Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Etyczne aspekty zróżnicowania dochodów

100%

Wyżnikiewicz B.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2019

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tom 22

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nr 3

75-85

EN

Personal income differentiation (inequality) is widely observed. Various historical and cultural factors are responsible for this phenomenon. In the longer run, these factors lead to a log-normal distribution of income with country-specific parameters. Ethical aspects of income differentiation are discussed in this paper. The starting point for the discussion is a diagnosis of income differentiation in Poland and European Union countries based on statistical data. Another discussed issue is ethical dilemmas resulting from income inequalities. Special attention is paid to the relationship between income differentiation and economic growth. The ethical aspects of the ratio between lower and upper income in corporations are also discussed. The conclusion is that income differentiation and its change may influence economic growth in different ways. Extremely high income differentiation may lead to negative effects and is ethically doubtful.

2

Changes in the relative situation of the poor in a growing economy – the case of Poland

100%

Kośny M.

Mathematical Economics

|

2012

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nr 8 (15)

83-96

EN

The permanently positive economic growth in Poland over the last twenty years has resulted in a significant improvement in the economic situation of households. The distribution of this increase in wealth was not, however, homogenous, and the pattern of income growth proved to be a crucial factor determining the situation of the poor. The aim of the paper is to investigate to what extent the characteristics of the households influence the income growth pattern. Three main groups of households will be considered: the selfemployed and blue- and white-collar workers. The analysis is based on the relative concept of changes in income distribution. Besides the commonly known income growth curves, diagrams related to the Zenga inequality index will be applied.

3

Statistical inference on changes in income polarization in Poland

100%

Brzeziński M.

Przegląd Statystyczny

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2011

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tom 58

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nr 1-2

102-113

PL

W artykule dokonano estymacji popularnej miary polaryzacji ekonomicznej (indeks DER) dla danych o dochodach z polskich Badań Budżetów Gospodarstw Domowych w okresie 1998-2007. Używając niezależnych od rozkładu metod wnioskowania statystycznego przeprowadzono testy istotności różnic w wartościach estymowanych wskaźników. Wyniki pokazują, że w badanym okresie wartość indeksu DER wzrosła pomiędzy 4,9 a 6,5% w zależności od wartości parametru α mierzącego wagę przykładaną do polaryzacji. Zmiany indeksu DER dla α = 1, dla którego polaryzacja zachowuje się empirycznie w sposób odmienny od nierówności, są w badanym okresie statystycznie istotne. W artykule pokazano jednak, że niektóre ze zmian indeksu DER dla krótszych okresów nie są istotne statystycznie.

EN

This paper estimates a popular measure of economic polarization (DER index) using Polish income micro-data from the Household Budget Survey (HBS) study for the period from 1998 to 2007. Using asymptotically distribution-free statistical inference we test whether the changes in the values of the estimated indices are statistically significant. Results show that during the period under study DER index has increased in the range from 4.9 to 6.5%, depending on the polarization-sensitivity parameter α. For the period 1998-2007, the changes in the DER index with α = 1, for which polarization is empirically distinguishable from inequality, are statistically significant at conventional levels. It is found, however, that for some sub-periods changes in the DER index are not statistically significant.

4

Land Quality, Development and Space: Does Scale Matter?

100%

Salvati L. , Council of Research in Agriculture – Centre for Plant-Soil Relationships

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nr 2

EN

This study analyzes empirically the relationship between land quality decline and the spatial distribution of per capita income observed in Italy at different spatial scales and geographical divisions. The aim of this contribution is to verify if a decline in land quality has higher probability to occur in economically disadvantaged areas and if scale may influence this relationship. Per capita income was considered a proxy indicator for the level of socio-economic development and life quality in the investigated area. Changes over time (1990–2000) of a composite index of land quality and per capita income in Italy were regressed at four spatial scales: (i) 20 NUTS-2 regions, (ii) 103 NUTS-3 prefectures, (iii) 784 local districts designed as Local Labour Market Areas (LLMAs), and (iv) 8,101 LAU-1 municipalities. Different specifications were tested, including first, second and third order polynomial equations. Linear models allowed the best fit for data examined at all spatial scales. However, elasticity of the dependent variable to per capita income varied considerably according to scale suggesting that developmental policies may have a limited impact on land quality in vulnerable southern Italian areas compared to northern and central Italy. This study suggests that geographically disaggregated data simulating different spatial levels of governance may offer further insights compared to cross-country datasets indicating targets for multi-scale policies possibly preventing a poverty-desertification spiral.

