Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Pre-COVID-19‑pandemic differentiation of employment and wages in county hospitals in Poland

100%

Sielska A. , Nojszewska E.

Journal of Management and Financial Sciences

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2023

|

nr 50

81-108

EN

The difficult current global situation in the aspect of Human Resources for Health was clearly seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. The spending on healthcare is still increasing and the rate of increase outpaces the growth rate of GDP. Only part of these funds is dedicated to the training of new staff and current healthcare employees migrate in search for better job conditions and worklife balance. Personnel migration combined with the demographic structure in the high-income countries simultaneously leads to increasing demand for healthcare services and limits the supply of specialists who can provide such services. The confrontation between the demand for medical personnel and its supply will lead to a reduction in the quality of care and accessibility of services. In the study based on the large group of Polish county hospitals in 2015–2018, differences and similarities between the hospitals in terms of employment, measured in full-time equivalents (FTEs) and in terms of wages were analyzed. Similarity and dissimilarity analysis was conducted, based on distance measures and cluster analysis. Bigger differences between the hospitals were found for wages than employment levels. The hospitals with an ED and efficient units were less similar to one another than their counterparts in terms of employment (FTEs), except for 2016. When it comes to wages and both types of variables (wages and employment) considered simultaneously, the hospitals with an ED and high number of beds were characterized by lower similarity to one another than their counterparts during the whole period. Clustering all the 3 approaches (FTEs, wages, FTEs and wages) the results were the same. One of these groups was characterized by a rather low employment level per bed, while the other one – by high.

2

JAKOŚĆ ŚWIADCZEŃ MEDYCZNYCH W AKREDYTACJI SZPITALI

100%

Stawowy M. , Kautsch M.

Polityka Społeczna

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2011

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tom 38

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nr 2(443)

21-25

EN

The article describes outcomes of the survey carried out on a group of Polish hospitals accredited by the National Centre for Quality Assessment in Health Care. The aim of the survey was to identify the groups of standards and individual standards that were difficult to implement, standards that weren’t implemented and the causes of problems with implementation. Hospitals have problems with implementation of standards in a field of information management, hospital infection monitoring, anesthesiology and assessment of patient condition. The standards that weren’t implement belong to groups called information management, anesthesiology and patient rights. The main reason of the problems was that the medical staff don’t accept changes in hospital operation appearing during the implementation of Hospital Accreditation Program.

3

Kościół katolicki wobec reform szpitalnictwa u schyłku I. Rzeczypospolitej

100%

Srogosz T.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

|

2020

|

tom 27

|

nr 1

190-204

EN

In individual cases of hospitals, we can see a far-reaching convergence of views, especially when this did not significantly affect the interests of groups or institutions. However, there were extremely fierce disputes over the proposals that undermined the monopolistic position of the Church and its income. During the Four-Year Sejm, anticlerical tendencies intensified. The Authorities of the Four-Year Sejm tried to solve the problem of hospital funds, repeatedly raised in the 18th century (and earlier), but – a.o., due to the resistance of some clergymen - they managed to gather only some information from hospital managers. The activities of the authorities with regard to the hospitals tentatively aimed at their medicalisation, whereas the Church, in its mainstream, adhered to inalterability of social care and opposed any interference or change.

4

The Factors Influencing Economic Efficiency of the Hospital Bed Care in Terms of the Regional Allowance Organizations

88%

Vaňková I. , Vrabková I.

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nr 3

233-248

EN

This paper aims to provide an efficiency evaluation of selected hospital bed care providers during years 2010 -2012 with respect to selected factors: The size of the hospital establishment according to number of beds, number of hospitalized patients, the average length of stay per a patient in care, total staff cost calculated per bed, total revenues calculated per bed, and total costs calculated per bed. For this purpose, hospitals providing primarily acute bed care were chosen. From the legal point of view, they are allowance organizations of a particular region. The evaluation concerns both allocative efficiency and technical efficiency. The allocative efficiency is treated from the proper algorithm point of view and it compares total costs calculated per bed with total revenues calculated per bed. A method denominated Data Envelopment Analysis was applied for the calculation of the technical efficiency of units. To be more specific, it was input-oriented model with constant returns to scale (CCR). The input parameters involve the number of beds, the average length of stay and costs per day of stay. Output parameters were as follows: Bed occupancy in days and the number of hospitalized patients. The data published by the Institute of Health Information and Statistic of the Czech Republic and by ÚFIS system (the Data Base of Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic) were used as the source of data. The evaluation implies that only three hospitals were economically-effective: Silesian Hospital in Opava, Hospital Jihlava, and TGM Hospital Hodonín. The most significant factor influencing the efficiency was determined - the average length of stay.

