises partial hydrolysis of saponins, subsequent extraction of liberated prosaponin (gypsogenin 3-O-glucuronide) and its analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Glycyrrhizic acid was used as an internal standard. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of mother tinctures obtained from Saponaria officinalis. Thus, the determination of triterpenoid saponins can be used as a convenient and sufficient method of standardization of selected homeopathic tinctures.
EN
Astragalus mongholicus, commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), contains significant amounts of triterpene saponins – astragalosides, which possess a wide variety of pharmacological actions, including the treatment of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The present study was performed to develop a fast and effective extraction method of saponins from crude plant material using Twisselmann-type apparatus. Moreover, a detailed comparison between Soxhlet and Twisselmann apparatus was performed to explain the advantages and disadvantages of their applications. The content of astragaloside IV – the major saponin of A. mongholicus extracts and chosen as an extraction efficiency marker ‒ was determined by means of RP-HPLCELSD chromatography in an herein optimized method. Twisselmann extraction shortened its duration from 4 to 2 hours in comparison with the Soxhlet method ‒ a generally accepted method preparation for this extract. The effectiveness of both apparatus was alike (3.24 ± 0.44 mg and 3.48 ± 0.26 mg of astragaloside IV/ 4g of powdered root for 2 hours in Twisselmann and 4 hours in Soxhlet apparatus). Compared with a pharmacopoeial method, the application of Twisselmann apparatus enabled a decrease in analysis time of 50%, which is of high significance, especially for large, scaled-up industrial scale.
EN
The off-line two-dimensional supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)–ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) was selected to separate the triterpene saponins from Panax notoginseng. The separation by SFC was performed on an Atlantis® HILIC silica column. Methanol was selected as a modifier, and the most time-saving gradient was developed. The decrease of the column temperature and the increase of the back pressure could shorten the retention time but had no effect on the separation selectivity. Then, the back pressure, column temperature, and flow rate were set as 131 bar, 45 °C, and 4.0 mL min−1, respectively. The retention behavior of the saponins from P. notoginseng was different between SFC and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), which facilitated to construct an off-line SFC/RPLC–mass spectrometry (MS) system. In first dimension, a total of eight fractions were collected under SFC and further analyzed by RPLC–MS in second dimension. The result indicated that the retention behavior of triterpene saponins was mainly controlled by the hydrogen bonding interactions which were affected by the number and types of sugars, as well as the aglycone in the structure of triterpene saponins. Thus, the presence of “clustering effect” under SFC was observed, namely, one SFC peak always contained several saponins with same number of sugars and similar structure of aglycone. The clustering effect of triterpene saponins promised SFC to be used as first dimension to complete the preliminary crude separation in the two-dimensional liquid chromatography.
PL
W pracy zastosowano metodę skaryfikacji mechanicznej do usuwania saponin z powierzchni nasion komosy ryżowej (Chenopodium guinoa Willd.). Badano wpływ intensywności ścierania na zmniejszenie zawartości saponin w nasionach. W badaniach zastosowano kilka metod skaryfikacji. Zawartość saponin oznaczano testem pianowym. Największą skuteczność skaryfikacji mechanicznej stwierdzono po zastosowaniu młocarni cylindrycznej. Zaobserwowano, że krotność skaryfikacji wpływa na znaczne obniżenie poziomu saponin.
EN
An attempt of removing saponin from the surface of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) using mechanical abrasion is presented in the paper. An influence of abrasion intensity on the saponin content on grains' surface was examined. A few kinds of abrasion methods were applied in researches. Saponin content was determined by means of the foam test. The best effect of mechanical abrasion was found using a cylindrical thresher. It was observed that the repetition of abrasion influenced a reduction of the saponin level.
EN
The mechanism of floral mutation including double flowers in plant species can be explained by the ABCDE model which represents the relationship between MADS-box transcription factor genes and floral morphogenesis. The ornamental importance of Cyclamen led to the creation of double-flowered cultivars caused by the repression of AG-like gene expression in whorl 3. Modifications in these genes also influence the accumulation of different bioactive compounds depending on species and/or variety. In antiquity, cyclamen plants were recognized for their therapeutic qualities and later gained importance due to their content in saponins, which have been reported to exhibit anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, and also to alleviate symptoms in acute rhinosinusitis patients. Furthermore, the extracts and isolated compounds are used as treatments in a wide range of diseases. In this review, we describe the transcription factors and their role in the development and ABCDE model formation of organs which led to the development of double-petal and fragrant varieties. Additionally, we describe the potential mechanisms of action underlying the therapeutic effects of saponin extracts against cancers and inflammatory disorders and their potential as a pharmacological agent in clinical studies.
