Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

SELF-ESTEEM MEDIATES RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SELF-CONCEPT CLARITY AND PERCEPTIONS OF THE FUTURE

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Morawiak A. , Mrozinski B. , Gutral J. , Cypryańska M. , Nezlek J. B.

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nr 1

99-108

EN

Aim: The present study was designed to examine relationships between young people’s self-concepts and their perceptions of their futures Methods: High school students (n = 347) completed measures of the two domains of self‑concept, the evaluative domain, self-esteem, and the knowledge or structural domain, self-concept clarity. They also completed two measures of perceptions of their futures, optimism and future time perspective. Results: Both measures of self-concept were positively correlated with both measures of perception of the future. For both measures of perceptions of the future, regression analyses found that when perceptions of the future were regressed onto the two measures of self-concept perceptions of the future were significantly related to only self-esteem. Relationships between perceptions of the future and self-concept clarity were not significant. Analyses of mediation found that self-esteem mediated the relationship between self-concept clarity and both measures of perceptions of the future. Conclusion: Young people with a clearer sense of self and who have higher self-esteem are more optimistic and perceive a longer future than young people with a less clear sense of self and who have lower self-esteem; however, the effects of self-concept clarity disappear after the relationship between clarity and self-esteem are taken into account.

2

Correlation Between Psychological Well-Being and Indicators of Optimism

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Svence G. , Golde S.

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nr 1

71-77

EN

Introduction The research is based on the theory that a high level of optimism of an individual correlates with the indicators of subjective well-being.Aim of the Study To test two problem issues. The first one was: is there any statistically significant correlation between the indicators of psychological well-being and a high level of optimism? The second was: did the respondents with higher levels of income also have higher indicators of psychological well-being?Materials and Methods Ryff''s Scales of Psychological Well-Being and Seligman's Attributional Style Questionnaire. The statistical method for the analysis of correlation was done with the help of Pearson's correlation coefficient.Results No statistically significant correlation was found between the indicators of the personality's positive sense of self and high level of optimisms, but it could be related to the low indicator of inner validity in Seligman's test (Cronbah's alpha: .3). As the test has not been standardised in Latvia, it could be the reasons for its low validity. Nevertheless, the analysis of the qualitative data obtained in the research showed that on the level of tendencies there is a correlation between the level of optimism and separate indicators of psychological and subjective well-being: personal development, sense of significance of one's life, relationships with other people.To test the second problem issue of the research, Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being was used, and the results were correlated to the level of monthly income stated by the respondents. The statistical method for finding a correlation between two attribute features was done by using the criterion of chi-square.Conclusions The results confirmed that there is a statistically significant correlation between the level of a respondent's income and his/her psychological well-being.

3

On Martin-Löf’s Constructive Optimism

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Peluce V. A.

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nr 1

EN

In his 1951 Gibbs Memorial Lecture, Kurt Gödel put forth his famous disjunction that either the power of the mind outstrips that of any machine or there are absolutely unsolvable problems. The view that there are no absolutely unsolvable problems is optimism, the view that there are such problems is pessimism. In his 1995-and, revised in 2013-Verificationism Then and Now, Per Martin-Löf presents an illustrative argument for a constructivist form of optimism. In response to that argument, Solomon Feferman points out that Martin-Löf’s reasoning relies upon constructive understandings of key philosophical notions. In the vein of Feferman’s analysis, one might be object to Martin-Löf’s argument for either its reliance upon constructivist (as opposed to classical) considerations, or for its appeal to non-unproblematically mathematical premises. We argue that both of these responses fall short. On one hand, to be critical of Martin-Löf’s reasoning for its constructiveness is to reject what would otherwise be a scientific advance on the basis of the assumption of constructivism’s falsehood or implausibility, which is of course uncharitable at best. On the other hand, to object to the argument for its use of non-unproblematically mathematical premises is to assume that there is some philosophically neutral mathematics, which is implausible. Martin-Löf’s argument relies upon his third law, the claim that from the impossibility of a proof of a proposition we can construct a proof of its negation. We close with a discussion of some ways in which this claim can be criticized from the constructive point of view. Specifically, we contend that Martin-Löf’s third law is incompatible with what has been called “Poincaré’s Principle of Epistemic Conservation”, the thesis that genuine increase in mathematical knowledge requires subject-specific insight.

