Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Neo-Endogenous Development and the Revalidation of Local Knowledge

100%

Adamski T. , Gorlach K.

Polish Sociological Review

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2008

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tom 160

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nr 4

481-498

EN

This article is about rural development. This theoretical concept encompasses the perspective of neo-endogenous development, i.e., a developmental idea rooted in the assumption that two different types of resources should be utilised side by side: internal resources, unique for a particular community, and external resources, offered by the state, non-governmental organisations and supranational institutions and organisations. The combination of two major types of knowledge plays an important role in this mechanism: so-called external, expert knowledge contributed by experts and representatives of the said institutions and local knowledge, contributed by members of the local community and based on experience and tradition. The main idea of the article is that only the combination of both types of knowledge will guarantee success, i.e., specific change. This process is empirically illustrated by a case study of the reintroduction of the “Polish red cow” in one of the local administrative districts of the Małopolska voivodeship. This study was conducted in 2005 by a group of sociologists from the Jagiellonian and Ło´dz´ Universities within the framework of the CORASON Project (A Cognitive Approach Towards Rural Sustainable Development), part of the European Union Sixth Framework Programme.

2

Influence of food taboos on nutritional patterns in rural communities in Cameroon

100%

Asi L. N. , Teri D. T.

International Review of Social Research

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2016

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tom 6

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nr 1

35-39

EN

Food taboos are observed in all traditional societies. In Cameroon, various taboos ranging from food to religious and social have significant impact on the diet of the people. Specific food items are regarded differently by different communities. While in certain communities, some food items are seen as fit for consumption, others deem it unfit. Although food taboos related to culture are more subject to change due to the level of literacy that prevails in the society and due to cultural contacts, violators of taboos suffer grievous consequences. Methods used included key informant interviews, focus group discussions and observations in all studied communities. The objective of the study is to understand how culture (food taboos) influences consumption patterns in traditional communities and the impact of disobedience on the people. This study of Cameroon food taboos has showed that dietary rules and regulations govern particular phases of life and is associated with special events like pregnancy, childbirth, lactation etc. In traditional societies, festivities such as hunting, wedding, and funeral are marked by specific food items. Punishments to violation of food taboos vary across food items and communities as what are considered a taboo in one community is not a taboo in another. Food taboo in some communities is considered as a way to maintain identity creating a sense of belonging.

3

Poziom, struktura i zróżnicowanie przestrzenne bezrobocia w gminach wiejskich w województwie dolnośląskim w latach 2005-2010

100%

Piwowar A.

Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu

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2013

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nr 2 (23)

104-123

EN

The article presents the numerical and structural changes of unemployment in rural communities in Lower Silesia Voivodeship. The basic scope of the conducted analyzes included the time period between 2005-2010. It is worth noting that during the period under studies, the number of unemployed people on rural areas decreased in Lower Silesia Voivodeship. Although the problem of unemployment in the studied area concerns mainly middle-aged people, the percentage of people aged over 55 years grew relatively fast in the structure of the unemployed in the studied years. While in 2005. the share reached 5.5%, in 2010 it already reached 11.8%. As it clearly results from the analysis in two districts of Lower Silesia (Wrocław and Jelenia Góra) in 2010 the share of people over 55 years in the structure of unemployment in rural areas exceeded 15%. It is a big challenge for government and non-governmental organizations performing services on the labor market directed at those people. The changes in the structure of the studied phenomenon were noted also when considering the education of the unemployed. In the studied period in the unemployment structure the share of people with vocational and primary education decreased (a total of 6.85 percentage points) and the share of people with higher education increased (by 3.6 percentage points). The highest percentage of unemployed people with higher education in 2005 and 2010 was reported in the district of Wrocław (4.5% and 13.1% respectively). The data presented in this paper indicate a significant spatial variation of unemployment levels in rural communities in Lower Silesia Voivodeship.

4

The Development of Agriculturein the Siberian Communities of Russia

100%

Kalugina Z. , Fadeeva O.

Eastern European Countryside

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2011

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tom 17

55-71

EN

Having many years' experience in rural studies, the authors propose their own understanding of the Siberian communities' future assuming the multifunctional character of rural communities and multiplicity in the rural economy and way of life as well as considering an objective to develop human resources as a priority. Three correlated issues are under study: is a rural territory homogeneous as a subject for strategic planning, what is the object for strategic planning in rural communities and should the paradigm of strategic development be inevitably changed from a medium-range perspective to a long-range one?

