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nr 1
1-13
EN
This article is an attempt to answer the question of how folk art existence in contemporary society. The first part presents the broad context European tradition of the study of art. Conceptual frame of thinking about art has been developed primarily by philosophers and art historians. In the nineteenth century art begins to function in a new context, as a result of the transformation of civilization, social and economic. For this change is highly influenced by surrealist ideological program. It is his case was undermined dichotomy: high art and low art. In the second part the author presents the mutual influences of surrealism and ethnology, which resulted in interest in primitive art, and her new research perspective. The third part of the article is the diagnosis: difficult to define term „folk art” has become a convention. It is a symptome of changing meaning and decay of traditional folk culture.
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Content available remote Mezi obory: vizuální kultura
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EN
In the field of the folk and popularized art, ethnography and art history cooperated for the entire 20th century, especially in the iconographic and iconological studies. However, the folk and popularized art remained a subject matter of ethnology, while the art history was concerned with the professional art. This was the reason that mass culture and visual art were marginalized until the 1960s, regardless of the social groups which are consumers of this type of culture, and regardless of the aesthetic rating. This barrier was broken only within the last three decades under the influence of the increased interest in everyday culture and its manifestations such as mass graphic, occasional prints, greeting-cards, souvenirs, recently also advertisement and new media products. The whole sphere of the so-called visual culture became an object of interdisciplinary research with participation of sociology, psychology, cultural history, art history, musicology, theatrology and filmology, visual anthropology as well as ethnology. Within the frame of ethnology, the new specialization was named Bildlore or Bildforschung.
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Content available remote Krajinný motiv na lidovém malovaném nábytku
100%
EN
The article examines the possibility of using landscape motifs on folk furniture as a source for understanding the perception of landscape in Czech countryside in 1700s and 1800s. First, a brief overview of folk furniture is provided as a framework for understanding the importance and character of landscape paintings.Second, a detailed analysis of different landscape painting types and their regional differentiation is given. And finally, a critical reflection of the presented material regarding its potential use as a historical source for understanding landscape perception is offered. In conclusion, it is argued that folk furniture may be a useful source for historical studies but the landscape painting itself has severe limitations for the reconstruction of past landscapes.
EN
The article highlights the features of formation of Art and Industry Education in Galicia in chronological limits of the late nineteenth – early twentieth century. The author determined basic directions of professional training for artistic and industrial areas, such as: wood processing, decoration of wooden products, weaving, carpet weaving and ceramics. The results of the study revealed cross-cultural relationships that were embodied in the development of the folk arts, on the other hand, multiplying its best examples of European fine arts. The article raised speculation that the development of art education of Galicia influenced the European art traditions. Folk Art of the land enriched with sources of classical European art and also influenced its development. To understand the mutual influences of cultures for the development of art education of Galicia it is important to assess the contribution of members of the European Union (that was the part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) in training for artistic and industrial schools and promotion of Galician art in Europe. The development of industry and technology has led to demands in the labor market for skilled workers of artistic and industrial areas. The territorial boundaries of Galicia, favorable geographical location, age tradition of folk culture are crucial regarding growth of the art schools. It should be noted that this region was famous of folk artists crafts, artisans. Professional family traditions passed down from generation to generation. These factors are used in network planning of art schools, so they were thepioneers of activities in the centers of traditional culture. It was found out the influence of European public opinion on the development of craft and art schools. Society, uniting people for cultural, professional orientation promoted the art education, promotion of folk art as in Galicia and abroad. The trends of folk art in Galicia and its entry into the European art space are revealed. The conditions that determined the progress of art and industrial education of Galician region: socio-economic (rapid development of industry, technology, intercultural communication); labor market needs in trained specialists in the art and the industrial sector; availability of teaching staff with artistic and industrial education are overviewed.