4

Personal quality of life factors among imprisoned repeat offenders

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Dolińska-Zygmunt G. , Mokrzyńska K.

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nr 4

109-122

XX

Our objective was to demonstrate the level of life quality among recidivist prisoners and to determine the personal factors associated with that feature. In our research 100 prisoners participated. Used in the measurement were The Questionnaire of Sense Of Quality of Life, Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire INTE, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Generalized Self Effi cacy Scale (GSES), and Life Orientation Test- Revised – LOT-R. The measured quality of life levels were as follows: 32% prisoners obtained low; 59% average and 9% high scores. These persons had low levels of emotional intelligence (41% low scores), an average level of optimism (66% average scores) and high self-effi cacy (42% high scores). Prisoners negatively evaluated their past, fatalistically evaluatedtheir present, and firmly focused on the future. The study indicates a strong correlation between sense of life quality and emotional intelligence, and future time perspective and optimism. This information might be important in creating rehabilitation programs for prisoners.

5

Optimism and Life Satisfaction of Poles during the Second and Fourth Waves of the COVID-19 pandemic

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Biel K. , Twardowska-Staszek E. , Rostek I.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2023

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tom 13

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nr 1

243-269

PL

The COVID-19 pandemic undoubtedly has had a negative impact on human psychological wellbeing, as confirmed by numerous studies. Positive psychology identifies optimism and life satisfaction as important factors having to do with the psychological wellbeing of individuals. This article aims to diagnose the level of optimism and life satisfaction of Poles during the 2nd and 4th waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify predictors of optimistic life orientation and life satisfaction in terms of demographic variables. The study was conducted on a group of 1,095 people using the snowball method, via social media. The results confirm a reduction in the level of optimism and life satisfaction of Poles during the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, the research confirms that resources such as marriage, having children, good education and stable work enhance a person’s level of psychological wellbeing and become a guarantee for better coping during the pandemic.

6

The influence of psychological capital on the growth intentions of entrepreneurs: A study on Malaysian SME entrepreneurs

75%

Hanafiah M. H. , Yousaf S. U. , Usman B.

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2017

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tom Volume 13

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nr Issue 5

556-569

EN

Growth of entrepreneurial ventures plays important role in a country’s economic development and entrepreneurs’ growth intention is considered as an important predictor of their venture growth. On the other hand, Psychological capital (PsyCap) is one such resource which can influence attitudes and behaviours like growth intentions of entrepreneurs. This study is aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and growth intentions of entrepreneurs specifically in Malaysian context. The data was collected from 275 Malaysian SME entrepreneurs and Regression analysis reveals that PsyCap, as a core construct, positively and significantly influences the growth intentions of entrepreneurs. Further, it is also identified that two out of four dimensions of PsyCap (hope and self-efficacy) have significant and positive influence on entrepreneurs’ growth intentions. It is also revealed that PsyCap, as a core construct, more powerfully predicts the growth intentions as compared to its first order constructs separately. This finding highlights the significance of PsyCap as a core construct in entrepreneurial researches. It contributes knowledge to psychological capital and entrepreneurship literature and also has implications for existing and prospective entrepreneurs as well as government and private bodies.

7

ROLA SAMOOCENY W KSZTAŁTOWANIU OPTYMIZMU OSÓB SŁABOWIDZĄCYCH

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Szabała B.