5

O protestanckiej „miłości bliźniego”, czyli toruńska Ordinanz des Vorsteher-Amst wegen der Haltungen vor die Armut z 1665 roku

88%

Drzewiecki B. , Pękacka-Falkowska K.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2012

|

tom 77

|

nr 3

51-66

EN

The article concerns the legal grounds for the activity of five (not including the lazaret) hospitals in Toruń in the mid-17th century. The rules of 1665 how to manage this type of institution, preserved in the form of copies from the beginning of the 18th century, constitute the source base of the article and the edited appendix to it. The document is an amendment to the rules of 1570, which was necessary due to the war and the change in the economic situation in the city. It discusses the hierarchical system of hospital management such as the authority of provisors (Provisores), the hospital supervisors (Vorstehern), their director (Director des Vorsteher Amts) and lower rank personnel, as well as the manner of managing the property of the institution which included e.g. proceeds from confiscations, the lease of the hospital’s estates, fines, money collections, special rents and charges for the stay in hospital. The authors also addressed a very important category of proceeds such as foundations, bequests and legacies, which referred to the ideology of Christian mercy. The authors also touched upon the question of the rules of the execution of back rents from eases, which must have been a significant problem for hospital supervisors (Vorstehern) in the face of the social-economic situation in the second half of the 17th century. Thus, the problem was thoroughly discussed in the article. The conclusions from the analysis of the rules confirm Weber’s thesis about the beginnings of the spirit of capitalism. Hospitals in Protestant towns were to work in an economic way. Apart from looking after the sick and the poor, they were to generate profits, or at least to be financially self-sufficient.

6

Evaluating Opportunities to Implement Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment (HB-HTA) in Selected Hospitals in the Kraków Municipality

88%

Dusza D. , Furman M. , Gałązka-Sobotka M. , Kowalska-Bobko I.

|

2021

|

nr 1(55)

35-49

EN

Objectives: Hospitals are the entry point for newly implemented innovative health technologies. Hospital-based health technology assessment (HB-HTA) has been developed to facilitate the use of new health technologies in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate opportunities to implement HB-HTA in selected hospitals located in the Kraków municipality in Poland. Research Design & Method: We used shortened version of a questionnaire from a project called “Implementation of the Hospital-Based HTA (HB-HTA) – Hospital Assessment of Innovative Medical Technologies”. The participants were hospital managers working in three hospitals located in Kraków: the Ujastek Medical Centre Limited Liability Company (LLC), the Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God Hospital LLC, and the University Hospital in Kraków. The survey was conducted and made available online. Findings: Each of the participating hospitals had implemented new medical technologies. Applications for the implementation of innovative medical technology had been considered by the hospital directors; however, departmental heads were required to act as the lead applicants. Two out of these three hospitals had developed both an application template for the implementation of innovative technologies and a formalized path for their examination. The main source of financing new technologies is the hospitals’ funds. Before implementing the technology, hospitals had consulted the following agencies: the National Health Fund, the Ministry of Health, medical technology manufacturers or producer organisations, medical voivodeship consultants, and other hospitals. The financial consequences of the medical technologies implementation were analyzed. Implications / Recommendations: The hospitals define innovative medical technologies in a correct way. There are no separate HTA units in any of the hospitals. The surveyed hospitals have the capability to implement HB-HTA. Contribution / Value Added: The implementation of HB-HTA processes in the analysed hospitals may require the hospital managers to broaden knowledge about this area. The implementation of HB-HTA procedures in hospitals may have positive economic effects on the entire health care system.

7

Zarządzanie wartością klienta na rynku usług medycznych w Polsce

88%

Nagraba K.

Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne

|

2015

|

tom 1(21)

115-127

EN

The Customer Lifetime Value is crucial in every kind of economic activity as the customer is the good that brings profits to the companies. This is the main reason why entrepreneurs and managers should always think how to satisfy needs of its clients. One of markets, on which the customer value should be thoroughly analyzed is medicine. This article presents the theoretical basis of customer lifetime value management and tries to explain how it is being introduced on medical services market in Poland. As the health care in Poland seems to be on initial stage there is a lot of space for new, private medical centers to be set up. Majoroty of institution operates basing on concracts with National Health Fund (NFZ) and there are fully dependent from the amounts of money granted by the institution. It is renegotiated after certain period and there is always the risk of not winning it again. Unfortunately due to weaknesses of public health care system in Poland, many customers are disappointed with its quality and management form. In these conditions the private medicine services are improving. Unfortunately there is no possibility in choosing the form of health insurance (all are paying contribution to National Health Fund). In this case there is a hope for development of a competitive market, which would be certainly supported by private insurance. The artice is an introduction to deeper considerations regarding medicine in Poland and the effectiveness of managing medical centers (especially hospitals).

8

A Dual Approach to Exercising Statutory Supervision over Hospitals in Poland

88%

Kautsch M.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

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2020

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nr 1(51)

5-17

EN

Objectives: The paper aims to describe the current model of supervision over public hospitals in Poland. Research Design & Methods: The paper is based on a scoping review and content analysis of applicable legislation, their resumes, and pertinent data sourced from the Internet, including articles, reports, and dedicated websites. The sourced data was identified with the aid of the Google search engine. All assembled source materials were subsequently filtered out in terms of their suitability for the subject matter under scrutiny, and assessed in line with the key assumptions of the agency theory, whereby an agent is entrusted by the principal with the task of managing an organisation. Findings: Polish hospitals operate either as the so-called autonomous public healthcare units, or as commercial companies. Both forms are publicly owned and invested with identical scope of statutory tasks, whereas their supervision remains subject to different statutory regulations. However, the organisational models presently in place do not actually provide for an effective securing of the key supervisory objectives. Implications / Recommendations: A general structural overhaul is therefore postulated, with a view to introducing more effective, in-house-developed supervisory solutions, especially with regard to autonomous public hospitals. Article classification: research article

9

Behavior of Hospital Mid-Level Managers in Budgeting Implementation - an Empirical Study

88%

Cygańska M. , Marcinkiewicz Z.

|

2014

|

tom 9

|

nr 3

237-249

EN

This study examines the introduction of management changes in a hospital based on the Lewin's model. It focuses on the attitudes of a hospital's mid-level managers to a new management-budgeting system. The conclusions are based on empirical research. The article analyzes the change implementation process related to the budgeting system in a hospital with particular consideration of the attitudes and the level of involvement of employees in the performance of new tasks. The analysis showed that the top management of hospitals and the mid-level management do not see the effects of changes related to budgeting in similar ways. This may cause significant hindrances to the process of employees adopting attitudes and behaviors required by the top management. The diversity of opinions in this area may result from: not specifying in detail the targets of budgeting by the top management or not informing the medium-level management of them, a lack of set measures for evaluation of the performance of budget tasks, aiming at achievement of the assumed targets by means of methods not accepted by the employees.

10

88%

Macuda M.

Nauki o Finansach

|

2018

|

nr vol. 23 no. 3

102-110

EN

In the last 20 years many OECD countries have adopted some form of diagnosis-related group (DRG) prospective payment system to reimburse hospitals. In Poland, hospitals are also paid fixed prices, imposed by Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia (NFZ) according to DRG, for patients treated. The aim of this paper is to calculate, analyze and compare the costs of patient conditions within the same DRG (F72 – inguinal hernia), collate these costs and the reimbursement from NFZ with the purpose of determining the net profit and then check if it matches bigger research samples. In order to realize the aim of the paper, a comparative and a content analysis of medicals documents and financial data were adopted, and Student’s t-test was performed. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to confirm the correctness of the research sample. The results revealed that the reimbursement for costs related to inguinal hernia treatment covers the costs of 90% of patient conditions from the research sample.