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nr 1
3 - 14
EN
The study explains the birth of the term ‚folk art‘ in the Hungarian context. In Central Europe, the interest in the culture of the people, i.e. peasants, was connected with the emergence of the idea of nation-states. Towards the end of the 19th century, an evolutionary approach became authoritative in both history and social history. The emerging ethnology also followed this direction. In the simple object forms of peasant culture, it could find documents from old historical periods. At the end of the 19th century, home industry movements emerged. On the one hand, the goal was the production of industrial goods that did not require capital, but meant the use of folk knowledge. Recognizing the possibilities, the state supported the education of house industries and its application in the applied arts for decades. This produced results such as Hungarian Art Nouveau and later Art Deco. At the end of the 19th century, research on ornamentation appreciated the decorations of objects used by peasant. The result was the birth of the term ‚folk art‘, which is a value category without concrete content.
EN
The article deals with cultural oriented practical training of future teachers of fine arts. The content and meaning of ethno-cultural educational and creative practice in the personal formation of students enhance their creativity, shaping the ethno-cultural competence. Ethnographic educational content and creative practices aimed at research and analysis of ancient techniques and materials are used for the manufacture of consumer products, the realization of universal spiritual sense of stability of the ornamental motifs, going from ancient times to modern art. In the process of solving problems of ethnographic educational and creative practice, students study in detail the style and symbolism of decoration, they realize the phenomenon of heredity of separate ornamental motifs that are often found in art of different people and traditional decorative art of our country. Conducting student’s ethnographic research in the field of arts and crafts based on the achievements and values of material and spiritual culture of the Ukrainian people is aimed at national cultural revival of the nation. The task for the students of the third year of teaching and creative practices involved creating souvenirs and jewelry in ethnic style, which requires possession of different artistic techniques and methods of work with various plastic materials and instruments. Using available materials creatively the students reproduced Trypilskiy pattern in modern jewelry. Ethnic jewelry exhibition, which is organized to show at the final conference after practice, reflecting the art of the distant past, originally transformed in students’ works. They include free use of ethnic ornamentation, generalization, conciseness, and easy interpretation semantics of ancient symbols. An important condition of ethnic and cultural education of future teachers of fine arts by means of educational and creative practice is shaping national research foundations, forming a sense of harmonious combination of contemporary works of art with ancient folk art traditions.
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Souvenir, Talisman, Toy or phantom JewsThe exhibition Souvenir, Talisman, Toy, prepared by Erica Lehrer and shown in Cracow’s Ethnographic Museum in Summer 2013, deals with the phenomena of Jew figures production and currently extremely popular the "Jew with a coin" image. The phenomenon bears full characteristics of folk art. However, it is Holocaust that took place in Poland during the German occupation that should be its valid reference. This historical context that results in, for example, stereotypical way of portraying the exterminated neighbours (this way is often perceived as intentionally anti-Semitic), is not fully analysed or worked through at the exhibition. The rich ethnographic material shown in Cracow is calling for a comment that would include scientific descriptions of Polish-Jewish relations that are being formulated at, for example, the Polish Centre for Holocaust Research. The phenomena of the evoked images production, which became more intense in the last twenty or thirty years, has all the qualities of "phantom memory" or post-memory, which character, as well origins, should be thoroughly analysed. Pamiątka, Zabawka, Talizman, czyli Żydzi fantomowiPrzygotowana przez Ericę Lehrer wystawa Pamiątka, Zabawka, Talizman, którą można było oglądać w salach krakowskiego Muzeum Etnograficznego latem 2013 roku, traktuje o fenomenie produkcji figurek Żydów i niezmiernie popularnych dzisiaj wizerunków „Żyda z pieniążkiem”. Zjawisko to ma wszelkie cechy twórczości ludowej, jednakże istotnym odniesieniem jest dla niego Zagłada, która rozegrała się na terenie Polski w czasie okupacji niemieckiej. Ten historyczny kontekst, którego efektem jest np. stereotypowy sposób prezentowania wyglądu zgładzonych sąsiadów (odbierany często jako tendencyjnie antysemicki), nie został w pełni na przywołanej ekspozycji zanalizowany czy też przepracowany. Pokazany w Krakowie niewątpliwie bogaty etnograficzny materiał domaga się komentarza uwzględniającego naukowe opracowania dotyczące polsko-żydowskich relacji, jakie powstają np. w Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów. Fenomen produkcji wspomnianych wizerunków, którego nasilenie obserwować można w ostatnich dwudziestu, trzydziestu latach, posiada wszelkie cechy „pamięci fantomowej” czy ewentualnej post-pamięci, której charakter (a także źródła) powinien być poddany gruntownej analizie.