5

Długość kwestionariusza a precyzja odpowiedzi na pytania ilościowe w badaniach ankietowych

100%

Hardy W.

Ekonomista

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2015

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nr 5

707-718

PL

Cechy ankiety, takie jak jej długość, trudność czy jej subiektywnie postrzegana ciekawość, mają bezpośredni wpływ na jakość otrzymanych danych. Autor analizuje związek pomiędzy długością kwestionariusza a precyzją pozyskanych z jego pomocą danych ilościowych, wykorzystując dane ankietowe GUS na temat rozkładu wynagrodzeń w społeczeństwie polskim. Badanie opiera się na naturalnym quasi-eksperymencie, jakim było zwiększenie liczby pytań w kwestionariuszu między 2005 r. i 2006 r. Analizie poddano wpływ tej zmiany na rozrzut deklarowanych przez respondentów dochodów. Wyniki wskazują na istotny negatywny związek pomiędzy długością ankiety i precyzją udzielanych odpowiedzi (pytania przesunięte na dalsze miejsca w ankiecie dają mniej precyzyjne odpowiedzi). Uzyskane wyniki są względnie odporne na oddziaływanie innych czynników.

EN

The features of the questionnaire, such as its length, difficulty, or subjectively perceived curiosity, have a direct effect on the quality of survey data received. The author analyses the relationship between the length of the questionnaire and the precision of quantitative data obtained in a survey, using survey data on wage income distribution in the Polish households, collected by the Central Statistical Office. The research is based on a natural quasi- experiment provided by raising the number of questions asked between 2005 and 2006. The author analyses the impact of this change on the dispersion of incomes declared by the respondents. The results show a negative relationship between the length of the questionnaire and the precision of the responses obtained (questions that have been shifted to further places in the questionnaire yield less precise answers). The results are relatively robust against the impact of other factors.

RU

Такие характеристики анкеты как длина, трудность или субъективно ощущаемая привлекательность, имеют прямое влияние на качество получаемых данных. Автор анализирует связь между длиной анкеты и точностью полученных с ее помощью количественных данных, используя анкетные данные ГСУ на тему расклада заработной платы в польском обществе. Исследование опирается на естественный квазиэксперимент, каковым было увеличение количества во- просов в анкете между 2005 и 2006 гг. Анализировалось влияние изменения анкеты на диапазон декларируемых респондентами доходов. Результаты указывают на существенную отрицательную связь между длиной анкеты и точностью даваемых ответов (вопросы, переставленные на более удаленные места в анкете, дают менее точные ответы). Полученные результаты относительно устойчивы к воздействию других факторов.

6

Properties of the Cox Consistency Test in the Case of Income Distribution Analysis

100%

Jędrzejczak A. , University of Łódź C. o. S. M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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2005

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tom 194

EN

Testing the consistency of theoretical income distributions with the empirical ones is a very important problem in income distribution analysis. Most of well known goodness-of-fit tests cannot be used to solve this problem because the parameters of the population are usually not known and the samples are very large. In the paper we present the main properties of the Cox statistic which is based on likelihood ratio. The presented results were obtained by means of the Monte Carlo experiment. The theoretical distributions most often used in income distribution analysis as the gamma, lognormal, Dagum and Singh-Maddala were taken into consideration.

PL

W analizie rozkładów płac i dochodów istotnym problemem jest badanie zgodności rozkładów empirycznych z teoretycznymi. Większość znanych testów zgodności nie może być stosowana do badania tego zagadnienia ze względu na fakt, że parametry zbiorowości generalnej nie są na ogół znane, a rozważane próby są często bardzo liczne. W artykule przedstawione zostały podstawowe własności testu zgodności Coxa opartego na ilorazie wiarygodności. Prezentowane wyniki otrzymano metodą Monte Carlo. Rozważane były rozkłady teoretyczne najczęściej wykorzystywane w analizie płac i dochodów: gamma, logarytmiczno-normalny, Daguma i Singha-Maddali.

