Wiele innowacyjnych produktów leczniczych będących przedmiotem projektów rozwojowych zawiera w swoim składzie substancje czynne zbudowane z nanocząstek. Badania dowodzą, że właściwości fizykochemiczne i biologiczne materiałów ulegają istotnym zmianom w miarę zmniejszania wielkości do wymiarów „nano”, tak więc zwiększające się wykorzystanie nanomateriałów w produktach leczniczych wymaga przyjęcia właściwej strategii w procesie szacowania ryzyka dla zdrowia człowieka. W artykule przedyskutowano paradygmat badań toksykologicznych stosowanych w celu oceny bezpieczeństwa przedklinicznego nanoproduktów leczniczych. Zaprezentowano również nowe kierunki i wyzwania w zakresie badań nanotoksykologicznych.
EN
Many current innovative medicinal products under research and development comprise active substances composing of nanoparticles as fundamental building blocks. Studies show that physicochemical and biological properties of materials can alter dramatically at nanoscopic scale, and therefore, the growing use of nanomaterials in medicinal products requires the application of suitable strategies in human health risk assessment processes. In this article, the paradigm of toxicology studies to assess the preclinical safety of medicinal nanoproducts is discussed. New goals and challenges in the field of nanotoxicological researches are also elucidated.
Nanotechnologia jest obiecującą technologią, która może zrewolucjonizować produkcję żywności. Nanotechnologia dotyczy struktur fizycznych i biologicznych, często mniejszych od 100 nm, co ma istotny wpływ na ich unikalne właściwości. Celem artykułu jest przegląd dotychczasowych osiągnięć nanotechnologii i możliwości jej zastosowania w przemyśle spożywczym. Omówiono podstawowe zasady i techniki produkcji stosowane w nanotechnologii oraz przykłady zastosowań do żywności. Przedstawiono również obecne regulacje prawne dotyczące stosowania nanotechnologii oraz zasygnalizowano główne tendencje rozwoju tej technologii.
EN
Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that has the potential to revolutionise the food production. Nanotechnology focuses on the physical and biological structures smaller then 100 nm, which results in unique properties. The objective of this paper is to look at developments in the field of nanotechnology and how they can be applied in the food industry. The principles of nanotechnology and techniques of production in nano-scale are reviewed. Examples of potential application of nanotechnology in food science are presented. This review describes also current regulations for use of nanotechnology in the food industry and some future trends of development offood nanotechnology.
Nanoparticles are gaining ever−wider application in plant production (for both agriculture and forestry), in the role of pesticides, as well as stimulators of plant growth and resistance. We sought to determine the efficacy of silver and copper nanoparticles (AgNPs and CuNPs respectively), used as seed dressings or subjected to foliar application, in affording protection from parasitic damping−off disease among soil−grown seedlings of Scots pine in a forest nursery. Experiments also assessed the influence of the nanoparticles on the growth of the plants potentially safeguarded in this way. Nanoparticles were used in seed soaking and foliar spraying at 50 ppm concentration. Pines treated with fungicides (Zaprawa Nasienna T 75 DS, Acrobat MZ 69 WG, Topsin M 500 SC, Gwarant 500 SC, Thiram Granuflo 80 WG and Signum 33 WG) or unprotected at all were used for comparison. In each treatment (AgNPs, CuNPs, fungicides or unprotected), seedlings were inventoried 6 weeks after the sowing and at the end of the growing season, while all individuals on 80 1−m−long segments of seed row were counted. At the end of the growing season, shoot length, root−collar diameter, root length and dry mass of shoots and roots were determined. The seedlings treated with nanoparticles had longer root systems of greater dry mass, but also only more weakly−developed above−ground parts (both height and dry mass being limited) in comparison with young Scots pines that had been fungicide−treated or were unprotected. It resulted in a significantly more favourable ratio between shoot and root masses, where nanoparticle treatment had been applied. The effectiveness of the protection extended to the germination and first−growth stages up to 6 weeks from the time of sowing was furthermore shown to be greatest where AgNPs had been applied, while at the season end there were comparable results among pines treated with either nanoparticles or fungicides. Our results thus indicate that nanoparticles limit damping−off disease in pine seedlings (AgNPs more effectively than CuNPs), with that effectiveness also proving comparable with that noted for the fungicides applied traditionally.