EN
Pamiątka, Zabawka, Talizman / Souvenir, Talisman, Toy (an exhibition in Cracow’s Ethnographic Museum, 2013, prepared by Erica Lehrer)The article is a review of the exhibition Pamiątka, Zabawka, Talizman / Souvenir, Toy, Talisman, which opened at the Seweryn Udziela Ethnographic Museum in Cracow on 30 June 2013, during the Jewish Culture Festival. The exhibition was curated by Erica Lehrer.Pamiątka, Zabawka, Talizman / Souvenir, Talisman, Toy (wystawa w Muzeum Etnograficznym w Krakowie, 2013 rok, kuratorka: Erica Lehrer)Jest to recenzja wystawy Pamiątka, Zabawka, Talizman / Souvenir, Talisman, Toy, która została otwarta podczas Festiwalu Kultury Żydowskiej w Muzeum Etnograficznym im. Seweryna Udzieli w Krakowie 30 czerwca 2013 roku. Jej kuratorem była Erica Lehrer.
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In the article the features of arts and crafts as a factor in the formation of the creative personality of university students are revealed. It expands the effective role of folk art as a source of spiritual and aesthetic culture of the future teacher of fine art. The potential of arts and crafts in the formation of the student’s creative personality is discovered. The attention is focused on the specifics of teaching «arts and crafts» in high school. Based on the theoretical analysis a number of pedagogical conditions of efficiency of formation of future teachers-artists’ creative personality by means of folk decorative art are identified. The study of arts and crafts is an integral component of training students of artistic profile and remains an urgent problem of modern art pedagogy. Professional training of future teachers of fine arts requires new technologies shaping of their professional competence, methods that depend on trade, free use of expressive language of fine art, level of image techniques, processes and patterns of folk art. Arts and crafts are a unique means of preservation and transmission of rational and emotional experience of humanity. The objectives of the course «Arts and Crafts» is to build the students’ knowledge and understanding of national decorative arts, kinds of folk art, its history and role in life. The objective of studies of folk arts and crafts is to ignite a spark in students to help understand themselves and their desire to do and teach, understand decorative pieces and see the authors, distinguished by exclusive author skillfully made products. Training sessions allow students to discover and embrace all technology manufacturing decorative products. In our opinion it contributes to future teachers conscious attitude to their profession, provides them with aesthetic culture and creative personality. Knowledge of folk arts and crafts, understanding of different types of folk art, its role in human life and history forms the creative personality. Development and implementation in the educational process of the university the complex of studies helps to improve the study of arts and crafts and solve the task of forming a creative personality of a future teacher of fine arts.