5

Rural funerals – yesterday and nowodays (basing on the example of the village of Smardzów)

100%

Szczepańska B.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2018

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nr 534

116-126

EN

The aim of the study was to try to obtain answers to the following questions: What changes have appeared in the funeral ritual in Polish countryside in the last 60 years and: Can these processes be included in the crisis of death? The research was carried out among women residents of Smardzów, situated 24 kilometres north-east of Wrocław. There were 12 interviews carried out. A research technique used in order to obtain interesting data, constituted an interview with a standardised number of questions. According to the answers of many responders, it is possible to find a lot of changes in funeral rite. Those answers indicate the crisis of death. We no longer deal with death as a public event, people rather die alone in hospitals, not surrounded with their family at home. The funeral celebration has been limited dramatically. The most attention is given to the organization of a funeral feast. All these phenomena are part of the concept of the crisis of death.

6

E. Wolf, Europa i ludy bez historii

88%

Brocki M.

Rocznik Antropologii Historii

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2011

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nr 1-2

309-311

XX

A review of the book by Eric R. Wolf "Europa i ludy bez historii", Kraków 2009, ss. 600.

7

Evaluation of the operational effectiveness and feasibility of small-scale water supply systems in the hinterlands in Ethiopia : case of Afar Regional State

88%

Shumie M. C.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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tom no. 55

220--228

EN

Access to clean and sufficient drinking water is difficult in much of Ethiopia’s Afar Region. It is observed that many schemes in the region are non-functional. The study was conducted to overcome the observed problem in seven selected districts of the region. The study regarded hand-dug wells and roof water collection systems, which are the two most common features in the research areas. Eight hand-dug wells and sixteen roof water harvestings are purposively included in the study. All the water points are constructed by Kelem Ethiopia which is a non-governmental organisation and the foremost local organisation for the communities. As per the research survey, the average functional status of the hand-dug well schemes is 65.75% and the roof water harvesting schemes is 22.94%. The research was based on the qualitative data collected on site. The hand-dug well sites were evaluated using 10 parameters, and the roof water harvesting schemes were analysed using 12 parameters. The main non-functional aspects of the scheme are lack of community ownership, drying up of water sources, lack of maintenance and rehabilitation, poor coordination of beneficiaries and school roofs blowing off. Most schemes still require minor to major maintenance and rehabilitation. According to the research, the solutions for water supply are identified in relation to the desired objective.

8

Task-based elementary Spanish in rural Indiana: A practice-based collaboration

88%

Gurzynski-Weiss L. , Wray M. , Coulter-Kern M. , Bernardo J.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

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2024

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tom 14

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nr 1

121-147

EN

Spanish is the second most spoken language in the United States and the most taught additional language (L2) in elementary-level schools. However, the amount and type of access differs according to the resources available. Rural settings, which comprise a third of all schools in the US, often have fewer resources and support for the development and maintenance of exposure-track L2 programs, which meet once per week with the goal of, as the name suggests, providing exposure to the L2, rather than a focus on cumulative language development. Given that there are immediate and long-term benefits of even low levels of early bilingualism, ensuring access to quality L2 education is a matter of equity. This paper centers on the first year of a longitudinal collaboration between an exposure-track Spanish language teacher in a rural elementary school, and the research team who created a task-based program tailored for the school following a needs analysis. We analyze the first year of the grant-funded program based on task effectiveness, student enjoyment, and teacher perspectives. We contextualize results within the rural community and offer initial longitudinal data on US exposure-track Spanish. We detail how we adjusted the program for the second year, are freely sharing the materials on the Task Bank (tblt.indiana.edu) and have transferred the program to the teacher’s autonomy. Finally, we highlight that the success of this program was and is due to the collaborative nature of the partnership between the teacher, the researchers, and the administrators.

9

Local Low Carbon Economy Plans in the Context of Low Carbon Rural Development

88%

Wiśniewski P. , Kistowski M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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tom Vol. 17, nr 4

112--119

EN

Based on the analysis of twenty plans for a low carbon economy, adopted for implementation by the rural municipalities of typical agricultural character, representing various Polish regions, the evaluation of the role and effectiveness of these documents in the planning and coordination of activities in favor of a low carbon rural development was carried out. Evaluated among others are the scope and extent of regard for agriculture and rural areas in the diagnostic and programming parts of plans, sources of financing and monitoring indicators of individual actions. Both the advantages and disadvantages of these documents were pointed out and recommendations for drawing them up were formulated. The proposals can be a model solution for the recognition of agriculture and rural areas in a low carbon economy plans prepared by local government units.