7

The Characteristic of Theoretical Income Distributions and Their Application to the Analysis of Wage Distributions in Poland by Regions

100%

Jędrzejczak A. , University of Łódź C. o. S. M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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2006

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tom 196

EN

In the paper we compare the properties of theoretical income distributions from the point of view of their application to the analysis of wage distributions in Poland. Among them the lognormal and Dagum distributions were taken into consideration. On the basis of the theoretical density curves well fitted to the empirical ones income inequality measures were calculated. The estimation was conducted for the wages distributions in Poland in different divisions: by gender, by economic sector and by regions.

PL

W artykule porównywano własności teoretycznych i empirycznych rozkładów płac i dochodów z punktu widzenia możliwości ich zastosowania do analizy rozkładów płac w Polsce. W szczególności rozważano takie rozkłady, jak logarytmiczno-normalny czy Daguma. Rozkłady teoretyczne, wykazujące wysoką zgodność z empirycznymi, zostały następnie wykorzystane do estymacji miar nierównomierności. Estymację przeprowadzono na podstawie rozkładów płac w Polsce w różnych przekrojach - według płci, sektora gospodarki oraz regionów.

8

Two-component structure of household income distributions in Poland

100%

Łukasiewicz P. , Karpio K. , Orłowski A.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2018

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tom 13

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nr 4

603-622

EN

Research background: Studies of the structures of the income distributions have been performed for about 15 years. They indicate that there is no model which describes the distributions in their whole range. This effect is explained by the existence of different mechanisms yielding to low-medium and high incomes. While more than 97% of the distributions can be described by exponential or log-normal models, high incomes (about 3% or less) are in agreement with the power law. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is an analysis of the structure of the household income distributions in Poland. We verify the hypothesis about two-part structure of those distributions by using log-normal and Pareto models. Methods: The studies are based on the households? budgets microdata for years 2004?2012. The two-component models are used to describe the income distributions. The major parts of the distributions are described by the two parametric log-normal model. The highest incomes are described by the Pareto model. We also investigate the agreement with data of the more complex models, like Dagum, and Singh-Madalla. Findings & Value added: One has showed that two or three parametric models explain from about 95% to more than 99% of income distributions. The poorest agreement with data is for the log-normal model, while the best agreement has been obtained for the Dagum model. However, two-part model: log-normal for low-middle incomes and Pareto model for the highest incomes describes almost the whole range of income distributions very well.

9

Financial Deepening, Property Rights, and Poverty: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

100%

Singh R. J. , Huang Y.

Journal of Banking and Financial Economics

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2015

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nr 1(3)

130-151

EN

Recent studies on the relationship between financial development and poverty have been inconclusive. Some claim that, by allowing more entrepreneurs to obtain financing, financial development improves the allocation of capital, which has a particularly large impact on the poor. Others argue that it is primarily the rich and politically connected who benefit from improvements in the financial system. This paper looks at a sample of 37 countries in sub-Saharan Africa from 1992 through 2006. Its results suggest that financial deepening could widen income inequality and increase poverty, if not accompanied by stronger property rights. Similarly, interest rate and lending liberalization alone could be detrimental to the poor without institutional reforms, in particular stronger property rights and wider access to credit information.

10

Approximation of distribution of Poland’s population’s income according to Dagum and Zenga models

100%

Trzcińska K.

Przegląd Statystyczny

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2019

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tom 66

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nr 4

270-286

EN

The aim of this paper is to analyse the income of the population of Poland using the Dagum and the Zenga distributions. The Zenga distribution, introduced in 2010, is a new distribution which has not been yet applied to analysing wages and income in Poland. The paper presents both the Dagum and Zenga distributions, as well as the results of the approximations of wage distributions drawn from the 2014 household budget survey. The calculated degree of compliance of the theoretical distribution with the empirical one demonstrates that the Zenga distribution describes the distribution of the income of the Polish population more reliably than the Dagum distribution, which so far has been regarded as one of the best.

11

Growing labor productivity and securitization – the two surprising factors of income inequality

100%

Sopoćko A.