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nr 1

149-166

PL

Ukształtowanie się pojęcia własnego Ja ma poważne konsekwencje regulacyjne dla zachowania człowieka, dając m.in. przesłankę do oceniania posiadanych możliwości, ustalania dążeń życiowych i przyjmowania pozytywnej perspektywy przyszłych wydarzeń. Również optymizm wpływa na wiele sfer życiowych, m.in. funkcjonowanie społeczne czy zdrowie, zarówno psychiczne, jak i fizyczne. Znaczenie samooceny i optymizmu dla funkcjonowania człowieka oraz powiązań zachodzących pomiędzy tymi zmiennymi jest szczególnie istotne w sytuacji człowieka obciążonego niepełnosprawnością, np. wzrokową. Celem pracy jest określenie roli samooceny w kształtowaniu optymizmu osób słabowidzących i widzących. Badaniami objęto 40 osób słabowidzących i 40 osób widzących w wieku 20–30 lat. Stwierdzono, że samoocena ma znaczenie dla kształtowania się optymizmu badanych z niepełnosprawnością wzrokową i badanych pełnosprawnych. Ustalony charakter korelacji jest zbieżny z oczekiwanym, chociaż konfiguracja powiązań w obu grupach jest nieco odmienna. Wysunięte założenie hipotetyczne zostało potwierdzone.

EN

Developing a sense of one’s own self has a great impact on regulating human behavior, giving, among others, a foundation to set life goals, and taking a positive perspective on future life events. Optimism also influences many life spheres, such as social functioning, mental and physical health. Self-esteem and optimism in how individuals function, and the correlations between these variables are especially important for individuals with disability. The following research was to diagnose the role of self-esteem in shaping optimism in individuals with low vision. Research was conducted with respondents aged 20-30 – there were 40 respondents with low vision and 40 able-bodied respondents. Research findings that self-esteem is important in developing optimism in individuals with low vision and able-bodied respondents. The nature of correlation obtained in the research was convergent with the expected, though the configuration of correlations in both groups is slightly different. The hypothesis was corroborated.

8

Poczucie optymizmu studentów pracy socjalnej

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Sarzyńska-Mazurek E.

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nr 3

EN

Social work is about supporting people experiencing life’s hardships. The profession of a social worker belongs to the category of human services, in which a close relationship with another person is the essence of professional activity, as a consequence of which an employee may be exposed to confrontation with unpleasant emotions or other people’s sufferings. Students preparing to perform this profession should be equipped with skills such as an optimistic approach to life, because such an attitude definitely helps in dealing with difficulties and failures. The research shows that a significant percentage of social work students have a relatively low sense of optimism in all analyzed dimensions. The tendency to pessimistic perception of experienced events may result in low effectiveness of tasks implementation as well as negative consequences in the field of mental health.

PL

Praca socjalna polega na wspieraniu ludzi doświadczających trudności życiowych. Zawód pracownika socjalnego należy do kategorii profesji pomocowych, w których bliska relacja z drugim człowiekiem stanowi istotę zawodowej działalności, w konsekwencji czego pracownik może być narażony na konfrontowanie się z przykrymi emocjami czy cudzym cierpieniem. Studenci przygotowujący się do wykonywania tego zawodu powinni być wyposażeni w różne umiejętności, m.in. optymistyczne podejście do życia, gdyż takie nastawienie zdecydowanie ułatwia radzenie sobie z trudnościami i niepowodzeniami. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że znaczny odsetek studentów pracy socjalnej ma stosunkowo niskie poczucie optymizmu we wszystkich analizowanych wymiarach. Skłonność do pesymistycznego postrzegania doświadczanych zdarzeń może skutkować niską efektywnością realizacji zadań, jak również negatywnymi konsekwencjami w zakresie zdrowia psychicznego.

9

The Importance of Personality Traits, Optimism and Quality of Life for Pain Threshold and Pain Tolerance in the Elderly

75%

Gałkowski T. , Leźnicka K. , Michnik K. , Pawlus G.