10

When the state is shirking: Informal solutions for social services provision in Altai villages

75%

Kurakin A.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2015

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tom 2

145-159

EN

The article contributes to the discussion on the informal economic activity in postsocialist countries. Quite often this activity is related to state regulation. We provide evidence from rural Russia suggesting that state shirking also can give rise to informal economic relations. Empirical data from Altai Krai show that informal transfers from farms to rural municipalities are used to provide rural social sector. Despite the collapse of socialist agricultural system, when rural communities existed under patronage of collective farms, substantial part of the privately owned post-Soviet farms still donate to rural municipalities and population. The article is based on the fieldwork conducted in Altai Krai in 2013 when qualitative data (informal interviews, group discussions, observations) were collected by the author and his colleagues. Gift-giving relations between agricultural producers and municipalities could be described as “natural” bottom-up pattern. We perceive these Soviet-style giftgiving relations as the way to mitigate the weaknesses both of the Russian state rural policy as well as market self-regulation mechanism. Despite it could slow down economic performance of farms, it is the way to prevent rural degradation and depopulation.

11

Risk of Groundwater Contamination by Domestic Wastewater in Rural Areas of the Province of Al Hoceima, Northern Morocco

75%

Kamari S. , El Ouarghi H. , Ghalit M. , Makan A. , Bourjila A.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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tom Vol. 24, iss. 9

104--120

EN

Groundwater is crucial for meeting the water needs of rural communities, serving both domestic and agricultural purposes. However, its quality in our study area remains unclear. Therefore, the primary objective of the current study is to evaluate the groundwater quality and ascertain the level of contamination risk associated with the use of septic tanks in rural communities within the Al Hoceima province. This will be achieved by conducting a comprehensive analysis of physicochemical parameters and employing effective indices, including the Water Quality Index (WQI), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), and Chronic Health Risk (CHR). In February 2023, we collected samples from 33 wells, spanning densely and sparsely populated regions, to account for potential variations in water quality. The analyzed parameters included pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), ammonium (NH4+), nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO43-), and silica (SiO2). Our findings revealed slightly alkaline groundwater with TDS levels ranging from 1508.63 mg/l to 8289.8 mg/l, with an average of 3223.19 mg/l. The cation dominance sequence observed was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ >NH4+, while for anions, it followed as SO42- > Cl- > HCO3- > NO3- > PO43- > NO2-. The Water Quality Index (WQI) indicated contamination in 54.55% of the wells, with notably higher NPI values in densely populated regions. This suggests anthropogenic nitrate contamination, likely originating from septic tanks. The assessment of Chronic Health Risk (CHR) revealed non-carcinogenic health risks in 27.27% of samples for children and 15.15% for adults. Given these findings, it is imperative for Moroccan authorities, despite the efforts of the Loukkos Hydraulic Basin Agency (LHBA), to implement strategic measures to protect groundwater quality in densely populated rural regions.

12

Zapaści gospodarcze na polskiej wsi w XVII i XVIII wieku a postulaty historii ratowniczej. Przykład starostwa krzeczowskiego

63%

Kuc P.

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne

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2022

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tom 52

311-325

EN

Research on the economy of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth usually follows one of two paths: searching for the genesis of the crisis of the farm and serf economy or estimating the scale of war damage. Is it possible to join these two paths and present a complex model of the functioning of local communities during the crisis? Can it be used in the field of the rescue history?

13

Geographical and temporal dimensions of Bulgarian attitudes towards the rural environment

63%

Staddon C. , Genchev S.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2013

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tom 49

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nr 3

375-401

EN

This paper explores certain dimensions of the transformation since 1989 in attitudes towards the environment in one largely rural locality of southwest Bulgaria. There is something of a paradox apparent in rural attitudes and behaviours to the environment: nakedly expropriative on the one hand whilst simultaneously deeply concerned and celebratory on the other. Exploration of this apparent paradox is the primary objective of this paper. The authors present fi ndings from a decennial survey initiative focusing on environmental attitudes and behaviours in a mountainous Bulgarian locality. Results from 1999 and 2011 are presented side by side with a view to identifying temporal and (local) geographical trends in environmental views, attitudes, opinions and behaviours. An analytical perspective, drawing on political ecology and post-structural social theory, is developed and applied.

14

Endogenní rozvojové potenciály malých venkovských obcí - obtížné hledání a měření jejich vlivu

63%

Bernard J.