10
Content available remote Porcelanowy „złośnik” ze Ślůnska
63%
EN
This paper is an attempt at reconstructing Stanisław Witkiewicz’s creative method on the basis of his scattered writings. The Zakopane style has become a phenomenon across a broad spectrum of Polish national styles. The inspirations for classical national styles were typically arbitrarily selected sets of forms taken from a specific historical style associated with a given nation or state. It was often an eclectic set – enriched with elements derived from other styles. Stanisław Witkiewicz consistently avoided borrowing and copying, confining himself solely to drawing inspiration from the folk art of Podhale. In the methodology of his architecture, rational elements (exposing the structure, stressing hygiene) interweaved with ornamentation, predominantly featuring floral themes and elements of a specific mythology.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą zrekonstruowania metody twórczej Stanisława Witkiewicza dokonaną na podstawie jego pism rozproszonych. Styl zakopiański stał się fenomenem w szerokim spektrum polskich stylów narodowych. Inspiracją dla klasycznych stylów narodowych na ogół był arbitralnie dobrany zbiór form zaczerpniętych z określonego stylu historycznego związanego z danym narodem, bądź państwem. Często był to zbiór eklektyczny – wzbogacony o elementy pochodzące z innych stylów. Stanisław Witkiewicz konsekwentnie unikał zapożyczeń i wtórności, wykorzystując wyłącznie inspiracje z ludowej sztuki Podhala. W metodologii jego architektury elementy racjonalne (eksponowanie konstrukcji, nacisk na higienę) przeplatały się z ornamentyką, głównie o tematyce roślinnej oraz elementami swoistej mitologii.
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tom 109
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nr 3
351-371
EN
This paper presents the results of an analysis of beaded artwork from the collection of the Czech ethnographer František Řehoř. The collection is located in the Department of Ethnography of the National Museum in Prague and is currently being analyzed by Czech ethnologists in cooperation with Ukrainian experts. This collection provides an important source of knowledge for studying the first stage of the tradition of beaded decoration in Ukrainian folk costume (late 18th to late 19th century) of eastern Galicia and Bukovina, which were part of the Habsburg Monarchy at that time. The analysis of artifacts from this collection expands the knowledge of technological, typological, artistic and stylistic features of traditional Ukrainian beadwork within these regions during the 19th century.
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Content available remote Tajemniczy urok „Szklaków”
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2021
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nr 39
11-22
EN
The article is devoted to the aesthetic concepts of the Polish philosopher and pedagogical theorist, Stefan Szuman (1898-1972). Szuman’s interest in the work of children and folk art was in line with the shift towards the “primitive” in European culture at the beginning of the 20th century, which resulted from the critical assessment of the processes of modernization and longings for regeneration, as well as from the anthropological research on the structure of primitive societies and their creativity. Like Franz Boas, who in his theory of primitive art rejected the evolutionist model and the identification of “primitive” with a lower stage of development, Szuman emphasized the specificity of children’s creativity and folk art. Referring to the neo-evolutionist ethnologist Max Richard Verworn (the concept of “ideoplastic”) and to the psychological hypotheses od Jean Piaget, Szuman saw in the art of children a connection with the organic development of cognitive abilities and the need to externalize them. The concept of education through art proposed by Szuman, which assumed not so much a ready curriculum as supporting the development of students, has become a part of the trend of personalistic pedagogy, represented in Poland among others by Henryk Rowid, Janusz Korczak and Antoni Kenar.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest koncepcjom estetycznym polskiego filozofa i teoretyka pedagogiki, Stefana Szumana (1898–1972). Jego zainteresowanie twórczością dziecka i sztuką ludową wpisuje się w szeroki w kulturze europejskiej początków XX w. zwrot ku „prymitywowi”, będący pochodną tyleż krytycznej oceny procesów modernizacyjnych i regeneracyjnych tęsknot, co ówczesnych badań antropologicznych nad strukturą społeczeństw pierwotnych i ich twórczością. Podobnie jak Franz Boas, który w swej teorii sztuki prymitywnej odrzucił model ewolucjonistyczny i utożsamienie „prymitywu” z niższym stadium rozwoju, Szuman podkreślał swoistość twórczości dziecięcej i sztuki ludowej. Nawiązując do etnologa neoewolucjonisty Maxa Richarda Verworna (pojęcie „ideoplastyki”) i do psychologicznych hipotez Jeana Piageta, w sztuce dziecka widział związek z organicznym rozwojem zdolności poznawczych i potrzebą ich uzewnętrzniania. Proponowana przez Szumana koncepcja wychowania przez sztukę, zakładająca nie tyle gotowy program kształcenia, co wspomaganie indywidualnego rozwoju uczniów, stała się częścią silnego w polskiej tradycji nurtu pedagogiki personalistycznej, reprezentowanej m.in. przez Henryka Rowida, Janusza Korczaka czy Antoniego Kenara.