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nr 482

240-251

EN

The paper tries to indicate two reasons for worldwide growing income disparity. The first one is capitalism transformation from individual ownership to anonymous, broadly diversified portfolio holders, who do not adhere to a particular company for a long time. The leading role is played by the company management, especially its CEO. Capital owners become finance holders who look only at temporarily best investment opportunities. Therefore, the managers are compelled to race for higher rate of return. To ensure that the assets portfolio of financial owners is diversified, financial capitalists prefer short-time investment strategies, focusing more on short-time efficiency than on long-time development, mainly on cost reductions, including workers’ salaries. Such efforts are accompanied by a strong and continuous rise in labour productivity (the second factor). Over time, fewer people are needed to participate in the production process, which contributes to the weakness of the labour force in the struggles for salary. This constrains the income rise for a big part of the society and leads to a global demand squeeze.

12

Rational microeconomic decisions and their non-optimal macroeconomic outcomes: the role for social institutions

100%

Koronowski A.

Journal of Management and Financial Sciences

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2019

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nr 39

17-27

EN

The paper analyzes possible policy and institutional responses to underconsumption (deficient consumption spending that leads to depressed economic activity). Underconsumption is an effect of a specific market failure; uncoordinated rational microeconomic decisions to keep labour costs low result in sub-optimal macroeconomic outcomes. Traditionally, any manifestations of demand constraints have been corrected with expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. These methods have ceased to be effective and viable. Alternative measures aimed directly to change income distribution are considered. Such measures (progressive income tax, stronger labour unions) would rather not gain acceptance of entrepreneurs even though in principle they should boost business activity. Non-confrontational solutions are beyond the reach of economic policy but good apprehension of the problem at hand in the democratic debate might lead to a better compromise with respect to social distribution of incomes.

13

Application of Dagum economic distances to the analysis of wage distributions in Poland

100%

Jędrzejczak A. , University of Łódź C. o. S. M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

|

1997

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tom 141

EN

Studies in the field of wage and income distribution concentrate on measuring income inequality. We can investigate both the inequality within the population and the inequality between the populations. The latter can be called the economic distance of one population with respect to another. In the paper we present economic distance ratios. Do and D1 introduced by Dagum. They were calculated for the empirical distributions of wages in Poland (nonparametric form) and for the corresponding theoretical ones derived from the Dagum function (parametric form).

14

Changes of distributions of personal incomes in US from 1998 to 2011

100%

Łukasiewicz P. , Karpio K. , Orłowski A.

Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych

|

2012

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tom 13

|

nr 2

96-106

EN

In this paper the results of studies of personal incomes changes are presented for years 1998 to 2011. The studies were based on the micro-data regarding families and households. Among others it was showed that concentration of individual incomes dropped during the period of 1998 to 2011. The opposite trends of changes of income inequalities for households and individuals were observed.

15

Estimating the parameter of inequality aversion on the basis of a parametric distribution of incomes

100%

Kot S. M.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2020

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tom 15

|

nr 3

391-417

EN

Research background: In applied welfare economics, the constant relative inequality aversion function is routinely used as the model of a social decisionmaker?s or a society?s preferences over income distributions. This function is entirely determined by the parameter, ?, of inequality aversion. However, there is no authoritative answer to the question of what the range of ? an analyst should select for empirical work. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is elaborating the method of deriving ? from a parametric distribution of disposable incomes. Methods: We assume that households? disposable incomes obey the generalised beta distribution of the second kind GB2(a,b,p,q). We have proved that, under this assumption, the social welfare function exists if and only if ? belongs to (0,ap+1) interval. The midpoint ?mid of this interval specifies the inequality aversion of the median social-decisionmaker. Findings & Value added: The maximum likelihood estimator of ?mid has been developed. Inequality aversion for Poland 1998?2015 has been estimated. If inequality is calculated on the basis of disposable incomes, the standard inequality?development relationship might be complemented by inequality aversion. The ?augmented? inequality?development relationship reveals new phenomena; for instance, the stage of economic development might matter when assessing the impact of inequality aversion on income inequality.