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tom 42

75-84

EN

With increasing age, the frequency of chronic pain increases compared to acute pain. This is due to structural and functional changes caused by ageing of the nervous system. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between personality traits, optimism, quality of life, and subjective assessment of pain measured experimentally with an algometer and clinically with the Visual Analoque Scale (VAS). In the group of 133 seniors (61-86 years; 78% women), we used an algometer to measure pain threshold and tolerance, the VAS scale to assess subjective intensity, and standardized questionnaires (EPQ-R(s), LOTR, SWLS) to measure psychological variables. Extraversion was found to promote both higher pain threshold and higher pain tolerance, whereas pain tolerance was negatively correlated with neuroticism. Higher severity of the psychotic trait was associated with more intense subjective pain experience. Optimism and overall quality of life were not associated with any pain measures. A better understanding of the personality correlates of pain perception could support a more accurate tailoring of pain management in elderly patients.

10

CEO emotional bias and dividend policy: Bayesian network method

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Mohamed Ali A. , Anis J.

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nr 1

1-18

EN

This paper assumes that managers, investors, or both behave irrationally. In addition, even though scholars have investigated behavioral irrationality from three angles, investor sentiment, investor biases and managerial biases, we focus on the relationship between one of the managerial biases, overconfidence and dividend policy. Previous research investigating the relationship between overconfidence and financial decisions has studied investment, financing decisions and firm values. However, there are only a few exceptions to examine how a managerial emotional bias (optimism, loss aversion and overconfidence) affects dividend policies. This stream of research contends whether to distribute dividends or not depends on how managers perceive of the company’s future. I will use Bayesian network method to examine this relation. Emotional bias has been measured by means of a questionnaire comprising several items. As for the selected sample, it has been composed of some100 Tunisian executives. Our results have revealed that leader affected by behavioral biases (optimism, loss aversion, and overconfidence) adjusts its dividend policy choices based on their ability to assess alternatives (optimism and overconfidence) and risk perception (loss aversion) to create of shareholder value and ensure its place at the head of the management team.

11

OPTIMISM, QUALITY OF LIFE AND POSITIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY

75%

Szondy M.

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nr 1

203-223

EN

uring the last decades compared to the negative cognitions the positive cognitions get much less attention in academic research and in the field of cognitive-behavioral therapy. With the birth of applied positive psychology the positive emotions and strengths could get a more and more important role during the process of the therapy. It may be hypothesized that the positive effect of the optimism-increasing interventions, the quality of life therapy, well-being therapy and positive psychotherapy is due to the enhancement of the constructive mode functioning (Clark, Beck, 2010).

12

False Optimism? Leibniz, Evil, and the Best of All Possible Worlds

75%

Strickland L.

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tom 15

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nr 1

17-35

EN

Leibniz’s claim that this is the best of all possible worlds has been subject to numerous criticisms, both from his contemporaries and ours. In this paper I investigate a cluster of such criticisms based on the existence, abundance or character of worldly evil. As several Leibniz-inspired versions of optimism have been advanced in recent years, the aim of my investigation is to assess not just how Leibniz’s brand of optimism fares against these criticisms, but also whether optimism as a philosophy has the resources to meet these challenges. I show that none of the criticisms considered has sufficient force to pose a threat to Leibniz’s version of optimism or to one modelled on it.

13

Positive Orientation and the Five-Factor Model

75%

Miciuk Ł. R. , Jankowski T. , Laskowska A. , Oleś P.

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tom 47

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nr 1

141-148

EN

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between positive orientation (PO) defined as a basic predisposition to perceive and evaluate positive aspects of life, the future and oneself and the Five-Factor Model of personality (FFM). Hypotheses postulated positive correlations between PO and extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness; a negative correlation was predicted between PO and neuroticism. Two hundred Polish students completed the following measures: SES (Self-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg), SWLS (The Satisfaction with Life Scale; Diener, Emmons, Larson & Griffin), LOT-R (The Life Orientation Test - Revised; Scheier, Carver & Bridges) and NEOFFI (NEO Five Factor Inventory, Costa & McCrae). The results confirmed correlations between PO and extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism; correlations with openness and agreeableness were not supported. According to canonical correlations, PO shows a clear affinity to the FFM.

14

Sustainable Development: the upcoming civilizational revolution?

63%

Fiut I. S.