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tom Vol. 1
57--66
PL
Praca jest próbą zrekonstruowania metody twórczej Stanisława Witkiewicza dokonaną na podstawie jego pism rozproszonych. Styl zakopiański stał się fenomenem w szerokim spektrum polskich stylów narodowych. Inspiracją dla klasycznych stylów narodowych na ogół był arbitralnie dobrany zbiór form zaczerpniętych z określonego stylu historycznego związanego z danym narodem bądź państwem. Często był to zbiór eklektyczny. Stanisław Witkiewicz konsekwentnie unikał zapożyczeń i wtórności, wykorzystując wyłącznie inspiracje z ludowej sztuki Podhala. W metodologii jego architektury elementy o charakterze „racjonalnym”, jak: postulat funkcjonalnego rozplanowania pomieszczeń, propagowanie prawidłowego nasłonecznienia wnętrz oraz utrzymywania ich czystości, a także eksponowanie konstrukcji budynków, przeplatały się z elementami o charakterze „romantycznym”, jak np.: wprowadzanie ornamentyki, głównie o tematyce roślinnej, oraz kreowanie warstwy symbolicznej architektury, przesyconej pierwiastkami swoistej mitologii.
EN
The work is an attempt to reconstruct the creative method of Stanisław Witkiewicz based on his various written works. The Zakopane style has become a phenomenon within a wide spectrum of Polish national styles. The inspiration for classic national styles was generally an arbitrarily selected set of forms taken from a specific historical style associated with a given nation or state. It was often an eclectic collection. Stanisław Witkiewicz consistently avoided borrowing and repetitions, using only inspirations from the folk art of Podhale. In the methodology of his architecture, ‘rational’ elements were interspersed with ornaments mainly on the subject of plants and elements of a mythology.
EN
The aim of the article was to show the connections between folk architecture and the natural landscape. At the research stage, literature analysis was used, followed by field research. The research techniques used are: source query, analysis of completed architectural objects, original photographic documentation. Based on a broader examination of the topic, an example of a traditional Silesian cottage in the Silesian and Żywiecki Beskid, a modern single-family building by Studio Atrium, a single-family building by Interurban and a modern barn by Architekt Kozieł were selected. The selection criteria used are an objective criterion of the architectural environment and a formal reference to the archetype of a highlander's cottage. As a result of the research, it was found that it is possible to design using the achievements of folk architecture, while making the buildings light and harmoniously fit into the existing landscape.
PL
Celem artykułu było ukazanie związków pomiędzy architekturą ludową a krajobrazem naturalnym. Na etapie badań posłużono się analizą literatury, następnie badaniami terenowymi. Wykorzystane techniki badawcze to: kwerenda źródłowa, analiza zrealizowanych obiektów architektonicznych, autorska dokumentacja fotograficzna. Na podstawie szerszego rozpoznania tematu wytypowano przykład tradycyjnej śląskiej chaty Beskidu Śląskiego i Żywieckiego, nowoczesny budynek jednorodzinny Studia Atrium, budynek jednorodzinny Interurban oraz nowoczesną stodołę autorstwa Architekt Kozieł. Zastosowane kryteria wyboru to kryterium obiektywne środowiska architektonicznego oraz nawiązanie formalne do archetypu góralskiej chaty. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, iż można projektować wykorzystując dorobek architektury ludowej, sprawiając przy tym że budowle są lekkie i harmonijnie wpisują się w zastany krajobraz.
