The relevance of the study is explained by the fact that adolescence is a critical period of development when essential changes in the personality occur. Achieving personal autonomy is an urgent problem because it indicates the development of the independence of an adolescent and their ability to choose their life goals based on an independent and free choice. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to analyse and diagnose the development of emotional and spiritual independence in adolescents based on the connection with school performance and family environment. The leading techniques for investigating this problem were analysis, classification, observation, experiment, generalisation, and comparison of results. The study identified the role of parents in the development of independence of an adolescent and the connection of this process with success at school; demonstrated aspects and features of the psychological and pedagogical process; etc. A detailed analysis of the literature was conducted and the content, characteristics, and features of this phenomenon were clarified; various forms of parental influence on an adolescent and their psychological autonomy were discovered; the process of indirect influence on children's academic success was considered and other.
W artykule zaprezentowano założenia edukacji seksualnej dla osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną na różnych etapach rozwoju, ukazano jej istotę i znaczenie dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania psychospołecznego. Artykuł zawiera również zagadnienia dotyczące rozwoju w kontekście niepełnosprawności intelektualnej oraz opis specyfiki stadiów seksualności u osób niepełnosprawnych intelektualnie. Autorka opisuje mity i stereotypy funkcjonujące w opinii społecznej, a także przedstawia katalog postaw wobec tej kwestii, starając się zaprezentować główne nurty w edukacji i postrzeganiu seksualności osób z tego typu niepełnosprawnością.
EN
The article presents the assumptions of sexual education for people with intellectual disabilities in different stages of human development, revealing its essence and importance for the proper psychosocial functioning of these people. The article contains also development issues in the context of intellectual disability, a description of the specifics of stages of sexuality in these individuals. Moreover, the author characterizes myths and stereotypes functioning in public opinion and presents a catalogue of attitudes towards this issue, trying to present the main trends in education and perception of sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities.
This paper serves as a contribution to the debate on the author’s studies concerning the correlation between the development of linguistic competence and the conditions for the psychosocial development of children and youth in multilingual families. The following deliberations present the point of view of a neurological speech therapist and concerns language difficulties, which are prevalent in multilingual people. This paper was based on the author’s own studies and patient observations. The objective was to show that the linguistic and psychosocial development of people in bi- and multilingual families is different and carries additional risks. The following considerations lead to the final conclusion that being a citizen of the world and immersion in many cultures can be a beautiful adventure for a young person; in which they should be supported by family, teacher and multilingual speech therapist.
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In the article, I analyze Erik H. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, including the ninth stage proposed by J. M. Erikson. I present the author’s understanding of the ninth stage. I try to prove that integrity versus despair is still the crisis of the last stage of life – i.e. with the addition of a ninth stage. Th e crisis of stage eight takes place in the continuum of involvement – resignation. Th e term involvement I understand as the choice of one’s own way of life in the world, in view of a personal development oriented towards the realization of universal values, in accordance with the ethical dimension of the social ethos, with a sense of acceptance of the changes that are the result of the human aging process. Resignation I understand as the second pole dynamizing the confl ict of stage eight, which manifests itself in the fact that no new activities are undertaken or old ones continued by an individual out of the conviction that it is senseless to undertake any activities for his/her own development. Th is crisis is the confrontation with one’s own old age within the dimensions soma, psyche and ethos, when the changes caused by the aging process and the change in the conditions of activity render the previous way of life in the world inadequate and require involvement in form of the search for a new place for oneself. Th e strength that can be engendered by the struggle of the elderly between involvement and resignation is courage. In this acquisition of courage, the elderly should be supported by the geragogy of courage, which I associate with critical gerontology. Society needs the courage of the elderly and their involvement in the ethical preservation of the world.
Play spaces for children are important from the point of view of their development and ensuring their safety. Traditional playgrounds originated in the physical culture movement and currently play the most important role in early and middle childhood. This article discusses the basic devices and their functions in the child's development along with the aspect of psychosocial development, as well as the needs that children can meet thanks to activity on the playground.
PL
Przestrzenie zabaw dla dzieci są istotne z punktu widzenia ich rozwoju oraz zapewnienia im bezpieczeństwa. Tradycyjne place zabaw wywodzą się z ruchu kultury fizycznej i obecnie największą rolę odgrywają w okresie wczesnego i średniego dzieciństwa. W niniejszym artykule omówiono podstawowe urządzenia i ich funkcje w rozwoju dziecka wraz z aspektem rozwoju psychospołecznego, a także potrzeby, które dzieci mogą zaspokajać dzięki aktywności na placu zabaw.
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