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tom Vol. 7, nr 2

43-50

EN

In this work the concept of sustainable development is presented as the currently most important revolutionary project in our civilisation, which should rapidly change the way people think and act globally. The aim of this revolution should be the distancing from, or the overcoming of difficulties which beset the modern world, result-ing from the growing disharmony and ecological imbalance between the global community and our planet’s entire natural environment. The basis for the analysis is Artur Pawłowski’s book entitled Sustainable Development as a Civilizational Revo-lution. A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Challenges of the 21st Century. The author presents multilateral arguments for the necessity of such a global revolution related to civilisation. This idea is discussed and com-pared with other views on the world’s future and the possibility of realising within it the concept of sustainable development in terms of business, economic, political, social and awareness activities. Pawłowski’s view has been categorised as a form of hypothetical rationalism and realism, and continues the Polish traditional way of thinking in this field. In modern analysis, the author’s view on the possibility of realis-ing sustainable development can be placed between Klaus Bosselmann’s optimism and Christian de Duve’s pessimism.

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano ideę rozwoju zrównoważonego jako najważniejszego obecnie projektu rewolucyjnego w naszej cywilizacji, który powinien szybko dokonać zmian w myśleniu i działaniu ludzi w wymiarze global-nym. Celem tej rewolucji powinno być oddalenie lub przezwyciężenie trudności, jakie nękają świat współcze-sny, a wynikają z rosnącej dysharmonii i nierównowagi ekologicznej między społecznością globalną a całym środowiskiem naturalnym naszej planety. Podstawą analizy jest książka Artura Pawłowskiego pt. Sustainable Development as a Civilizational Revolution. Multidisciplinary Approach to the Challenges of the 21st Century. Autor przedstawia wielostronne argumenty za koniecznością takiej rewolucji globalnej. Pomysł ten jest omawiany i zestawiany z innymi poglądami na kwestie przyszłości świata i możliwości realizacji w nim idei zrównoważonego rozwoju w działaniach gospodarczych, ekonomicznych, politycznych, społecznych i świadomościowych. Pogląd Pawłowskiego zostaje usytuowany jako forma racjonalizmu i realizmu hipotetycznego, kontynuującego polską tradycje myślową w tej dziedzinie. We współczesnej analizie możliwości realizacji idei rozwoju zrów-noważonego pogląd autora można umieścić między stanowiskiem optymistycznym – np. Klausa Bosselmanna i pesymistycznym – np. Christiana de Duve.

15

Melioryzm Stevena Pinkera

63%

Dziedziul P.

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nr 2

81-87

EN

This article considers Steven Pinker’s recent outlook presented in his book Enlightenment Now. The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism and Progress. The paper discusses not only current political and philosophical Pinker’s views on a considerable number of evidences in favor of mankind’s progress in the last period. The authors claims that Pinker’s views may serve as an antidote to the contemporary pessimism that is being spread inter alia by mass media. The reader is pulled into a debate regarding issues surrounding the contemporary state of being of the human race. This is something more than just pop-scientific excursion of a well-established specialist beyond his area of expertise, but a valuable aggregate of data enticing also to professionals from the realm of sociology, philosophy and politics. Above all Pinker’s voice should be regarded as a counterbalance to all-pervasive pejorism and however momentary relief.

PL

W tym tekście dyskutuję w skrócie stanowisko Stevena Pinkera przedstawione w jego książce Enlightenment Now. The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism and Progress (wydanie polskie: Nowe Oświecenie. Argumenty za rozumem, nauką, humanizmem i postępem, przeł. Tomasz Bieroń, Zysk i S-ka, 2019,). Pinker oferuje bogaty zbiór faktów empirycznych przemawiających za ogólnym postępem, jaki się dokonał między innymi za sprawą ludzkiego rozumu, humanizmu i nauki. Stanowisko Pinkera może stanowić odtrutkę na skrajny pesymizm, jakim epatują zarówno masowe media jak i wielu intelektualistów. Jest ono głosem w aktualnie toczącej się debacie o kondycji ludzkości, opatrzonym obszernymi komentarzami i dowodami faktograficznymi. Melioryzm Pinkera wydaje się cenny z perspektywy perturbacji, jakich doświadczamy na przestrzeni ostatnich lat.