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tom 47

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nr 4

745-775

EN

This article contributes to the discussion of the possibilities and limits of endogenous developmental potential in small rural communities in the Czech Republic. The article summarises some of the theoretical assumptions of developmental analyses of small rural communities, its development factors, and the current focus of contemporary Czech research. For many rural inhabitants their local community is the main space of everyday activity, and the development, stagnation, or decline of the community’s functions or changes in its socioeconomic and cultural characteristics significantly impact the inhabitants’ quality of life. However, searching for relevant developmental potential and, in particular, measuring the impact of such potential are complicated tasks because there is a lack of data for firm comparative analyses. This article aims to explore the internal structure of developmental potential and statistically measure its impact. Therefore, the author presents a model of local development consisting of structural and locality-based factors, endogenous developmental potential, and developmental indicators. The model is tested on a set of statistical data for individual small rural communities in the Czech Republic using factor analysis and multilevel modelling, where the regional data are used as independent variables on the second level. The empirical results confirm that it is possible to define several distinct types of endogenous developmental potential and to identify their impact on development, which is rather weak. The relatively high intra-class correlation coefficients of some community characteristics indicate the existence of specific regional patterns of community capacity and development in small rural communities in the Czech Republic.

15

Accessing and utilizing services by rural borderland communities in South-Western Nigeria

63%

O. POPOOLA K. , E. SPEAK S.

Economic and Environmental Studies

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2018

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tom 18

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nr 4

1335-1349

XX

Borderland communities hold a strategic position in many countries. However, in spite of this, many of these communities, specifically in Nigeria, are still characterized by neglect and underdevelopment. Based on the above fact, this study explores the service deprivation and coping strategies of rural borderland communities in South-Western Nigeria. The study revealed that the majority of inhabitants of rural borderland (64.0%) get their water supply straight from streams and are bound to cover distances of 500 meters or longer to collect water. Similarly, the majority of them defecate in bush reserves around their houses. Also, the study showed that people can travel across the national border to neighboring countries on a regular basis to access basic services, like healthcare facilities. Likewise, medical personnel or attendants from neighboring countries or towns are called during critical or serious illness to render services which the Nigerian Government does not provide. The development of Nigeria’s frontier areas is therefore of paramount importance and really pending, and must be made priority in urgent and major developmental actions taken in the country.

PL

Społeczności przygraniczne odgrywają strategiczną rolę w wielu krajach. Jednakże, pomimo tego faktu, wciąż aktualną, charakterystyczną cechą wielu z takich społeczności, szczególnie w Nigerii, jest zaniedbanie i niedorozwój. W oparciu o powyższy fakt zbadano poziom niedoboru usług i strategie radzenia sobie z nim przez społeczności przygraniczne w południowo-zachodniej Nigerii. Badanie wykazało, że większość mieszkańców obszarów wiejskich pogranicza (64,0%) zaopatruje się w wodę prosto ze strumieni i jest zmuszona do pokonania odległości 500 metrów lub więcej w celu zebrania wody. Podobnie większość z nich nie korzysta z toalet, lecz krzewów wokół swoich domów. Badanie pokazało również, że ludzie mogą regularnie przekraczać granice sąsiednich krajów, aby uzyskać dostęp do podstawowych usług, takich jak placówki opieki zdrowotnej. Jednocześnie, personel medyczny lub stażyści z sąsiednich krajów lub miast są wzywani w sytuacjach krytycznych lub poważnej chorobie, aby świadczyć usługi, których nie zapewnia rząd Nigerii. Rozwój obszarów przygranicznych Nigerii ma zatem ogromne znaczenie i musi stać się priorytetem w działaniach rozwojowych podjętych w tym kraju.

16

Ryszard Kamiński, Aktywność społeczności wiejskich. Lokalne inicjatywy organizacji pozarządowych, Instytut Rozwoju Wsi i Rolnictwa Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2008, ss. 151

63%

Wasil J.

Facta Simonidis

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2010

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tom 3

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nr 1

297-301

17

Współczesne role kół gospodyń wiejskich w społecznościach lokalnych (na przykładzie województwa dolnośląskiego)

63%

Szczepańska B. , Szczepański J.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica

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2019

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nr 68

67-79

EN

The article presents the results of research about activities of farmer’s wives’ association. The work aims to show the main activities undertaken by these organizations. Afterwards, an article features how farmer’s wives’ association develop their role in local communities. The basis of the analysis is qualitative research, 24 free interviews with a list of wanted issues, which were carried out in the area of the Lower Silesia Voivodeship.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań dotyczących działalności kół gospodyń wiejskich. Praca ma na celu przedstawienie głównych działań podejmowanych przez te organizacje. W dalszej części zaprezentowano, jak koła gospodyń wiejskich oceniają swoją rolę w społecznościach lokalnych. Podstawą analizy są badania jakościowe – 24 wywiady swobodne z listą poszukiwanych zagadnień, przeprowadzone na obszarze województwa dolnośląskiego.