16

Income Distribution and Regional Convergence in Poland and the European Union

100%

Godziszewski B. , Kruszka M. , Puziak M.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2013

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tom 8

|

nr 1

45-60

EN

The main aim of this paper is to analyze regional convergence in the period 1995-2007 in Poland and European Union. Main hypothesis is statement that convergence (understood as reducing income disparities) perceived from system wide perspective is not identical with diminishing income disparity among inhabitants of regions in particular countries, even though broad range of EU cohesion policy means were applied. The analysis was carried out in several steps. Initially, the authors referred to the classical convergence hypotheses (unconditional ß convergence) within the EU-27, then the same assumptions were examined taking into account population - weighted indicators. However, the main aim of research undertaken in this study was to investigate the regional (within - country) distribution of income for the selected years. The results allows to state that despite growing mean income in the analyzed systems (EU-27 and Poland ) and strong support by EU funding, one can observe increased disparities between regions.

17

THE USE OF CSISZÁR'S DIVERGENCE TO ASSESS DISSIMILARITIES OF INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS OF EU COUNTRIES

100%

Oczki J. , Wędrowska E.

Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych

|

2014

|

tom 15

|

nr 2

167-176

EN

Income distributions can be described by measures of central tendency, dispersion, skewness, kurtosis or by indexes of polarization. In numerous studies, Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve have been used to investigate inequality of incomes. Income distributions can also be analysed in comparison to one another. In the article two measures belonging to Csiszár's divergence class have been used to identify the degree of differentiation of income distributions among the EU countries in 2005 and 2012. Similar and dissimilar countries with respect to distribution of income have been identified and the change of divergence of EU countries income distributions between 2005 and 2012 has been assessed. European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) dataset has been used.

18

Economic Growth, Inequalities and Poverty in Slovakia from 2005 to 2015 (the Analysis of Relations and Contexts at a Regional Level)

88%

Michálek A. , Výbošťok J.

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2018

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tom 25

|

nr 1

55-74

EN

Poverty rate is influenced by numerous factors. The determining ones are economic growth and the distribution of its effects. This article is therefore focused on the analysis of these effects and their relationship, as well as their influence on poverty at a regional level (NUTS 3, ‘kraj’). For the analysis of interactions between growth and distribution in correlation to poverty reduction, the Bourguignon model (the Poverty-Growth-Inequality triangle) and the growth incidence curve (GIC) were used. It was found that economic growth positively influences income inequalities as well as decreases the share of population under the poverty threshold in all regions. However, the development differs across regions. Based on the development and tendencies of the gross domestic product (GDP), income distribution and poverty it is obvious that economically strong regions (or their populations) dealt better with poverty during the crisis period.

19

Equity-efficiency dilemma and tax harmonization

88%

Dalamagas B. , Leventides J. , Tantos S.

Central European Economic Journal

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2022

|

tom 9

|

nr 56

342-353

EN

The present paper attempts to demonstrate that finding an appropriate trade-off between direct and indirect taxes can help smooth policy makers’ way through reconciling the contradictory notions of equity and efficiency. Our theoretical and empirical analysis is based on the assumption that direct taxes discourage work effort, thus impinging on the incentives to supply labour, to save and to invest, and finally, to grow, whereas indirect taxes discourage consumption and bear more heavily on the poor. Central to our discussion is the argument that carefully designed adjustments in the tax mix can reduce distortions in the consumption-leisure decision, thus leading to an optimal allocation of resources between the equity and efficiency objectives. To derive a competitive equilibrium setting, a social welfare function is maximized and the first-order conditions are manipulated to trace out the optimal direct-indirect tax rates that pave the way for the equity-efficiency goals to be reconciled with each other.

20

CLASSIFICATION OF POLISH HOUSEHOLDS BASED ON THEIR INCOMES BY MEANS OF DECISION TREES

88%

Karpio A. , Koszela G. , Orłowski A. , Łukasiewicz P.

Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych

|

2014

|

tom 15

|

nr 2

403-413

EN

Classification trees included in SQL Server 2008R2 Analysis Services package have been used to classify Polish households based on their incomes. The analysis has been performed by means of the three algorithms and their effectiveness has been measured. Using the best algorithm a groups of households with the lowest and the largest incomes have been distinguished. The most important attributes describing households with the lowest and the largest incomes were identified and discussed.