11

The slow adoption of medical informatics in hospitals

75%

Lane V. , Lane D.

|

tom Vol. 5

MI91--100

EN

This paper examines the use of computing in hospitals and compares this with the use of computing in general practice. In the UK, virtually all GPs, i.e. doctors in primary care, use computers and computer-based records in their care of patients, whereas most doctors in hospitals do not [3, 25]. There are many reasons given for the lower use of computers in hospitals. It has been suggested that hospital medical activities are more complex than those in general practice and that there has been too little investment in hospital information and communication technology (ICT), two truisms. This paper examines and compares the different and contrasting theories that attempt to explain this phenomenum. The paper has relevance to (1) researchers wishing to migrate successful research from a 'research laboratory environment' such as in a medical school to a real-world setting in a hospital or a hospital clinic, (2) medical informatics researchers interested in investigating the problems of ICT implementations in hospitals, and (3) medical informatics practitioners involved in real-world hospital ICT developments.

12

Informacja techniczna : kogeneracja gazowa w szpitalach

75%

Jurkiewicz A.

|

2020

|

tom z. 2

79--82

13

Zasady projektowania instalacji gazów medycznych w szpitalach

75%

Żarski K.

|

tom nr 3

23--27

PL

W artykule skupiono się na wybranych aspektach projektowania instalacji gazów medycznych w szpitalach. Są to następujące zagadnienia: bilans chwilowy zapotrzebowania na gazy medyczne oraz zasady projektowania systemu rurociągów rozprowadzających. Poruszono też kwestie rezerwowych systemów zasilających punkty poboru. W artykule pominięto kwestie konstrukcji urządzeń dostarczających gazy medyczne, skupiając się na prawidłowym doborze ich wydajności do wielkości zapotrzebowania. W artykule omówiono instalacje: tlenu (O2), podtlenku azotu (N2O), sprężonego powietrza do celów medycznych (MA4), sprężonego powietrza do celów chirurgicznych (SA7), próżni (VAC). Zasady projektowania systemów rozprowadzenia w przypadku innych mediów są podobne.

EN

The article focuses on selected aspects of designing medical gas pipelines in hospitals. These are the following issues: momentary balance of demand for medical gases and the principles of designing the distribution pipeline system. The issues of backup systems supplying the collection points were also discussed. The article omits the issues of the construction of devices supplying medical gases, focusing on the correct selection of their capacity to the size of demand. The following installations are discussed in the article: oxygen (O2), nitrous oxide (N2O), compressed air for medical purposes (MA4), compressed air for surgical purposes (SA7), vacuum (VAC). The design principles for other media are similar.

14

Nowoczesne systemy klimatyzacji i wentylacji w szpitalach - uwagi o teorii i praktyce eksploatacji. Cz. 4

75%

Wolski A.

Instal

|

2003

|

tom nr 11

72--79

PL

W artykule przedstawiono specyficzne właściwości systemów klimatyzacji i wentylacji mechanicznej w szpitalach oraz uwagi na temat eksploatacji tych systemów. Szczególnie dużo uwagi poświęcono specjalistycznym instalacjom klimatyzacji pomieszczeń czystych. Opisano wybrane aspekty zjawiska usuwania zanieczyszczeń powietrza przez klimatyzację oraz teoretyczne i praktyczne warunki utrzymania wysokiego poziomu higienicznego klimatyzowanych pomieszczeń. Przedstawiono ideę automatycznej regulacji przepływu powietrza i nadciśnienia lub podciśnienia w klimatyzowanych pomieszczeniach. W artykule omówiono również zasady działania komputerowego systemu zdalnego nadzoru instalacji klimatyzacji-wentylacji szpitala i przykładowe rozwiązania organizacyjne stosowane podczas eksploatacji tych instalacji.

EN

In the paper the specific technical features of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems in hospital as well as the remarks on the matter of these system operation were presented. Especially attention was devoted to special, medical air-conditioning systems for clean rooms. The selected aspects of phenomenon concerning removing the pollutions by air-conditioning system and theoretical and practical conditions of keeping high hygienic level of air-conditioned rooms were described. The idea of automatic control of airflow as well as overpressure or subatmospheric pressure in air-conditioned rooms was presented. In the paper the rules of functioning the computer remotely-controlled air-conditioning and ventilation systems for hospital as well as the example of organizational solutions applied during operating of these systems were discussed.