16

Poczucie optymizmu a kontrola emocji w wybranej grupie pielęgniarek i położnych, członkiń Beskidzkiej Okręgowej Izby Pielęgniarek i Położnych w Bielsku-Białej

63%

Dziąbek E. , Dziuk U. , Brończyk-Puzoń A. , Bieniek J. , Kowolik B.

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nr 6

367-373

EN

INTRODUCTION Nursing and midwifery require mental immunity, resistance to stress and the ability to cope with difficulties. Optimism has a positive influence on one's physical condition. It helps to be successful in life and resist stressful events. It is also closely connected with emotional functioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was carried out on fifty nurses and midwives – “Ethics in nursing” training participants. Their optimism was measured by Poprawa and Juczyński’s adaptation of the Life Orientation Test – LOT-R. The emotions were measured by Juczyński’s adaptation of the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale – CECS. Additionally, the authors' demographic data questionnaire was used. It included questions about the education level, marital status and the number of children. The hypotheses were verified by Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient Test, the Mann-Whitney Rank Test and the Kruskal-Wallis Test. RESULTS The research proved the influence of optimism on emotional control. It showed how education and having a family affect the level of optimism and emotional control. CONCLUSIONS Optimism functions as protection and effectively influences the ability to express emotions. An optimistic attitude is higher among nurses and midwives with a college degree, which does not affect the expression of emo-tions. Marital status and the number of offspring do not influence the level of optimism or the ability to express emotions.

PL

WSTĘP Specyfika zawodów pielęgniarki i położnej powoduje, że wymaga się od nich odporności psychicznej. Istotne są również odporność na stres i umiejętność radzenia sobie w sytuacjach trudnych. Optymizm pozytywnie wpływa na stan fizyczny i dobre samopoczucie, a także na odnoszenie sukcesów życiowych oraz odporność na stresujące wydarzenia życiowe, jest też cechą ściśle związaną z funkcjonowaniem emocjonalnym. MATERIAŁ I METODY Badanie przeprowadzono wśród 50 osób – pielęgniarek i położnych, uczestniczek szkolenia na temat: „Etyka w pracy pielęgniarskiej”. Optymizm badano polską adaptacją Testu Orientacji Życiowej LOT-R, opracowaną przez Poprawę i Juczyńskiego. Emocje zostały zbadane za pomocą polskiej adaptacji Skali Kontroli Emocji CECS – według Juczyńskiego. Użyto również autorskiej ankiety danych demograficznych, w której pytano o poziom wykształcenia, stan cywilny oraz liczbę posiadanych dzieci. Weryfikacji hipotez dokonano testem dla współczynnika korelacji rang Spearmana, testu sumy rang Manna-Whitneya oraz testu Kruskala-Wallisa. WYNIKI Wykazano wpływ optymizmu na kontrolę emocji. Pokazano, jak zmienne, którymi są wykształcenie oraz posiadanie rodziny, wpływają na poziom optymizmu i kontrolę emocji. WNIOSKI Optymizm pełni funkcję ochronną i skutecznie wpływa na umiejętność wyrażania emocji. Optymistyczne nastawienie do życia jest większe u pielęgniarek i położnych z wykształceniem wyższym, a wyrażanie emocji nie jest uwarunkowane jego poziomem. Stan cywilny jak również liczba posiadanych dzieci nie wpływają na poziom optymizmu ani na umiejętność wyrażania emocji.

17

Optymizm a efektywność zawodowa pracowników. Część I. Interpretacja zdarzeń pozytywnych

63%

Dresler E.