18

„Wieczni wójtowie” – zjawisko wielokadencyjności w gminach wiejskich. Analiza wyników wyborów w latach 2002–2014

63%

Mazurkiewicz B.

Acta Politica Polonica

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2018

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tom 43

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nr 1

75-87

EN

In 2002, significant changes were introduced in the manner of choosing commune heads, mayors and city presidents, i.e. the universality and directness of the election in the majority system. The new rules of choice influenced local democracy. Therefore, the phenomenon of multi-incumbency among commune heads in 2002–2014 may be a picture of the trust of the rural community to local politicians and their support. The article explored the relationship between gender, age, education of candidates and the phenomenon of multi-sovereignty of gmts. In addition, an answer was sought as to whether the place of election and office (geographical criterion – rural gminas by voivodships) affects re-election. The work assumes that the “eternal commune head” is a person who holds office in the same place for at least three terms.

PL

W 2002 r. wprowadzono istotne zmiany w sposobie wybierania wójtów, burmistrzów i prezydentów miast, tj. powszechność i bezpośredniość wyboru w systemie większościowym. Nowe zasady wyboru oddziaływały na demokrację w wymiarze lokalnym. Dlatego też zjawisko wielokadencyjności wśród wójtów w latach 2002–2014 może być zobrazowaniem zaufania wiejskiej społeczności do lokalnych polityków i ich popierania. W artykule badano zależności pomiędzy płcią, wiekiem, wykształceniem kandydatów a zjawiskiem wielokadencyjności wójtów. Ponadto poszukiwano odpowiedzi, czy miejsce wyboru i sprawowania urzędu (kryterium geograficzne – gminy wiejskie w podziale na województwa) wpływa na reelekcję. W pracy założono, że „wieczny wójt” to osoba, która sprawuje urząd w tym samym miejscu nieprzerwanie przez co najmniej trzy kadencje.

19

Private for-profit rural water supply in Nigeria: Policy constraints and options for improved performance

51%

Obeta M. C.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2019

|

tom no. 41

101--110

EN

Water scarcity is a major and growing problem in Nigerian rural areas, leading to the emergence of private for-profit water services providers (PPWSPs). This paper characterizes the landscape of PPWSPs in Nigerian rural communities using information collected from field observations, in-depth interviews, questionnaire surveys, and from published water resources literature. The data collected were analysed through the use of descriptive statistical tools. The results revealed the characteristics, categories, contributions and concerns of water users regarding water supplies by PPWSPs. Responses show that PPWSPs are helping to engender development, guarantee end-users with access to sufficient and reliable supplies and reduce water shortages in the study communities. Sixty four percent of sampled households depend on PPWSPs for their water requirements. Many PPWSPs operate outside the purview of government regulations and have differentiated service modes and prizes to gain wider acceptability. Despite the progress made by PPWSPs, however, the strategy can neither guarantee universal access nor the supply of safe drinking water. Significant barriers to the operations of PPWSPs, how to close the policy-gaps that constrain services delivery by PPWSPs and improve performances through setting of standards and regulatory reforms are discussed.

PL

Niedostatek wody jest głównym i narastającym problemem na wiejskich obszarach Nigerii, przyczyniając się do powstawania prywatnych, komercyjnych dostawców wody (PPWSPs). W niniejszej pracy scharakteryzowano usytuowanie prywatnych dostawców w wiejskich społecznościach Nigerii na podstawie informacji zdobytych w obserwacjach terenowych, wywiadach, ankietach i pochodzących z literatury tematu. Zgromadzone dane analizowano za pomocą opisowych narzędzi statystycznych. Wyniki ujawniły charakterystyki, kategorie, udział i obawy odbiorców wody co do dostaw realizowanych przez dostawców. Odpowiedzi świadczą, że firmy te wspierają rozwój, gwarantują odbiorcom wystarczający i niezawodny dostęp do zasobów wody i zmniejszają ograniczenia w tym dostępie wśród badanych społeczności. Zapotrzebowanie na wodę jest zaspokajane przez PPWSPs w 64% analizowanych gospodarstw domowych. Wiele takich firm działa poza zakresem rządowych regulacji i realizuje zróżnicowane sposoby dostarczania usług i ustalania cen, aby osiągnąć szerszą akceptację. Mimo postępu dokonanego przez PPWSPs, taka strategia nie gwarantuje powszechnego dostępu do wody ani dostaw bezpiecznej wody pitnej. W pracy przedyskutowano znaczące ograniczenia w działaniach dostawców wody, sposoby wypełnienia luk prawnych, które ograniczają usługi świadczone przez te firmy, oraz sposoby ulepszenia ich funkcjonowania poprzez ustanowienie standardów i regulacji prawnych.