15

Nowoczesne systemy klimatyzacji i wentylacji w szpitalach - uwagi o teorii i praktyce eksploatacji. Cz. 1

75%

Wolski A.

Instal

|

2003

|

tom nr 7/8

42--52

PL

W artykule przedstawiono specyficzne właściwości systemów klimatyzacji i wentylacji mechanicznej w szpitalach oraz uwagi na temat eksploatacji tych systemów. Szczególnie dużo uwagi poświęcono specjalistycznym instalacjom klimatyzacji pomieszczeń czystych. Opisano wybrane aspekty zjawiska usuwania zanieczyszczeń powietrza przez klimatyzację oraz teoretyczne i praktyczne warunki utrzymania wysokiego poziomu higienicznego klimatyzowanych pomieszczeń. Przedstawiono ideę automatycznej regulacji przepływu powietrza i nadciśnienia lub podciśnienia w klimatyzowanych pomieszczeniach. W artykule omówiono również zasady działania komputerowego systemu zdalnego nadzoru instalacji klimatyzacji-wentylacji szpitala i przykładowe rozwiązania organizacyjne stosowane podczas eksploatacji tych instalacji.

EN

In the paper the specific technical features of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems in hospital as well as the remarks on the matter of these system operation were presented. Especially attention was devoted to special, medical air-conditioning systems for clean rooms. The selected aspects of phenomenon concerning removing the pollutions by air-conditioning system and theoretical and practical conditions of keeping high hygienic level of air-conditioned rooms were described. The idea of automatic control of airflow as well as overpressure or subatmospheric pressure in air-conditioned rooms was presented. In the paper the rules of functioning the computer remotely-controlled air-conditioning and ventilation systems for hospital as well as the example of organizational solutions applied during operating of these systems were discussed.

16

Klimatyzacja i wentylacja w szpitalach w świetle propozycji normy europejskiej

75%

Charkowska A.

|

tom nr 1

17-21

PL

W kwietniu 2011 roku pojawiła się wersja końcowa propozycji normy europejskiej dotyczącej klimatyzacji i wentylacji w obiektach służby zdrowia. Mimo toczących się jeszcze dyskusji nad jej wprowadzeniem, ze względu na brak jakichkolwiek krajowych wytycznych i norm dotyczących projektowania instalacji klimatyzacji i wentylacji odpowiadających nowoczesnym ich rozwiązaniom stosowanym coraz powszechniej w Polsce, wydaje się, że warto zapoznać się z zawartymi w tym dokumencie informacjami. Propozycja normy europejskiej jest w dużej mierze oparta na normie niemieckiej z 2008 roku, która w praktyce w Polsce jest często stosowana do projektowania oraz w trakcie odbiorów klimatyzacji w szpitalach, a szczególnie w salach i blokach operacyjnych. A zatem zawarte w artykule informacje mogą przydać się także osobom mającym do czynienia z wymaganiami niemieckimi w tej dziedzinie

EN

The final project of the European Standard for air conditioning and ventilation in hospitals has been released in April 2011. Because of the lack of any national standards on such modern systems designing in Poland, it is worth to get familiar with this document, despite of discussions abou1 this project still going on. The document is mainly based on the German Standard from 200B, very often used in Poland during designing and commissioning of air conditioning systems in hospitals. Therefore the information included in this paper may be useful also for specialists who have to meet German requirements in this matter

17

Nowoczesne systemy klimatyzacji i wentylacji w szpitalach - uwagi o teorii i praktyce eksplatacji. Cz. 3

75%

Wolski A.

Instal

|

2003

|

tom nr 10

28--35

PL

W artykule przedstawiono specyficzne właściwości systemów klimatyzacji i wentylacji mechanicznej w szpitalach oraz uwagi na temat eksploatacji tych systemów. Szczególnie dużo uwagi poświęcono specjalistycznym instalacjom klimatyzacji pomieszczeń czystych. Opisano wybrane aspekty zjawiska usuwania zanieczyszczeń powietrza przez klimatyzację oraz teoretyczne i praktyczne warunki utrzymania wysokiego poziomu higienicznego klimatyzowanych pomieszczeń. Przedstawiono ideę automatycznej regulacji przepływu powietrza i nadciśnienia lub podciśnienia w klimatyzowanych pomieszczeniach. W artykule omówiono również zasady działania komputerowego systemu zdalnego nadzoru instalacji klimatyzacji-wentylacji szpitala i przykładowe rozwiązania organizacyjne stosowane podczas eksploatacji tych instalacji.