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nr 1

79-86

PL

Wstęp. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi pierwszą c zęść rozważań na temat optymizmu i jego związku z efektywnością w pracy. Skoncentrowano się na jednym aspekcie optymizmu jakim jest sposób interpretacji zdarzeń pozytywnych przez pracowników związanych ze sprzedażą. Celem pracy jest, poza ukazaniem teoretycznych aspektów optymizmu, sprawdzenie czy istnieje związek pomiędzy różnymi wymiarami optymizmu takimi jak zasięg, stałość i personalizacja zdarzeń pozytywnych a poziomem efektywności pracowników. Materiały i metody. Artykuł przygotowano na podstawie wyników badań własnych projektu badawczego realizowanego w ramach Funduszu Grantów na Badania Własne w Państwowej Szkole Wyższej im. Papieża Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej. Badania zostały oparte na koncepcji optymizmu M. Seligmana. Wyniki badań. Wyniki badań własnych sugerują istnienie zależności pomiędzy poziomem efektywności a stałością i zasięgiem pierwszego aspektu optymizmu jakim jest interpretacja zdarzeń pozytywnych. Z kolei nie stwierdzono zależności pomiędzy sposobem personalizacji pomyślnych zdarzeń a poziomem efektywności pracowników. Wnioski. Przeprowadzone badania sugerują istnienie zależności pomiędzy poziomem optymizmu a efektywnością w pracy otwierając pole do dalszych badań w tej dziedzinie. Wyniki badań mogą mieć zastosowanie praktyczne. Pracodawcy, poprzez trening pracowników z elementami terapii psychologicznej, mogą wpływać na ich poziom optymizmu i w konsekwencji na ich efektywność w pracy.

EN

Introduction. This article is the first part of considerations on the concept of optimism and its impact on efficiency at work. It focuses on one aspect of optimism, i.e. the way positive events are interpreted by sales and related workers. The aim of the work, in addition to presenting the theoretical aspects of optimism, is checking whether there is any relationship between different dimensions of optimism, such as the range, stability and personalization of positive events and the workers’ efficiency. Material and methods. The article was prepared on the basis of the results of the research project carried out under the Research Fund of Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biała Podlaska. The study bases on the concept of optimism devised by M. Seligman. Results. The research results suggest that there is a connection between the level of efficiency and optimism. In turn, no connection between the way successful events are personalized and the level of employees’ efficiency was found. Conclusion. Studies allow to draw some general conclusions about the existing connection between the level of optimism and effectiveness at work, which opens further research opportunities in this area. The survey results may also have a practical application. By introducing workers to elements of psychological therapy, the employer may affect their level of optimism and, consequently, their effectiveness at work.

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Wyjaśnianie sytuacji niepowodzeń – zastosowanie teorii atrybucji w rozpoznawaniu nadziei młodzieży z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną

63%

Głodkowska J.

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2013

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nr 4(22)

131-152

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań opartych na teoretycznych podstawach koncepcji Seligmana. Owa koncepcja wskazuje na możliwości interpretacji zdarzeń jako optymistycznych lub pesymistycznych. Optymizm i nadzieja jawią się jako istotny wyznacznik zachowań, a także osiągnięć człowieka, ponieważ łączą się z siłą przekonania o własnych możliwościach, motywacją do podejmowania coraz to nowych wyzwań. Zaprezentowane w artykule wyniki badań sugerują, że młodzież młodsza częściej niż starsza wyjaśnia sytuacje niepowodzeń, stosując strategię odnajdywania nadziei. Nadzieja jest przejawem optymistycznego wyjaśniania stałości i zasięgu sytuacji niepowodzeń. Jest wynikiem postrzegania siebie przez pryzmat własnych możliwości i aspiracji. Można oczekiwać, że naukowe ustalenia diagnostyczne dotyczące mocnych stron człowieka, w tym także jego optymizmu i nadziei, będą istotnym źródłem w budowaniu przestrzeni rehabilitacyjnej dla osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną.

