The last two decades were characterized by very dynamic changes occurring in the food chain in Poland as well as in other countries. It is often assumed that these changes may adversely affect the situation of small-scale farmers and lead to undesirable social effects. There are many examples from developing countries that support this point of view. However, experiences of transition countries may lead also to other conclusions. The paper aims to present the main arguments derived from economic theory, which can be helpful in analysing marginalization of small-scale farms. It also encourages to empirically verify a number of interesting hypotheses that could be formulated based on economic arguments.
The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics of monthly prices in the beef marketing chain in Poland in the years 1997-2012. The study showed that in the time series of farm and retail prices of beef meat in Poland structural break points occurred. They are mainly associated with appearance of BSE disease and the Polish accession to the European Union. The farm and retail price series are non-stationary and farm prices Granger-cause retail prices. The estimates of the long-run parameters depend on the assumptions about deterministic variables existence in the Engel-Granger cointegration equation, including structural breaks among them.
Ocena ryzyka jest instrumentem pozwalającym ocenić bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne żywności. Jest też jedną ze składowych analizy ryzyka. Celem pracy jest przeanalizowanie wybranego łańcucha żywnościowego "od pola do stołu " i mogących w nim wystąpić zagrożeń dla człowieka. Materiałem badawczym były zakłady przemysłu paszowego, gospodarstwo rolnicze, zakłady przemysłu mięsnego oraz dystrybucja. Symulację wzrostu Salmonelli w poszczególnych ogniwach łańcucha żywnościowego przeprowadzono przy użyciu dostępnych programów mikrobiologii prognostycznej. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że w przypadku przestrzegania zasad GHP i GMP oraz wynikających z systemu HACCP możliwość wystąpienia zatrucia pokarmowego jest niewielka.
EN
Risk assessment is a tool to estimate food safety. The aim of this paper is to analyse a chosen food chain "from field to table" and related potential hazards for human health. The material of the research is a feed production plant, a farm, a meat production plant and the distribution chain. Simulation of Salmonella growth in every element of food chain is done by available predictive microbiology software. On the basis of performed research it was observed that, if every operator in food chain work with food safety systems like GHP, GMP and HACCP, the possibility of food borne infections are minimal.
The paper presents market-based mechanisms underlying changes in pig prices and pig meat producers’ income in Poland. The pig prices are determined by supply and demand equilibrium. Farmers are price takers and a market price is a parameter which enables them to make economic calculation and being verify their individual effectiveness. This paper comprises also an empirical analysis of the factors affecting pig prices de-velopment in the 1997-2012. The analysis based on VAR models indicates that pig prices in Poland are determined mostly by the situation on foreign markets. In the long term only around 30% pig prices variation in Poland depends on national conditions. The Granger causality tests proved that changes in the prices of pork in the marketing chain occur ac¬cording to a pattern typical for a competitive market – the direction of price signals comes from producer prices towards consumer prices. The farmers margins in pork meat marketing chain have not changed over analyzed period – they varied in cyclical and seasonal motion around 37% level. The collapse of pork production in Poland since 2008 has been caused mainly by struc-tural reasons. Pig production in Poland is very fragmented in comparison to other UE coun¬tries thus small economic of scale is reflected in farmers’ low incomes. High cost of pro¬duction per unit leads to deteriorating the price relationships between foreign and domestic prices and thus lowers demand for domestic pork.
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Katastrofy ekologiczne, takie jak ta, która miała miejsce w zatoce Minamata, Japonia, zwróciły uwagę naukowców na zagrożenie płynące ze strony metali i ich związków. Stało się jasne, że toksyczność, mobilność, biodostępność i bioakumulacja metali zależą od form chemicznych i postaci fizycznych, w jakich dany pierwiastek występuje w środowisku.
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