9
63%
PL
Escyna jest wieloskładnikową mieszaniną saponin wydzielanych z kasztanów (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) i substancją aktywną preparatów farmaceutycznych wskazanych jako tradycyjne remedium w żylnych patologiach naczyń krwionośnych. Zaproponowano inne zastosowanie tego materiału fitofarmaceutycznego, zmierzające do nowego, odnawialnego surowca chemicznego, jakim jest triterpenowa genina o wysokiej czystości chemicznej. Opisano proces wytwarzania i oczyszczania protoescygeniny (2), pentacyklicznego triterpenu, który zawiera aż sześć grup hydroksylowych zdolnych do dalszej funkcjonalizacji (tworzenia nowych wiązań kowalencyjnych). Materiał ten można traktować jako nowy, wielofunkcyjny surowiec chemiczny.
EN
A process for sepn. of protoescigenin (I) monohydrate from horse chestnuts (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) β-escin by alk. or acidic hydrolyze extn. with ternary MeOCMe₃/H₂O/MeOH mixt., then pptn. with H₂O and following purifn. by recrystn. from binary iso-PrOH/cyclohexane mixt. was developed and implemented under pilot plant conditions. The I yields were 197–209 g/2.00 kg under lab. And 210–218 g/3.00 kg under pilot-plant conditions. The final product contained 1.0–2.5% of barringtogenol (II) impurity.
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tom Vol. 85, nr 1
16--33
EN
The cosmetics market is an extremely dynamic, developing branch of the industry. There is a constant need for multifunctional ingredients that will meet the growing expectations of consumers. Active ingredients of natural origin are also appreciated more and more often. One of the most commonly used plant extracts are those rich in polyphenols. These ingredients are known for their antioxidant properties, but they can have many more functions in relation to human skin. They act against wrinkles, brighten skin, support protection against harmful UV rays, etc. Other interesting active plant ingredients are saponins – compounds with an amphiphilic structure – that can be natural alternative to surfactants or emulsifiers. They possess antimicrobial activity and strengthen blood vessels. This article briefly characterizes polyphenols and saponins, taking into account their structure and classification, as well as indicates and describes their properties that can be used in the cosmetics industry.
11
Content available remote Wykorzystanie surfaktantów naturalnych w biodegradacji oleju napędowego
63%
PL
Zastosowanie surfaktantów w bioremediacji środowiska naturalnego skażonego substancjami ropopochodnymi jest jednym ze sposobów zwiększenia jej efektywności. Celem prowadzonych badań była analiza wpływu stężenia naturalnych surfaktantów: ramnolipidów i saponin na biodegradację oleju napędowego. Oceniano także modyfikację powierzchni komórek testowanych mikroorganizmów i jej wpływ na biodegradację węglowodorów. Właściwości powierzchniowe określano na podstawie pomiarów hydrofobowości powierzchni komórek i wartości potencjału zeta. Stwierdzono, że testowane surfaktanty zwiększają szybkość rozkładu oleju napędowego przez badane mikroorganizmy: Microbacterium sp. i Achromobacter sp., przy czym skuteczniejsze w testowanych układach okazało się zastosowanie saponin, surfaktantów pochodzenia roślinnego. Uzyskano pięciokrotny wzrost degradacji oleju napędowego w stosunku do układu bez związku powierzchniowo czynnego. Najwyższej biodegradacji, po wprowadzeniu 120 mg saponin na 1 litr oleju, towarzyszył wzrost hydrofobowości powierzchni komórek i zmniejszenie ładunku powierzchniowego testowanych szczepów.
EN
Application of surfactants in the bioremediation of contaminated environment with oil derivatives, is one of the ways to increase its efficiency. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the concentration of natural surfactants: rhamnolipids and saponins on the biodegradation of diesel oil. The modification of cell surface was determined on the basis of measurements of cell surface hydrophobicity and values of the zeta potential. It has been found that these surfactants have considerable potential, to increase the rate of oil degradation by microorganisms tested: Microbacterium sp. and Achromobacter sp. Although the use of saponins, surfactants of vegetable origin turned out to be more effective in tested systems. A 5-fold increase in degradation of the oil in relation to the system without the surfactant was achieved. The highest biodegradation after the addition of 120 mg saponins / l of oil was accompanied by an increase of cell surface hydrophobicity and reduction of the surface charge of the test strains.
PL
W pracy analizowano skuteczność usuwania saponin z powierzchni nasion komosy ryżowej przez wymywanie wodą. Badano wpływ temperatury wody, jej objętości w stosunku do masy nasion oraz czasu wymywania na zmniejszenie zawartości saponin. Zawartość saponin oznaczano testem pianowym. Stwierdzono brak znaczącego wpływu temperatury i objętości wody na udział saponin w okrywie nasion. Efekty w postaci redukcji (od 40 do 78)% zawartości saponin obserwowano w zależności od długości trwania procesu wymywania.