EN

This article presents the findings of research based on the theoretical fundamentals of Seligman’s concept. This concept shows that events can be interpreted as optimistic or pessimistic. Optimism and hope seem to be an important determinant of human behaviors and achievements 152 Joanna Głodkowska as they are connected with the strength of belief in one’s own abilities and with the motivation to keep taking up new challenges. The research findings presented in the article suggest that younger adolescents explain their misfortunes using hope-based strategies more frequently than older adolescents. Hope indicates that failures are explained in an optimistic way. Hope results from perceiving oneself from the angle of one’s abilities and aspirations. It is reasonable to expect that scientific diagnostic findings concerning human strengths, including human optimism and hope, will be an important resource to create rehabilitation space for people with intellectual disabilities.

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Optimism hidden in Pandora’s box: the role of three types of expectancies (optimism, hope and self-efficacy) in well-being and anxiety during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic

63%

Kačmár P. , Hricová M. , Schrötter J. , Bavoľár J.

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2022

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tom 66

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nr 2

78-94

EN

Objectives. Although various mental health-re-lated consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been documented, there has been far less attention given to potential protective factors. Questions and hypotheses. In the present study, authors examined the role of three types of positive expectancies - optimism, hope, and self-efficacy - as predictors of well-being and anxiety. Furthermore, authors examined the role of coping strategies as a potential mediator between expectancies and criterion variables.Sample and settings. The present study was con-ducted during the COVID-19 outbreak in Slo-vakia after a national emergency was declared (N=1011). Additionally, longitudinal follow up was conducted after a national lockdown (N=391). Statistical analysis. Multi-model linear regres-sion (the Bayesian approach) and simple me-diation analysis (the Frequentist approach) were used to answer research questions. Results. In the main study with N=1011 partici-pants sampled after a national emergency was declared, the role of optimism in predicting anx-iety and well-being was corroborated. Moreo-ver, this finding was replicated after a national lockdown and the degree to which Coronavirus was considered dangerous served as a potential mediator. Besides optimism, self-efficacy nega-tively predicted anxiety, and subscales of hope predicted well-being. Additionally, the role of coping strategies as potential mediator was ex-amined. In follow up with N=391 respondents who decided to participate after the national lockdown, authors found an indirect effect of optimism on well-being and anxiety through dysfunctional coping. Limitations. The present study has some limita-tions that should be reflected upon. For exam-ple, convenience sampling was used. Moreover, interpretations related to causality should be avoided and the specificity of the effect in re-lation to pandemic situation should be further examined in future research.

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MIĘDZY OPTYMIZMEM I PESYMIZMEM DZIEJOWYM – JACQUES’A MARITAINA KONCEPCJA REALIZMU HISTORIOZOFICZNEGO

63%

Wasyluk P.

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nr 2

5-23

EN

The subject matter of the article is an idea of philosophy of history of J. Maritain, one of the most influential contemporary philosopher, inspired with Christian thought. In his interpretation of history, Jacques Maritain asks a question, if philosophy of history is possible and what is a genuine philosophy of history. French philosopher comes to believe that philosophical reflection upon history is important part of philosophy itself, but should be understand as practical philosophy. Also Maritain distances himself from historiosophical pessimism and catastrophe theories as well as naive optimism. He believe in progress, but as a personalist, he finds it as a synthesis of subjective and objective frames of human life. In his opinion, true progress is possible but it depends on human and personal activity.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest filozoficzna koncepcja dziejów J. Maritaina, jednego z bardziej wpływowych współczesnych filozofów, inspirowanych myślą chrześcijańską. Interpretując historię, Maritain stawia pytanie, czy filozofia dziejów jest dzisiaj potrzebna oraz jaki rodzaj refleksji nad historią byłby możliwy. Zdaniem francuskiego filozofa, filozofia dziejów stanowi istotną część filozoficznej refleksji, ale należy rozumieć ją przede wszystkim jako filozofię praktyczną. Rozważając problem idei postępu dziejowego Maritain dystansuje się zarówno od koncepcji pesymizmu i katastrofizmu historiozoficznego, jak również naiwnego optymizmu uważając, że rzeczywisty postęp jest możliwy jedynie jako synteza podmiotowego i przedmiotowego aspektu ludzkiej egzystencji, a jego prawdziwy obraz kształtowany jest przez aktywność jednostki i osoby.