EN

In the paper the specific technical features of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems in hospital as well as the remarks on the matter of these system operation were presented. Especially attention was devoted to special, medical air-conditioning systems for clean rooms. The selected aspects of phenomenon concerning removing the pollutions by air-conditioning system and theoretical and practical conditions of keeping high hygienic level of air-conditioned rooms were described. The idea of automatic control of airflow as well as overpressure or subatmospheric pressure in air-conditioned rooms was presented. In the paper the rules of functioning the computer remotely-controlled air-conditioning and ventilation systems for hospital as well as the example of organizational solutions applied during operating of these systems were discussed.

18

Finansowanie zewnętrzne kluczowe dla rozwoju rynku diagnostyki obrazowej w Polsce

75%

Stefańczyk M.

Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny

|

2013

|

tom Vol. 2, nr 3

158--161

PL

Według szacunków firmy PMR w 2012 r. rynek diagnostyki obrazowej, rozumiany jako wartość sprzedanego sprzętu, osiągnął wartość około 880 mln zł. W latach 2012-2014 sprzedaż w analizowanym segmencie będzie rosła średnio o 14% rocznie, wynika z raportu PMR „Rynek diagnostyki obrazowej w Polsce 2012. Prognozy rozwoju na lata 2012-2014”. Głównymi motorami wzrostu będą zwiększenie inwestycji w sektorze prywatnym, fundusze europejskie (z wyjątkiem 2014 r., kiedy to skończy się kolejna ich transza), jak również coraz większy nacisk na prewencję w polityce zdrowotnej państwa. W 2013 r. wartość rynku diagnostyki obrazowej, według naszych prognoz, przekroczy 1 mld zł.

19

Zmiany ról zarządczych lekarzy w szpitalach: czego możemy się nauczyć od Brytyjczyków?

75%

Kautsch M. , Hartley K.

|

nr 1/2013 (41) t.2

112-127

EN

This paper surveys the attitudes to managerial roles shown by Polish and British doctors and their evolution over the past decades. The paper is based on a review and analysis of literature, policy documents, healthcare statistic sand semi-structured interviews. Results of this research show that in the past doctors were reluctant to assume managerial roles in the UK system, whereas they were actually keen to do so in the Polish one. Changes in both countries (more market orientation in both countries, UK state policy) changed the doctors’ attitude to management. In the UK, doctors are at the moment more interested in taking on managerial responsibilities, while in Poland they are less interested in doing so in public hospitals due to the financial incentives attached to clinical work. In private hospitals, however, doctors understand the need for collaboration with general managers and other professional groups.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia role medical managers i nastawienie do nich prezentowane przez brytyjskich i polskich lekarzy oraz ewolucję tego nastawienia w ostatnich dekadach. Artykuł powstał na podstawie analizy literatury, dokumentów systemowych, statystyk dotyczących ochrony zdrowia oraz wywiadów półustrukturyzowanych.W wyniku badania stwierdzono, że w przeszłości lekarze niechętnie podejmowali role zarządcze w brytyjskim systemie ochrony zdrowia, natomiast w polskim – byli nimi zainteresowani. Zmiany w obu krajach (większa orientacja rynkowa, polityka prowadzona w Wielkiej Brytanii) zmieniły omawiane nastawienie lekarzy. Obecnie w Wielkiej Brytanii lekarze wykazują chęć podejmowania ról zarządczych, a w Polsce w publicznych szpitalach lekarze są mniej zainteresowani takimi stanowiskami, w związku z pojawianiem się większych korzyści finansowych za wykonywanie zadań klinicznych. W szpitalach prywatnych natomiast lekarze lepiej rozumieją potrzebę współpracy z menedżerami i z innymi grupami zawodowymi.

20

Problemy bezpiecznego zasilania szpitali w energię elektryczną

75%

Sałasiński M.

Elektro Info

|

2005

|

tom nr 4

46-50