EN
Effectiveness of eliminating saponins from a surface of Chenopodium quinoa seeds using the method of leaching with water are analysed in the paper. An influence of water temperature, ratio of water volume to weight of seeds and time of leaching on a decrease of saponins' content was investigated. The content of saponins was determined employing the foam test. No considerable effect of temperature and water volume on the share of saponins in the seed cover was found. The 40% to 78% reduction of saponins' content were observed depending on the duration of leaching process.
13
Content available Polish plants as raw materials for cosmetic purposes
63%
EN
The cosmetics market is more and more demanding, and there is a constant request for new products. The aim of the study was to find plant materials occurring commonly in Poland that would have a multidirectional effect on the skin. Research focuses on plants with high content of saponins and polyphenols. Ability to create foam and ability to reduce the surface tension of water as a determinant of saponin content was checked. The Folin-Ciocalteu test was made to check the content of polyphenols. Fifty-seven raw materials were examined. To the most promising for cosmetic purposes belong goldenrods (Solidago), especially their leaves. Much better results were obtained for S. canadensis and S. gigantea, than S. virgaurea.
PL
Glikoalkaloidy steroidowe to metabolity wtórne roślin psiankowatych, a zbliżone do nich strukturalnie saponiny to związki naturalne szeroko rozpowszechnione wśród roślin wyższych. Obie grupy związków mają interesujące właściwości biologiczne, ale też – chociaż ich toksyczność jest umiarkowana – w wyższych dawkach mogą wywoływać niekorzystne efekty zdrowotne. W artykule opisano wybrane substancje z obu grup, ich właściwości biologiczne oraz procedury analityczne stosowane w oznaczaniu tych istotnych składników żywności pochodzenia roślinnego.
EN
Steroidal glycoalkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by solanaceous plants, while structurally similar saponins are widely prevalent in higher plants. Both classes show many interesting biological activities. However, even if their toxicity is moderate, in high doses they may trigger some adverse effects. Selected glycoalkaloids and saponins, their biological properties and analytical procedures used for the determination of these important food components are briefly described in the article.
PL
Celem pracy było porównanie właściwości fizykochemicznych odmian i nowych linii odmianowych komosy ryżowej. Materiałem badawczym były nasiona trzech odmian komosy ryżowej: Faro, Titicaca, Pinio oraz trzech linii odmianowych S1, S2 i S3. Przeprowadzono oznaczenia charakteryzujące wybrane właściwości fizykochemiczne. Stwierdzono, że badane odmiany i linie odmianowe cechują się zróżnicowanymi właściwościami fizykochemicznymi. Mogą stanowić źródło wartościowego białka i polifenoli. Odmiana Faro oraz linia S1 mogą być wykorzystane w przemyśle farmaceutycznym z uwagi na wysoką zawartość saponin. Odmiana Tiricaca jest obiecującym surowcem dla przemysłu spożywczego.
EN
The aim of this study was to compare physicochemical properties of cultivars and new cultivar lines of quinoa. Seeds of three varieties of quinoa: Faro, Titicaca, Puno and three cultivar lines S1, S2 and S3 were taken as experimental material. Assays characterizing selected physicochemical properties were performed. Based on the obtained results ts it was found that the tested varieties and cultivar lines are characterized by diverse physicochemical properties. They can be used as a valuable source of protein and polyphenols. Faro variation and the line S1 may be applied in pharmaceutical industry due to their high content of saponins. Titicaca is promising raw material for food industry.
EN
Vermicomposting of livestock manure and organic kitchen refuse is a possible way of utilizing this type of waste. The study was designed to assess the impact of saponin extract on the characteristics of the earthworm Eisenia fetida used for vermicomposting of swine manure with added organic kitchen refuse and cellulose, as well as its effect on the chemical composition of the produced vermicomposts. During the study, extract of Quillaja saponaria added to the waste did not affect the size and mass of the population or reproduction of the earthworms, yet it adversely modified the mass of adult specimens. The vermicomposts obtained had varied composition. Significant differences were shown in the contents of sodium, calcium, copper and zinc.
PL
Wermikompostowanie odchodów zwierzęcych i organicznych odpadów kuchennych stanowi jeden ze sposobów ich utylizacji. Celem badań było określenie wpływu ekstraktu saponinowego na cechy dżdżownic E. fetida użytych do wermikompostowania obornika od trzody chlewnej z dodatkiem organicznych odpadów kuchennych i celulozy oraz na skład chemiczny wyprodukowanych wermikompostów. W okresie prowadzonych badań, ekstrakt z Quillaja saponaria dodany do odpadów nie wpłynął na liczebność, masę populacji i rozmnażanie dżdżownic, ale modyfikował niekorzystnie masę osobników dojrzałych. Skład uzyskanych wermikompostów był zróżnicowany. Istotne różnice wykazano w zawartości sodu, wapnia, miedzi i cynku.
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