EN
This text is the first study of the biography of the folk artist Zofia Danielak. Currently, she belongs to the oldest generation of folk artists from Krzczonów. So far, her activity has been rather poorly described, despite the fact that her creative activity was significant for the cultural life of Krzczonów and the preservation of the cultural heritage of the region. The best known part of the artistic activity of Z. Danielak is folk costume. On the other hand, stage and musical performances remain a less known aspect of her creation Based on an interview, literature and preserved art objects, the article presents a portrait of doyen of folk art. From Krzczonów, which, despite the hardships of life, promoted education in the field of folk art and local traditions. Today, however, she remains a role model for future generations.
PL
Niniejszy tekst jest pierwszym opracowaniem biografii twórczyni ludowej Zofii Danielak. Obecnie należy ona do najstarszego pokolenia twórczyń ludowych pochodzących z Krzczonowa. Jej działalność była jak do tej pory dość skąpo opisywana, mimo iż jej aktywność twórcza była znacząca dla życia kulturalnego Krzczonowa oraz zachowania dziedzictwa kulturowego regionu. Najlepiej poznaną częścią działalności artystycznej Z. Danielak jest ta plastyczna i z zakresu tworzenia stroju ludowego. Mniej poznanym aspektem twórczości pozostają natomiast występy sceniczne i muzyczne. Na podstawie wywiadu, literatury przedmiotu i zachowanych obiektów artystycznych ukazany został w artykule portret jednej z nestorek krzczonowskiej sztuki ludowej, która mimo trudów życia, krzewiła edukację z zakresu sztuki ludowej i lokalnych tradycji. Dziś pozostaje natomiast wzorem do naśladowania dla przyszłych pokoleń.
PL
Internet, globalizując komunikację, ułatwił nie tylko porozumiewanie się między ludźmi, ale ma swój udział w popularyzowaniu wszelkiego typu wytwórczości. Specyfika relacji międzyludzkich w cyberprzestrzeni, szczególnie w kontekście funkcjonowania w niej sztuki ludowej, stała się w ostatnich latach interesującym obiektem badań naukowych. Artykuł koncentruje uwagę na dwóch typach tworzenia i budowania istotnych dla tego środowiska sposobów interakcji społecznych, podejmując analizę funkcji komunikacyjnej i wspólnotowej publikowanych w sieci tekstów i przedmiotów klasyfikowanych jako sztuka ludowa.
EN
Globalising communication, the Internet has not only facilitated communication between people, but also it has had its share in popularising all types of creation. The peculiarity of interpersonal relations in cyberspace has become a particularly interesting phenomenon in recent years in the context of the functioning of folk art in it. This article focuses its attention on two types of creating and building the methods of social interaction vital for this environment, undertaking an analysis of both communicative and community functions of texts and objects classified as folk art published on the Internet
EN
The article presents personal nouns from poems written by the Masurians in the second half of the nineteenth century and separates derived and underived nouns. The derived names of people (deverbative and denominative mutant derivatives as well as denominatives modificational derivatives) are grouped accordingly to the type of derivation. Suffixal and paradigmatic derivatives are also separated.
EN
The paper presents preliminary results of the analysis of a lesser-known collection of the Czech self-taught ethnographer František Řehoř. The collection documents the traditional folk culture of Ukrainians in eastern Galicia and Bukovina (parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) in the last decades of the 19th century. The collection is located in the Department of Ethnography of the National Museum in Prague and is currently analysed by Czech ethnologists in cooperation with Ukrainian art historians.
CS
Článek přináší předběžné výsledky analýzy v odborných kruzích málo známé etnografické sbírky českého etnografa-samouka Františka Řehoře. Týká se oblasti východní Haliče a Bukoviny v rámci rakousko-uherské monarchie a dokumentuje lidovou kulturu obyvatel dnešní Ukrajiny převážně v posledních desetiletích 19. století. Sbírka se nachází v Etnografickém oddělení Historického muzea při Národním muzeu v Praze a její studium probíhá ve spolupráci českých etnologů a ukrajinských uměnovědných odborníků.
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